Berliner Tageblatt, May 21, 1912Google Scholar

Berliner Tageblatt, July 31, 1907Google Scholar

Deutsche Konservative Partei, Stenographischer Bericht, December 8, 1892Google Scholar

Deutsche Konservative Partei, Der Allgemeine Delegiertentag der Deutsch-Konservativen Partei. Stenographischer Bericht, 11 December 1909 (Berlin: Hauptverein der Deutch-Konservativen, 1909).Google Scholar

Deutscher Reichstag, Various years. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags. (Berlin: Verlag der Buchdruckerei der Norddeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung). [Online] www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/bundesarchiv.htmlGoogle Scholar

Grabowsky, Adolf, “Der Kulturkonservatismus und die Reichstagswahlen,” Der Tag 19, 22 (January 1911).Google Scholar

von Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig, “Die Bildung einer konservativen Partei und der Verein für König und Vaterland,” Neue Preuβische Zeitung, nr. 53 v. 31.8 1848, 2 beilage.Google Scholar

Neue Preuβische Zeitung, nr. 55, September 2, 1848, 1. BeilGoogle Scholar

Neue Preußische Zeitung, Nr 53, August 31, 1848, Zweite Beilage, p.333Google Scholar

Neue Preußische Kreuzzeitung, Nr. 321, July 12, 1906 (Abendausgabe), p.1Google Scholar

Korrespondenz des Bundes der Landwirte, “Stenographische Bericht über die 16 General-Versammlung des Bundes der Landwirte,” Nr. 15 February 23, 1909.Google Scholar

Preußen Haus der Abgeordneten. Various years Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Preußischen Hauses der Abgeordneten. Berlin: Verlag des Preussischen Hauses der Abgeordneten.Google Scholar

Neue Preussische Zeitung, Number 603, December 24, 1892Google Scholar

“Causes of Party Weakness,” The Economist, November 26, 1904: 1887.Google Scholar

Cecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury), “The Budget and the Reform Bill,” Quarterly Review 107 April (1860): 514–554).Google Scholar

Cecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury), “The Value of Redistribution: A Note on Electoral Statistics” The National Review October 20 1884, 145–164.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, Joseph, “The Caucus and a New Political Organization,” Federation Pamphlets (1883).Google Scholar

“Conservative Associations,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (July 1835), no. 237, v. 38, 1–15.Google Scholar

“A Conservative Caucus,” The Saturday Review (May 17, 1884): 628–629;Google Scholar

“Conservative Reorganization,” Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine (June 1880): 804–811.Google Scholar

“Doctrine of Disorder,” The Economist, August 17, 1912: 310.Google Scholar

Hopkins, T. M. 1897. “The Conservative Complexion of the English Church,” Westminster Review 147: 324–34.Google Scholar

“Markets and Ulster,” The Times, March 20, 1914: 21.Google Scholar

“The New Electioneering,” The Speaker, February 16, 1895: 182.Google Scholar

“Out-Voters and How to Canvass Them,” The Tory, 1894Google Scholar

“The Position in Stock Exchange Markets,” The Economist, March 14, 1914: 651.Google Scholar

The Primrose League Gazette, 1881–1930Google Scholar

Schnadhorst, Francis. “The Caucus and Its Critics,” Federation Pamphlets (1880).Google Scholar

“The Stock Exchange. Position,” The Economist, February 14, 1914: 340.Google Scholar

“Stock Exchange: Improved Tone,” The Times, March 23, 1914: 19.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, March 21, 1914: 728.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, March 28, 1914: 787.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, June 27, 1914: 1575.Google Scholar

The Times of London, 12 May 1832.Google Scholar

“To Defend a Radical Objection Occupation,” The Tory, 1894.Google Scholar

Berliner Tageblatt, May 21, 1912Google Scholar

Berliner Tageblatt, July 31, 1907Google Scholar

Deutsche Konservative Partei, Stenographischer Bericht, December 8, 1892Google Scholar

Deutsche Konservative Partei, Der Allgemeine Delegiertentag der Deutsch-Konservativen Partei. Stenographischer Bericht, 11 December 1909 (Berlin: Hauptverein der Deutch-Konservativen, 1909).Google Scholar

Deutscher Reichstag, Various years. Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags. (Berlin: Verlag der Buchdruckerei der Norddeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung). [Online] www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/bundesarchiv.htmlGoogle Scholar

Grabowsky, Adolf, “Der Kulturkonservatismus und die Reichstagswahlen,” Der Tag 19, 22 (January 1911).Google Scholar

von Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig, “Die Bildung einer konservativen Partei und der Verein für König und Vaterland,” Neue Preuβische Zeitung, nr. 53 v. 31.8 1848, 2 beilage.Google Scholar

Neue Preuβische Zeitung, nr. 55, September 2, 1848, 1. BeilGoogle Scholar

Neue Preußische Zeitung, Nr 53, August 31, 1848, Zweite Beilage, p.333Google Scholar

Neue Preußische Kreuzzeitung, Nr. 321, July 12, 1906 (Abendausgabe), p.1Google Scholar

Korrespondenz des Bundes der Landwirte, “Stenographische Bericht über die 16 General-Versammlung des Bundes der Landwirte,” Nr. 15 February 23, 1909.Google Scholar

Preußen Haus der Abgeordneten. Various years Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Preußischen Hauses der Abgeordneten. Berlin: Verlag des Preussischen Hauses der Abgeordneten.Google Scholar

Neue Preussische Zeitung, Number 603, December 24, 1892Google Scholar

“Causes of Party Weakness,” The Economist, November 26, 1904: 1887.Google Scholar

Cecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury), “The Budget and the Reform Bill,” Quarterly Review 107 April (1860): 514–554).Google Scholar

Cecil, Robert (Lord Salisbury), “The Value of Redistribution: A Note on Electoral Statistics” The National Review October 20 1884, 145–164.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, Joseph, “The Caucus and a New Political Organization,” Federation Pamphlets (1883).Google Scholar

“Conservative Associations,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine (July 1835), no. 237, v. 38, 1–15.Google Scholar

“A Conservative Caucus,” The Saturday Review (May 17, 1884): 628–629;Google Scholar

“Conservative Reorganization,” Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine (June 1880): 804–811.Google Scholar

“Doctrine of Disorder,” The Economist, August 17, 1912: 310.Google Scholar

Hopkins, T. M. 1897. “The Conservative Complexion of the English Church,” Westminster Review 147: 324–34.Google Scholar

“Markets and Ulster,” The Times, March 20, 1914: 21.Google Scholar

“The New Electioneering,” The Speaker, February 16, 1895: 182.Google Scholar

“Out-Voters and How to Canvass Them,” The Tory, 1894Google Scholar

“The Position in Stock Exchange Markets,” The Economist, March 14, 1914: 651.Google Scholar

The Primrose League Gazette, 1881–1930Google Scholar

Schnadhorst, Francis. “The Caucus and Its Critics,” Federation Pamphlets (1880).Google Scholar

“The Stock Exchange. Position,” The Economist, February 14, 1914: 340.Google Scholar

“Stock Exchange: Improved Tone,” The Times, March 23, 1914: 19.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, March 21, 1914: 728.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, March 28, 1914: 787.Google Scholar

“The Stock Markets,” The Economist, June 27, 1914: 1575.Google Scholar

The Times of London, 12 May 1832.Google Scholar

“To Defend a Radical Objection Occupation,” The Tory, 1894.Google Scholar

Census of England and Wales, Ages, Conditions as to Marriage, Occupations, and Birth-Places of the People, vol. III (Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty) (London, 1881).Google Scholar

Kollman, K., Hicken, A., Caramani, D., Backer, D., and Lublin, D.. 2014. Constituency-level elections archive [data file and codebook]. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan [producer and distributor].Google Scholar

Global Financial Database www.globalfinancialdata.com/Databases/UKDatabase.htmlGoogle Scholar

Great Britain Historical GIS Project. 2012. “Great Britain Historical GIS.” University of Portsmouth.Google Scholar

ICPSR (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research). 1984. “German Reichstag Election Data, 1871–1912.” [Online] http://id.thedata.org/hdl:1902.2/00043.UNF:3:32:uKgmiCLL7UZgUTFS/jjxsQ==Google Scholar

Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt. 1898. Statistik des Deutschen Reichs. Bd. 112. Berlin: Verlag des Königlich Preussichen Statistischen Bureaus, pp. 351–413 [Table 9].Google Scholar

Handbuch über den königlichen Preussischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1892 (Berlin: 1891).Google Scholar

“The Roll of County and Borough Habitations,” The Primrose League Gazette, Multiple Issues, 1886–1888, Oxford University.Google Scholar

Stenographische Berichte, July 13, 1909: 9462; March, 9, 1914: 7939.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel. 2010. “Landholding Inequality in Germany, at the Reichstag Constituency Level, and Prussian Chamber of Deputies Constituency Level, 1895,” [Online] http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/15023, Harvard Dataverse, V1.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel. 2011. “Replication data for: Shaping Democratic Practice (APSR),” [Online]: http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/16066, Harvard Dataverse, V2.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel and Arsenschek, Robert. 2010. “Complete Reichstag Election Dispute Dataset, 1871–1914.” [Online] http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/15015, Harvard Dataverse, V3.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel and Blossom, Jeffrey. 2011. “Electoral District Boundaries, Germany, 1890–1912.” Harvard University Geospatial Library [Online] http://calvert.hul.harvard.edu:8080/opengeoportal/openGeoPortalHome.jsp?BasicSearchTerm=LayerId:HARVARD.SDE2.GERMAN1895ELECTORALDISTRICTS.Google Scholar

Abbott, Andrew Delano. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Abraham, David. 1986. The Collapse of the Weimar Republic: Political Economy and Crisis. 2nd ed. ed. New York: Holmes & Meier.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, Robinson, James, and Yared, Pierre. 2008. “Income and Democracy.” American Economic Review 98: 808–42.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 1167–99.Google Scholar

Adams, R. J. Q. 1999. Bonar Law. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Adcock, Robert, and Collier, David. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95: 529–46.Google Scholar

Aeasop, . 2002. Aeasop’s Fables. Translated by Gibbs, Laura. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Amel. 2013. Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice: Engineering Electoral Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Amel. 2010. “Reading History Forward: The Origins of Electoral Systems in European Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 43: 931–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aidt, Toke, and Jensen, Peter. 2014. “Workers of the World, Unite! Franchise Extensions and the Threat of Revolution in Europe, 1820–1938.” European Economic Review 72: 52–75.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael, and Menaldo, Victor. 2014a. “Dealing with Dictators: Negotiated Democratization and the Fate of Outgoing Autocrats.” International Studies Quarterly 58: 550–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albertus, Michael, and Menaldo, Victor. 2014b. “Gaming Democracy: Elite Dominance During Transition and Prospects for Redistribution.” British Journal of Political Science 44: 575–603.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John. 1983. “A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism.” American Political Science Review 77: 974–90.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Formation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John, and Rohde, David W.. 1998. “Measuring Conditional Party Government.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Convention, Chicago.Google Scholar

Alexander, Gerard. 2002. The Sources of Democratic Consolidation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

de Almeida, Pedro Tavares, and Pinto, Antonio Costa. 2003. “Portuguese Ministers, 1851–1999: Social Background and Paths to Power.” In Who Governs Southern Europe? Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000, eds. Tavares de Almeida, Pedro, Pinto, Antonio Costa and Bermeo, Nancy. London: Frank Cass. 5–40.Google Scholar

Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. 2000. Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. 1981. Windhorst: A Political Biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Andrae, Carl-Göran. 1975. “The Swedish Labor Movement and the 1917–1918 Revolution.” In Sweden’s Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750–1970, ed. Koblik, Steven. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 232–53.Google Scholar

Angell, Norman. 1909. The Great Illusion.Google Scholar

Ansell, Ben, and Samuels, David. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ansell, Christopher. 2001. Between Solidarity and Schism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ansell, Christopher K., and Fish, M. Steven. 1999. “The Art of Being Indispensible: Noncharismatic Personalism and Contemporary Political Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 32: 283–312.Google Scholar

Arnold, Rollo. 1974. “The ‘Revolt of the Field’ in Kent, 1872–1879.” Past and Present 64: 71–95.Google Scholar

Arranz, Luis, Cabrera, Mercedes, and del Rey, Fernando. 2000. “The Assault of Liberalism, 1914–1923.” In Spanish History since 1808, eds. Junco, Alvarez and Shubart, Adrian. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Arsenschek, Robert. 2003. Die Kampf um die Wahlfreiheit im Kaiserreich. zur parlamentarischen Wahlprüfung und politischen Realität der Reichstagswahlen, 1871–1914. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag.Google Scholar

Art, David. 2006. “The European Radical Right in Comparative-Historical Perspective.” Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2006.Google Scholar

Art, David. 2011. Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Asquith, Herbert Henry. 1928. Memories and Reflections: 1852–1927, Volume 1. Edited by Mackintosh, Alexander. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.Google Scholar

Austin, Roger. 1990. “The Conservative Right and the Far Right in France, 1934–1944.” In Fascists and Conservatives, ed. Blinkhorn, Martin. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bachrach, Peter, and Baratz, Morton. 1962. “Two Faces of Power.” American Political Science Review 56: 947–52.Google Scholar

Bagehot, Walter. 1867. The English Constitution. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar

Ball, Stuart. 2013. The Conservative Party and British Politics, 1902–1951. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ball, Stuart, and Seldon, Anthony, eds. 2005. Recovering Power: The Conservatives in Opposition since 1867. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano. 2000. The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Baumgartner, Frank, and Jones, Bryan. 2009. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bawn, Kathleen, Cohen, Martin, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10: 571–97.Google Scholar

Beatty, Jack. 2012. The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Bebbington, David W. 1982. The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870–1914. London: G. Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Bebbington, David W. 1984. “Nonconformity and Electoral Sociology, 1867–1918.” Historical Journal 27: 633–56.Google Scholar

Beck, Hermann. 2008. The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933. The Machtergreifung in a New Light. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Press.Google Scholar

Beckert, Sven. 2002. “Democracy and Its Discontents: Contesting Suffrage Rights in Gilded Age New York.” Past and Present 174: 116–57.Google Scholar

Beckert, Sven. 2000. “Die Kultur des Kapitals: Bürgerliche Kultur in New York und Hamburg im 19. Jahrhundert.” In Vorträge aus dem Warburg-Haus 4, ed. Haus, Warburg. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 143–75.Google Scholar

Beckert, Sven. 2001. The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Beer, Samuel. 1956. “Pressure Groups and Parties in Britain.” American Political Science Review 50: 1–23.Google Scholar

Beers, Laura. 2009. “Counter-Toryism: Labour’s Response to Anti-Socialist Propaganda, 1918–1939.” In The Foundations of the Labour Party: Identities, Cultures and Perspectives, ed. Worley, Matthew. London: Ashgate. 231–68.Google Scholar

Beers, Laura. 2010. Your Britain: Media and the Making of the Labour Party. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ben-Ami, Shlomo. 1978. The Origins of the Second Republic in Spain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bendix, Reinhard. 1952. “Social Stratification and Political Power.” American Political Science Review 46: 357–75.Google Scholar

Benoit, Kenneth. 2007. “Electoral Laws as Political Consequences: Explaining the Origins and Change of Electoral Institutions.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 363–90.Google Scholar

Bentley, Michael. 2001. Lord Salisbury’s World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Berelson, Bernard R, Lazarsfeld, Paul, and McPhee, William. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Berggren, Lena. 2002. “Swedish Fascism: Why Bother?”. Journal of Contemporary History 37: 395–417.Google Scholar

Berghahn, Volker 1987. Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bergsträsser, Ludwig. 1929. Die Preussische Wahlrechtsfrage im Kriege und die Entstehung der Osterbotschaft. Tübingen: Verlag von Mohr.Google Scholar

Berman, Sheri. 2006. The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Berman, Sheri. 1998. The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy. 2010. “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections. (The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies).” Comparative Political Studies 43: 1119–47.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bernhard, Michael. 2015. “Chronic Instability and the Limits of Path Dependence.” Perspectives on Politics 13: 1–16.Google Scholar

Bernhard, Michael H. 2005. Institutions and the Fate of Democracy: Germany and Poland in the Twentieth Century, Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Eduard. 1906. Der politische Massenstreik und die politische Lage der Sozialdemokratie in Deutschland: Vortrag gehalten im Sozialdemokratischen Verein. Breslau: Verlag der Volkswacht.Google Scholar

Bessel, Richard. 1993. Germany After the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Binkley, Robert C. 1935. Realism and Nationalism, 1852–1871. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Blackbourn, David. 1980. Religion, and Local Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Centre Party in Württemberg Before 1914. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Blackbourn, David, and Eley, Geoff. 1984. The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Blake, Robert. 1970. The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.Google Scholar

Blake, Robert. 1966. Disraeli. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.Google Scholar

Blake, Robert. 1956. Unrepentant Tory: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law, 1858–1923. New York: St. Martins Press.Google Scholar

Blaxill, Luke, and Saleh, Taym. 2016. “The Electoral Dynamics of Conservatism, 1885–1910: ‘Negative Unionism’ Reconsidered.” Historical Journal 59: 417–45.Google Scholar

Blewett, Neal. 1965. “The Franchise in the United Kingdom, 1885–1918.” Past and Present 32: 27–56.Google Scholar

Blinkhorn, Martin, ed. 1990. Fascists and Conservatives. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Boemeke, Manfred F., Feldman, Gerald D., and Gläser, Elisabeth. 1998. The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute.Google Scholar

Boer, Remco. “The Anti-Revolutionary Vanguard: The Party Cadre of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the Netherlands, 1869–1888.” Leiden University, 2008.Google Scholar

Bohlmann, Joachim. “Die Deutschkonservative Partei am Ende des Kaiserreichs: Stillstand und Wandel einer untergehenden Organisation.” Greifswald: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, 2011.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2011. “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review 105: 809–28.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 1999. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” The American Political Science Review 93: 609–24.Google Scholar

Borón, Atilio. 2000. “Ruling without a Party: Argentine Dominant Classes in the Twentieth Century.” In Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Middlebrook, Kevin J.. Baltimore: Johns Hopins University Press. 139–63.Google Scholar

Bracher, Karl Dietrich. 1955. Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik. Stuttgart: Ring-Verlag.Google Scholar

Bratt, James. 2013. Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat. Grand Rapids, MI and Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans Publishing.Google Scholar

Brecht, Bertolt. 1960. “The Life of Galileo.” In Plays, ed. Brecht, Bertolt. Vol. I. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Bridges, John. 1906. Reminiscences of a Country Politician. London: T. W. Laurie.Google Scholar

“British Political Party General Election Addresses, [1892–Ca. 1970] from the National Liberal Club Collection, Bristol University.” 1986. ed. Library University of Bristol.Google Scholar

Broadberry, Stephen, Federico, Giovanni, and Klein, Alexander. 2010. “Sectoral Developments, 1870 – 1914.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: 1870 to the Present, eds. Broadberry, Stephen and O’Rourke, Kevin H.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 59–83.Google Scholar

Brock, Michael. 1973. The Great Reform Act. London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar

Bronner, Laura. 2014. “Property and Power: Mps’ Assets and Support for Democratization in the 1867 Reform Act.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 39: 439–66.Google Scholar

Brown, Cyril. 1922. “Rathenau Is Buried as Martyr.” New York Times, June 27.Google Scholar

Brown, Robert, and Easton, Stephen. 1989. “Weak-Form Efficiency in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of Daily Prices in the London Market for 3 Per Cent Consols, 1821–1860.” Economica 56: 61–70.Google Scholar

Bryce, James. 1908. The American Commonwealth. Vol. II. New York: The Commonwealth Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Bryce, James 1921. Modern Democracies. New York: The Macmillan Company.Google Scholar

Buell, Raymond Leslie. 1920. Contemporary French Politics. New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar

Buggle, Johannes C. 2016. “Law and Social Capital: Evidence from the Code Napoleon in Germany.” European Economic Review 87: 148–75.Google Scholar

Burness, Catriona. 2013. “The Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886–1914.” In Mass Conservatism: The Conservatives and the Public Sphere since the 1880s, eds. Ball, Stuart and Holliday, Ian. London: Routledge. 16–35.Google Scholar

Burness, Catriona. 2003. “Strange Associations”: The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886–1918. East Linton: Tuckwell Press.Google Scholar

Bussiek, Dagmar. 2002. “Mit Gott Für König und Vaterland!” Die Neue Preussische Zeitung, 1848–1892. Lit Verlag: Muenster.Google Scholar

Cabrera, Mercedes, and del Rey, Fernando. 2011. El Poder de los empresarios: Política y economía en la españa contemporánea, 1875–2010. 1 ed. Barcelona: RBA.Google Scholar

Caldwell, Peter C. 1997. Popular Sovereignty and the Crisis of German Constitutional Law: The Theory and Practice of Weimar Constitutionalism. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Cannadine, David. 1999. The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar

Cannadine, David. 1977. “The Landowner as Millionaire: The Finances of the Dukes of Devonshire, C.1800-C.1926.” The Agricultural History Review 25: 77–97.Google Scholar

Cannon, John. 1973. Parliamentary Reform, 1640–1832. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Capoccia, Giovanni. 2005. Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Caramani, Danièle. 2003. “The End of Silent Elections: The Birth of Electoral Competition, 1832–1915.” Party Politics 9: 411–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caramani, Danièle. 2000. Elections in Western Europe Since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies, The Societies of Europe. London: Macmillan Reference.Google Scholar

Cardoza, Anthony L. 1997. Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: The Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Carey, John M., and Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14: 417–39.Google Scholar

Carpenter, Dan. 2003. “The Petition as Tool of Recruitment.” Harvard University.Google Scholar

Carr, Edward Hallett. 1946. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London: Macmillan & co. ltd.Google Scholar

Cawood, Ian. 2012. The Liberal Unionist Party: A History. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Cecil, Lord Robert. 1860. “The Budget and the Reform Bill.” Quarterly Review 214: 514–54.Google Scholar

Chadwick, Mary. 1976. “The Role of Redistribution in the Making of the Third Reform Act.” Historical Journal 19: 665–83.Google Scholar

Chadwick, Owen. 1966. The Victorian Church. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Chanady, Attila. 1967. “The Disintegration of the German National Peoples’ Party 1924–1930.” The Journal of Modern History 39: 65–91.Google Scholar

Charle, Christophe. 2010. “The Specificities of French Elites at the End of the Nineteenth Century: France Compared to Britain and Germany.” Historical Reflections 36: 7–18.Google Scholar

Chickering, Roger. 2004. Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chickering, Roger. 1984. We Men Who Feel Most German: A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914. Boston: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Churchill, Winston. 1906. Lord Randolph Churchill. New York: The Macmillan company.Google Scholar

Churchill, Winston. 1958. My Early Life. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Clark, Christopher. 2006. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Clark, Christopher. 2013. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914: Penguin Press.Google Scholar

Clark, Samuel. 1984. “Nobility, Bourgeoisie and the Industrial Revolution in Belgium.” Past & Present: 140–75.Google Scholar

Clark, Samuel. 1979. Social Origins of the Irish Land War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Clarke, Peter. 1992. A Question of Leadership: Gladstone to Thatcher. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Coetzee, Frans. 1990. For Party or Country: Nationalism and Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths Towards Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Colomer, Josep Maria. 2007. “On the Origins of Electoral Systems and Political Parties: The Role of Elections in Multi-Member Districts.” Electoral Studies 26: 262–73.Google Scholar

Conrad, Sebastian, and Osterhammel, Jürgen, eds. 2004. Das Kaiserreich transnational: Deutschland in der Welt 1871–1914. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar

Conservatives, Two. 1882. “The State of the Opposition.” Fortnightly Review 32.Google Scholar

Conze, Werner. 1964. “Brünings Politik unter dem Druck der großen Krise.” Historische Zeitschrift 199: 529–50.Google Scholar

Cornford, James. 1963. “The Transformation of Conservatism in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Victorian Studies 7: 35–66.Google Scholar

Cowling, Maurice. 1967. 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cowling, Maurice. 1971. The Impact of Labour 1920–1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary. 1987. The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England, Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Jeffrey. 1982. The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cragoe, Matthew. 2008. “The Great Reform Act and the Modernization of British Politics: The Impact of Conservative Associations, 1835–1841.” Journal of British Studies 47: 581–603.Google Scholar

Craig, Fred W. S. 1976. Electoral Facts, 1885–1975. London: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar

Craig, Gordon. 1964. The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945. London and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Craig, Gordon 1978. Germany, 1866–1945. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Craigie, Major P. G. 1887. “The Size and Distribution of Agricultural Holdings in England and Abroad.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 50: 86–149.Google Scholar

Cronin, James E. 1980. “Labor Insurgency and Class Formation: Comparative Perspectives on the Crisis of 1917–1920 in Europe.” Social Science History 4: 125–52.Google Scholar

Crothers, George. 1941. The German Elections of 1907. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Cusack, Thomas, Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2007. “Economic Interests and the Origins of Electoral System.” American Political Science Review 101: 373–91.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dangerfield, George. 1997. The Strange Death of Liberal England. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Dasgupta, Aditya, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2015. “How Did Britain Democratize? A View from the Sovereign Bond Market.” Journal of Economic History 57: 1–29.Google Scholar

Davidson, John Colin Campbell 1969. Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers, 1910–37. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Di Tella, Torcuato S. 1971/1972. “La búsqueda de la fórmula política argentina.” Desarrollo Económico 11: 317–25.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Diehl, James M. 1985. “Von der ‘Vaterlandspartei’ zur ‘Nationalen Revolution’: Die Vereinigten vaterlaendischen Verbände Deutschlands (Vvvd) 1922–1932.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte: 617–39.Google Scholar

“Digest of Scottish Registration Cases, 1891–1893.” 1894. The Tory.Google Scholar

Dobry, Michel. 2000. “France: An Ambiguous Survival.” In Conditions of Democracy in Europe, 1919–1939: Systematic Case Studies, eds. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk and Mitchell, Jeremy. Basingstoke: Macmillan. 157–83.Google Scholar

Dörr, Manfred, ed. 1964. Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei 1925 bis 1928. Marburg: Philipps-University Marburg/Lahn.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Doyle, Barry. 2012. “A Crisis of Urban Conservatism? Politics and Organisation in Edwardian Norwich.” Parliamentary History 31.Google Scholar

Dunbabin, J. P. D. 1963. “The ‘Revolt of the Field’: The Agricultural Labourers’ Movement in the 1870s.” Past and Present 26: 68–97.Google Scholar

Dunbabin, J. P. D. 1994. “Some Implications of the 1885 British Shift Towards Single-Member Constituencies: A Note.” English Historical Review 109: 89–100.Google Scholar

Dunk, Hermann. 1978. “Conservatism in the Netherlands.” Journal of Contemporary History 13: 741–63.Google Scholar

Dutton, David 2005. “Conservatism in Crisis, 1910–1915.” In Recovering Power: The Conservatives in Opposition since 1867, eds. Ball, Stuart and Seldon, Anthony. London: Palgrave. 113–33.Google Scholar

Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Dybdahl, Vagn. 1969. Partier og erhverv: Studier i partiorganisation og byerhvervenes politiske aktivitet ca. 1880–1913. Aarhus: Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus.Google Scholar

Eastwood, David. 1997. “Contesting the Politics of Deference: The Rural Electorate, 1820–1860.” In Party, State, and Society: Electoral Behavior in Britain since 1820, eds. Lawrence, Jon and Taylor, Miles. Aldershot, England: Scolar Press. 27–49.Google Scholar

Eckardt, Hans Wilhelm. 1980. Privilegien und Parlament: Die Auseinandersetzungen um das Allgemeine und Gleiche Wahlrecht in Hamburg. Hamburg: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung.Google Scholar

Eggers, Andrew, and Spirling, Arthur. 2014. “Party Cohesion in Westminster Systems: Inducements, Replacement and Discipline in the House of Commons, 1836–1910.” British Journal of Political Science: 1–23.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry J. 2008. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Eifert, Christiane. 2003. Paternalismus und Politik: Preussiche Landräte im 19. Jahrhundert. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.Google Scholar

Eley, Geoff. 1993. “Anti-Semitism, Agrarian Mobilization, and the Conservative Party: Radicalism and Containment in the Founding of the Agrarian League, 1890–189.” In Between Reform, Reaction, and Resistance: Studies in the History of German Conservatism from 1789 to 1945, eds. Jones, Larry Eugene and Retallack, James. Oxford: Berg Publishers. 187–228.Google Scholar

Eley, Geoff. 2005. A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Eley, Geoff. 2002. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Eley, Geoff. 1980. Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Eliade, Mircea. 1959. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. 1st American ed. New York: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar

Enos, Ryan D., and Hersh, Eitan D.. 2015. “Party Activists as Campaign Advertisers: The Ground Campaign as a Principal-Agent Problem.” 109: 252–78.Google Scholar

Epstein, Klaus. 1960. “Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuß und das Problem der Parlamentarisierung 1917–1918.” Historische Zeitschrift 191: 562–84.Google Scholar

Epstein, Klaus. 1966. The Genesis of German Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Epstein, Klaus. 1959. Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ericsson, Christer. 2008. Kapitalets politik och politikens kapital: Högermän, industrimän och patriarker 1890–1985. Stockholm: Santerus.Google Scholar

Ermakoff, Ivan. 2008. Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Self-Abdication. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Ertman, Thomas. 1998. “Democracy and Dictatorship in Interwar Western Europe Revisited.” World Politics 50: 475–505.Google Scholar

Ertman, Thomas. 2010. “The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization.” Comparative Political Studies 43: 1000–22.Google Scholar

Ertman, Thomas. 2000. “Liberalization, Democratization, and the Origins of a ‘Pillarized’ Civil Society in Nineteenth Century Belgium and the Netherlands.” In Civil Society Before Democracy: Lessons from Nineteenth Century Europe, eds. Bermeo, Nancy and Nord, Philip. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar

Ertman, Thomas. 2009. “Western European Party Systems and the Religious Cleavage.” In Religion, Class Coalitions, and Welfare States, eds. van Kersbergen, Kees and Manow, Philip. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 39–55.Google Scholar

Esaiasson, Peter. “Svenska valkampanjer 1866–1988.” Allmänna förlaget, 1990.Google Scholar

Evans, Eric. 2000. Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c. 1770–1918. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Evans, Richard. 2003. The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar

Evans, Richard. 1987a. Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Evans, Richard. 1979. “‘Red Wednesday’ in Hamburg: Social Democrats, Police and Lumpenproletariat in the Suffrage Disturbances of 17 January 1906.” Social History 4: 1–31.Google Scholar

Evans, Richard. 1987b. Rethinking German History: Nineteenth Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Fair, John D. 1991. “The Carnarvon Diaries and Royal Mediation in 1884.” English Historical Review 106: 97–116.Google Scholar

Fair, John D. 1986. “From Liberal to Conservative: The Flight of the Liberal Unionists after 1886.” Victorian Studies 29: 291–314.Google Scholar

Fair, John D. 1973. “Royal Mediation in 1884: A Reassessment.” English Historical Review 88: 100–13.Google Scholar

Falter, Jürgen. 1991. Hitlers Wähler. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar

Falter, Jürgen 1986. “The National Socialist Mobilization of New Voters, 1928–1933.” In The Formation of the Nazi Constituency, 1919–1933, ed. Childers, Thomas. London: Routledge. 202–30.Google Scholar

Fawcett, Arthur William Potter. 1967. Conservative Agent: A Study of the National Society of Conservative and Unionist Agents and Its Members. Driffield (Yorks.): Published for the National Society of Conservative and Unionist Agents by East Yorkshire Printers.Google Scholar

Fearon, James. 2011. “Self-Enforcing Democracy.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126: 1661–708.Google Scholar

Feis, Herbert. 1965. Europe, the World’s Banker, 1870–1914: An Account of European Foreign Investment and the Connection of World Finance with Dplomacy before World War I. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Feldman, Gerald D. 1966. Army, Industry, and Labor in Germany, 1914–1918. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Feldman, Gerald D. 1971. “Big Business and the Kapp Putsch.” Central European History 4: 99–130.Google Scholar

Feldman, Gerald D. 1997. The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Niall. 2002. Paper and Iron: Hamburg Business and German Politics in the Era of Inflation, 1897–1927. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Niall. 2006. “Political Risk and the International Bond Market Between the 1848 Revolution and the Outbreak of the First World War.” Economic History Review 59: 70–112.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Niall. 1994. “Public Finance and National Security: The Domestic Origins of the First World War Revisited.” Past and Present 142: 141–68.Google Scholar

Feuchtwanger, E. J. 1959b. “The Conservative Party under the Impact of the Second Reform Act.” Victorian Studies 2: 289–304.Google Scholar

Feuchtwanger, E. J. 1959a. “J. E. Gorst and the Central Organization of the Conservative Party, 1870–1882.” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 32: 192–208.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris. 1980. “The Decline of Collective Responsibility in American Politics.” Daedalus 109: 25–45.Google Scholar

Fisch, Jörg. 2010. Das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Völker: Die Domestizierung einer Illusion. München: Verlag C. H. Beck.Google Scholar

Fischer, Conan. 2006. “A Very German Revolution? The 1918–1920 Settlement Reconsidered.” German Historical Institute London Bulletin 28: 6–32.Google Scholar

Fischer, Fritz. 1979. Bündnis der Eliten: zur Kontinuität der Machtstrukturen in Deutschland 1871–1945. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Fisman, Raymond. 2001. “Estimating the Value of Political Connections.” American Economic Review 91: 1095–102.Google Scholar

Flora, Peter, and Alber, Jens. 1981. “Modernization, Democratization, and the Development of Welfare States in Western Europe.” In The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America, eds. Flora, Peter and Heidenheimer, Arnold J.. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. 37–80.Google Scholar

Fontane, Theodore. 1995. The Stechlin. Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House.Google Scholar

Foster, Robert. 1981. Lord Randolph Churchill: A Political Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Frauendienst, Werner. 1957. “Demokratisierung des deutschen Konstitutionalismus in der Zeit Wilhelms II.” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenchaft 113: 721–46.Google Scholar

Freiherr von Freytagh-Loringhoven, Axel. 1964. “Nicht grosse, sondern starke Rechte.” In Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei 1925 Bis 1928, ed. Dörr, Manfred. Marburg: Philipps-University Marburg/Lahn. Reprint, reprinted as Anlage Nr. 38.Google Scholar

Frieden, Jeffry A. 2006. Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. 1st ed. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Friedman, Edward, and Wong, Joseph, eds. 2008. Political Transitions in Dominant Party Systems: Learning to Lose. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis. 2011. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Funck, Marcus. 2000. “Shock und Chance: Der preussische Militärsadel in der Weimarer Republik Zwischen Stand und Profession.” In Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland, ed. Reif, Heinz. Berlin: Akademie. 127–71.Google Scholar

Garst, J. Daniel. 1998. “From Factor Endowments to Class Struggle: Pre World War I Germany and Rogowski’s Theory of Trade and Political Cleavages.” Comparative Political Studies 31: 22–44.Google Scholar

Gash, Norman. 1982. “The Organization of the Conservative Party, 1832–1846: Part I: The Parliamentary Organization.” Parliamentary History 1: 137–60.Google Scholar

Gash, Norman. 1983. “The Organization of the Conservative Party, 1832–1846: Part II: The Electoral Organization.” Parliamentary History 2: 31–152.Google Scholar

Gash, Norman. 1977. Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850. Hassocks, UK: Harvester Press.Google Scholar

Gerber, Alan, and Green, Donald. 2008. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Gerlach, Hellmut. 1925. Erinnerungen eines Junkers [Memoir of a Junker]. Berlin: die Welt am Montag.Google Scholar

Gerring, John. 2007. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gerring, John, Bond, Phillip J., Barndt, William T., and Moreno, Carola. 2005. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective.” World Politics 57: 323–64.Google Scholar

Gerschenkron, Alexander. 1948. Bread and Democracy in Germany. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gibson, Edward L. 2012. Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gibson, Edward L. 1996. Class and Conservative Parties: Argentina in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Goemans, Hein. 2000. War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Goltz, Anna. 2009. Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Gömmel, R. 1992. “Entstehung und Entwicklung der Effektenbörsen im 19. Jahrhundert bis 1914.” In Deutsche Börsengeschichte, ed. Pohl, H.. Frankfurt a. M.: Fritz Knapp Verlag. 133–207.Google Scholar

Gorst, Harold Edward. 1906. The Fourth Party. London: Smith Elder.Google Scholar

Gossel, Daniel. 2010. Medien und Politik in Deutschland und den USA: Kontrolle, Konflikt und Kooperation vom 18. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Gould, Andrew. 1999. Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth Century Europe, Interests, Identities, and Institutions in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Granovetter, Mark. 1978. “Threshold Models of Collective Behavior.” American Journal of Sociology 83: 1420–43.Google Scholar

Grathwol, Robert P. 1980. Stresemann and the Dnvp: Reconciliation or Revenge in German Foreign Policy 1924–1928. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar

Green, E. H. H. 1995. The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics, and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Grießmer, Axel. 2000. Massenverbände und Massenparteien im Wilhelminischen Reich: zum Wandel der Wahlkultur 1903–1912. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Grosser, Dieter. 1970. Vom monarchischen Konstitutionalismus zur parlamentarischen Demokratie. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar

Grünthal, Günther. 1978. “Das preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht: Ein Beitrag zur Genesis und Funktion des Wahlrechtsoktrois vom Mai 1849.” Historische Zeitschrift 226: 17–66.Google Scholar

Grzymala Busse, Anna M. 2002. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Guizot, Francois. 1997. The History of Civilization in Europe. Translated by Hazlitt, William. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Guldi, Jo, and Armitage, David. 2014. The History Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Haffner, Sebastian. 1969. Die verratene Revolution: Deutschland 1918/1919. Bern: Scherz Verlag.Google Scholar

Hagen, William. 2002. Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hagenlücke, Heinz. 1997. Deutsche Vaterlandspartei: Die nationale Rechte am Ende des Kaiserreiches. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Halperin, Samuel William. 1965. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Hanham, H. J. 1959. Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone. London: Longmans.Google Scholar

Hanson, Stephen E. 2010. Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Harling, Philip. 1996. The Waning of “Old Corruption”: The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779–1846. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Harris, James. 1992. “Rethinking the Categories of the German Revolution of 1848: The Emergence of Popular Conservatism in Bavaria.” Central European History 25: 123–48.Google Scholar

Hayes, Peter. 1980. “‘A Question Mark with Epaulettes’? Kurt Von Schleicher and Weimar Politics.” The Journal of Modern History 52: 35–65.Google Scholar

Hayes, William. 1982. The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act. New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar

Heckart, Beverly. 1974. From Basserman to Bebel: The Grand Bloc’s Quest for Reform in the Kaiserreich. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Heinsohn, Kirsten. 2010. Konservative Parteien in Deutschland 1912 bis 1933: Demokratisierung und Partizipation in Geschlechterhistorischer Perspektive. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Henig, Ruth. 2002. The Weimar Republic 1919–1933. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar

Herf, Jeffrey. 1984. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hering, Rainer. 2003. Konstruierte Nation: Der Alldeutsche Verband, 1890 bis 1939. Hamburg: Christians.Google Scholar

Hering, Rainer 2014. “Realms of Leadership and Residues of Social Mobilization: The Pan-German League, 1918–1933.” In The German Right in the Weimar Republic, ed. Jones, Larry Eugene. New York: Berghahn Books. 108–33.Google Scholar

Hermens, Ferdinand A. 1936. “Proportional Representation and the Breakdown of German Democracy.” Social Research 3: 411–33.Google Scholar

Herrick, Francis H. 1946. “Lord Randolph Churchill and the Popular Organization of the Conservative Party.” The Pacific Historical Review 15: 178–91.Google Scholar

Herrigel, Gary. 1996. Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hertzman, Lewis. 1963. DNVP: Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic, 1918–1924. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Hertzman, Lewis. 1958. “The Founding of the German National People’s Party (DNVP), November 1918–January 1919.” The Journal of Modern History 30: 24–36.Google Scholar

Hewitson, Mark. 2001. “The Kaiserreich in Question: Constitutional Crisis in Germany before the First World War.” The Journal of Modern History 73: 725–80.Google Scholar

Hicks-Beach, Lady Victoria. 1932. Life of Sir Michael Hicks Beach. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar

Himmelfarb, Gertrude. 1966. “The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867.” Journal of British Studies 6: 97–138.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert O. 1991. The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, and Jeopardy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hobsbawn, Eric J., and Ranger, Terrence, eds. 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Stanley. 1974. Decline or Renewal? France Since the 1930s. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Stanley. 1961. “The Effects of World War II on French Society and Politics.” French Historical Studies 2: 28–63.Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Stanley. 1997. “Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power: January 1933.” Foreign Affairs 76: 135.Google Scholar

Hofmeister, Bjorn. 2014. “Continuity and Change on the German Right: The Pan-German League and Nazism, 1918–1939.” In The German Right in the Weimar Republic, ed. Jones, Larry Eugene. New York: Berghahn Books. 134–64.Google Scholar

Hofstadter, Richard. 1967. The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Hohls, Rüdiger, and Kaelble, Hartmut, eds. 1989. Die regionale Erwerbsstruktur im deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik 1895–1970. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag.Google Scholar

Holzbach, Heidrun. 1981. Das “System Hugenberg”: Die Organisation bürgerlicher Sammlungspolitik vor dem Aufstieg der NSDAP. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.Google Scholar

Hooven, Marcel ten, and de Jong, Ron. 2008. Geschiedenis van de Christelijk-Historische Unie 1908–1980. Meppel: Boom Distributie Centrum.Google Scholar

Hopkins, T. M. 1897. “The Conservative Complexion of the English Church.” Westminster Review 147: 324–34.Google Scholar

Howard, Marc. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Postcommunist Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hunter, Archie. 2001. A Life of Sir John Eldon Gorst: Disraeli’s Awkward Disciple. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hurd, Madeleine. 2000. Public Spheres, Public Mores, and Democracy: Hamburg and Stockholm, 1870–1914. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Hylén, Jan. 1991. Fosterlandet främst? Konservatism och liberalism inom högerpartiet 1904–1985 Stockholm Studies in Politics. Stockholm: Norstedts juridikförlag.Google Scholar

Irvine, William D. 1989. The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered: Royalism, Boulangism, and the Origins of the Radical Right in France. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Irvine, William D. 1974. “French Conservatives and the ‘New Right’ During the 1930s.” French Historical Studies 8: 534–62.Google Scholar

Irwin, Galen A., and van Holsteyn, J. J. M.. 1989. “Decline of the Structured Model of Electoral Competition.” In Politics in the Netherlands: How Much Change?, eds. Daalder, Hans and Irwin, Galen A.. London: F. Cass. 21–41.Google Scholar

Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2006. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than Others.” American Political Science Review 100: 165–81.Google Scholar

Jackisch, Barry A. 2012. The Pan-German League and Radical Nationalist Politics in Interwar Germany, 1918–39. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.Google Scholar

Jackson, Alvin. 2003a. Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, Alvin. 1993. “The Larne Gun Running of 1914.” History of Ireland 1.Google Scholar

Jackson, Julian. 2003b. The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940. Oxford.Google Scholar

Jackson, Julian. 2001. France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Jäderin, Axel. 1914. Allmänna valmansförbundet 1904–14. En Krönika. Stockholm: Allmänna valmansförbundet.Google Scholar

Jaggard, Edwin. 2008. “Managers and Agents: Conservative Party Organisation in the 1850s.” Parliamentary History 27: 7–18.Google Scholar

Janos, Andrew C. 1989. “The Politics of Backwardness in Continental Europe, 1780–1945.” World Politics 41: 325–58.Google Scholar

Janßen, Karl-Heinz. 1970. “Who Is Hugenberg? Ein Verspätetes, Aber Immer Noch Aktuelles Porträt.” Die Zeit (March 6).Google Scholar

Jarvis, David. 1994. “Mrs Maggs and Betty: The Conservative Appeal to Women Voters in the 1920s.” Twentieth Century British History 5: 129–52.Google Scholar

Jenkins, Jennifer. 2003. Provincial Modernity: Local Culture and Liberal Politics in Fin-De-Siecle Hamburg. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jenkins, Roy. 1966. Asquith: Portrait of a Man and an Era. New York: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar

Jonas, Erasmus. 1965. Die Volkskonservativen, 1928–1933. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Jones, Andrew. 1972. The Politics of Reform 1884. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 2000. “Catholic Conservatives in the Weimar Republic: The Politics of the Rhenish-Westphalian Aristocracy, 1918–1933.” German History 18: 60–85.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 2009. “German Conservatism at the Crossroads: Count Kuno Von Westarp and the Struggle for Control of the DNVP, 1928–30.” Contemporary European History 18: 147–77.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. ed. 2014. The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism from 1918 to 1933. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 1992. “‘The Greatest Stupidity of My Life’: Alfred Hugenberg and the Formation of the Hitler Cabinet, January 1933.” Journal of Contemporary History 27: 63–87.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 1997. “Hindenburg and the Conservative Dilemma in the 1932 Presidential Elections.” German Studies Review 20: 235–59.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 2015. Hitler Versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 1979. “Inflation, Revaluation, and the Crisis of Middle-Class Politics: A Study in the Dissolution of the German Party System, 1923–28.” Central European History 12: 143–68.Google Scholar

Jones, Larry Eugene. 2006. “Nationalists, Nazis, and the Assault against Weimar: Revisiting the Harzburg Rally of October 1931.” German Studies Review 29: 483–94.Google Scholar

Jones, Mark, and Mainwaring, Scott. 2003. “The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems: An Empirical Measure and Application to the Americas.” Party Politics 9: 139–66.Google Scholar

Judt, Tony. 2005. Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar

Jusko, Karen Long. 2013. “Who Speaks for the Poor? Electoral Geography and the Political Representation of Low-Income and Working Class Citizens.” Stanford University.Google Scholar

Kahan, Alan S. 2003. Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Europe: The Political Culture of Limited Suffrage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt, “Streiks und Aussperrung im Jahre 1909.” 1910. In Statistik des Deutschen Reichs. Vol. 239. Berlin: Verlag von Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis N. 1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Karol, David. 2009. Party Position Change in American Politics: Coalition Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar

Keiger, John F. V. 1997. Raymond Poincaré. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Ellen. 2004. Constitutional Failure: Carl Schmitt in Weimar. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Sean. 2007a. Reconciling France against Democracy: The Croix De Feu and the Parti Social Français, 1927–1945. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Thomas. 2007b. “Troubled Tories: Dissent and Confusion Concerning the Party’s Ulster Policy, 1910–1914.” Journal of British Studies 46: 570–93.Google Scholar

Key, V. O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: A. A. Knopf.Google Scholar

Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Kinnear, Michael. 1968. The British Voter: An Atlas and Survey since 1885. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Kinnear, Michael. 1973. The Fall of Lloyd George: The Political Crisis of 1922. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989. “The Internal Politics of Parties: The Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited.” Political Studies 37: 400–21.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1992. “Political Regime Change: Structure and Process-Driven Explanations.” American Political Science Review 86: 1028–34.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert P., and Hellmans, Staf. 1990. Beyond the European Left: Ideology and Political Action in the Belgian Ecology Parties. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Klemperer, Klemens von. 1957. Germany’s New Conservatism, Its History and Dilemma in the 20th Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kloppenberg, James T. 1986. Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Klovland, Jan T. 1994. “Pitfalls in the Estimation of the Yield on British Consols, 1850–1914.” The Journal of Economic History 54: 164–87.Google Scholar

Koblik, Steven. 1969. “Wartime Diplomacy and the Democratization of Sweden in September-October 1917.” The Journal of Modern History 41: 29–45.Google Scholar

Kolb, Eberhard. 1988. The Weimar Republic. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Koss, Michael. 2013. “The Legitimate Secret: The Institutionalization of Parliamentary Agenda Control in the United Kingdom and Germany.” Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Bordeaux.Google Scholar

Kousser, J. Morgan. 1974. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Kreuzer, Marcus. 2001. Institutions and Innovation: Voters, Interest Groups and Parties in the Consolidation of Democracy–France and Germany, 1870–1939. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kreuzer, Marcus. 2003. “Parliamentarization and the Question of German Exceptionalism: 1867–1918.” Central European History 36: 327–57.Google Scholar

Kühne, Thomas. 2005. “Demokratisierung und Parlamentarisierung: Neue Forschungen zur Politischen Entwicklungsfähigkeit Deutschlands vor dem ersten Weltkrieg.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 31: 293–316.Google Scholar

Kühne, Thomas. 1994. Dreiklassenwahlrecht und Wahlkultur in Preussen 1867–1914: Landtagswahlen zwischen korporativer Tradition und politischem Massenmarkt, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

Kulczycki, John J. 1994. The Foreign Worker and the German Labor Movement: Xenophobia and Solidarity in the Coal Fields of the Ruhr, 1871–1914. Providence: Berg.Google Scholar

Kutz-Bauer, Helga. 1983. “Arbeiterschaft und Sozialdemokratie in Hamburg vom Gründerkrach bis zum Ende des Sozialistengesetzes.” In Arbeiter in Hamburg. Unterschichten, Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung seit dem Ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert, eds. Herzig, Arno, Langewiesche, Dieter, and Sywottek, Arnold. Hamburg: Verlag Erziehung und Wissenschaft. 179–92.Google Scholar

Lambach, Walter. 1964. “Monarchismus.” In Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei 1925 bis 1928, ed. Dörr, Manfred. Marburg: Philipps-University Marburg/Lahn. 554–56.Google Scholar

Lamberti, Marjorie. 1968. “Lutheran Orthodoxy and the Beginning of Conservative Party Organization in Prussia.” Church History 37: 439–53.Google Scholar

Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di. 2007. Il Gattopardo [the Leopard]. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Langewiesche, Dieter. 1978. “Die Anfänge der Deutschen Parteien. Partei, Fraktion und Verein in der Revolution von 1848/49.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 4: 324–61.Google Scholar

Lapp, Benjamin. 1997. Revolution from the Right: Politics, Class, and the Rise of Nazism in Saxony, 1919–1933. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar

Lässig, Simone. 1996. Wahlrechtskampf und Wahlreform in Sachsen, 1895–1909. Weimar: Böhlau.Google Scholar

Lässig, Simone. 1998. “Wahlrechtsreformen in den deutschen Einzelstaaten: Indikatoren für Modernisierungstendzen und Reformfähigkeit im Kaiserreich?” In Modernisierung und Region im wilhelmischen Deutschland, ed. Lässig, Simone. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte. 127–70.Google Scholar

Lawrence, Jon. 1993. “Class and Gender in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880–1914.” English Historical Review 108: 629–52.Google Scholar

Lawrence, Jon, and Elliott, Jane. 1997. “Parliamentary Election Results Reconsidered: An Analysis of Borough Elections, 1885–1910.” Parliamentary History 16: 18–28.Google Scholar

Layman, Geoffrey, Carsey, Thomas, Green, John, Herrera, Richard, and Cooperman, Rosalyn. 2010. “Activists and Conflict Extension in American Politics.” American Political Science Review 104: 324–46.Google Scholar

Lebovics, Herman. 1988. The Alliance of Iron and Wheat in the Third French Republic, 1860–1914: Origins of the New Conservatism. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, Robert. 2006. Rural Society and the Anglican Clergy, 1815–1914: Encountering and Managing the Poor. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Press.Google Scholar

Leicht, Johannes. 2012. Heinrich Class, 1868–1953: Die politische Biografie eines Alldeutschen. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoeningh Verlag.Google Scholar

Leopold, John A. 1977. Alfred Hugenberg: The Radical Nationalist Campaign against the Weimar Republic. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Leslie, John. “Parties and Other Social Functions.” Berkeley: University of California, 2002.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13: 51–65.Google Scholar

Levy, Richard S. 1975. The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lewin, Leif. 1988. Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Liebe, Werner. 1956. Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei, 1918–1924. Düsseldorf: Droste-Verlag.Google Scholar

Lieberman, Evan. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99: 435–52.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan. 1967. “The Party System of Spain: Past and Future.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, eds. Lipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred C.. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan, Jerez, Miguel, and Corzo, Susana. 2002. “Ministers and Regimes in Spain: From the First to the Second Restoration, 1874–2002.” South European Society and Politics 7: 41–116.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1983. “Radicalism or Reformism: The Sources of Working-Class Politics.” American Political Science Review 77: 1–18.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, International Yearbook of Political Behavior Research. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Lizzeri, Alessandro, and Persico, Nicola. 2004. “Why Did the Elites Extend the Suffrage? Democracy and the Scope of Government, with an Application to Britain’s Age of Reform.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119: 707–65.Google Scholar

Llavador, Humberto, and Oxoby, Robert. 2005. “Partisan Competition, Growth and the Franchise.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 120: 1155–89.Google Scholar

Lowe, Sid. 2010. Catholicism, War and the Foundation of Francoism: The Juventud De Acción Popular in Spain, 1931–1939. Portland: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar

Lowell, Lawrence A. 1912. The Government of England. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Loxton, James “Authoritarian Inheritance and Conservative Party-Building in Latin America.” Harvard University, 2014.Google Scholar

Lubenow, W. C. 1983. “Irish Home Rule and the Great Separation of the Liberal Party in 1886: The Dimensions of Parliamentary Liberalism.” Victorian Studies 26: 161–80.Google Scholar

Luebbert, Gregory M. 1991. Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lustick, Ian. 1993. Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Lynch, Patricia. 2003. The Liberal Party in Rural England, 1885–1910: Radicalism and Community, Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

MacLaren, A. Allan. 1974. Religion and Social Class: The Disruption Years in Aberdeen. London: Routledge & K. Paul.Google Scholar

Maddison, Angus. 2007. Contours of the World Economy Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James. 2003. “Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, eds. Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 131–76.Google Scholar

Maier, Charles S. 2000. “Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era.” The American Historical Review 105: 807–31.Google Scholar

Maier, Charles S. 1975. Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany and Italy in the Decade after World War I. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Maier, Charles S. 1981. “The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe.” American Historical Review 86: 327–52.Google Scholar

Maine, Henry. 1886. Popular Government. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Malefakis, Edward E. 1970. Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain: Origins of the Civil War. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Malinowski, Sebastian. 2003. Vom König zum Führer. Sozialer Niedergang und politische Radikalisierung im Deutschen Adel Zwischen Kaiserreich und Ns-Staat Berlin.Google Scholar

Manela, Erez. 2007. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Manow, Philip, Schroeder, Valentin, and Nickel, Carsten. 2011. “Germany’s 1918 Electoral Reform and the Reichstag’s Efficient Secret.” Paper presented at the Historical Democratization and Redistribution in Advanced Industrialized Democracies, Juan March Institute, Madrid, Spain, October 20–22.Google Scholar

Manow, Philip, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2015. “The Layered State: Patterns and Pathways of Modern Nation State Building.” In The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State, eds. Leibfried, Stephan, Huber, Evelyne, Lange, Matthew, Levy, Jonah D., and Stephens, John D.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Marcet, Joan. 2012. “La derecha en España: una aproximación histórica.” Barcelona, Spain: Institut de ciències polítiques i socials, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar

Mares, Isabela. 2015. From Open Secrets to Secret Voting: Democratic Electoral Reforms and Voter Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Margalit, Avishai. 2010. On Compromise and Rotten Compromises. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Markoff, John. 1999. “Where and When Was Democracy Invented?” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41: 660–90.Google Scholar

Marks, Gary, Mbaye, Heather, and Kim, Hyung-min. 2009. “Radicalism or Reformism: Socialist Parties before World War I.” American Sociological Review 74: 615–35.Google Scholar

Marsh, Peter. 1994. Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Marsh, Peter T. 1978. The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury’s Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.Google Scholar

Martin, Cathie Jo, and Swank, Duane. 2012. The Political Construction of Business Interests: Coordination, Growth, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1962. “The Elections in England–Tories and Whigs (New York Daily Tribune).” In Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on Britain. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 351–57.Google Scholar

Masket, Seth E. 2009. No Middle Ground: How Informal Party Organizations Control Nominations and Polarize Legislatures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Masoud, Tarek E. 2014. Counting Islam: Religion, Class, and Elections in Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Massing, Paul. 1949. Rehearsal for Destruction: A Study of Political Anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Matthias, Erich, and Morsey, Rudolf, eds. 1959. Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuß 1917/18. Düsseldorf: Droste.Google Scholar

May, Ernest R. 2000. Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar

May, John D. 1973. “Opinion Structure of Political Parties: The Special Law of Curvilinear Disparity.” Political Studies 21: 135–51.Google Scholar

Mayer, Arno J. 1981. The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

McCarthy, John, and Zald, Mayer. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82: 1212–41.Google Scholar

McClosky, Herbert, Hoffmann, Paul J., and O’Hara, Rosemary. 1960. “Issue Conflict and Consensus among Party Leaders and Followers.” The American Political Science Review 54: 406–27.Google Scholar

McCormick, John P. 1997. Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics as Technology. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McCrillis, Neal R. 1998. The British Conservative Party in the Age of Universal Suffrage: Popular Conservatism, 1918–1929. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar

McFaul, Michael. 2002. “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World.” World Politics 54: 212–44.Google Scholar

McKenzie, Robert, and Silver, Allan. 1968. Angels in Marble: Working Class Conservatism in Urban England. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

McKenzie, Robert Trelford. 1955. British Political Parties: The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

McKibbin, Ross. 1974. The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910–1924. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McKibbin, Ross. 1990. The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

McKibbin, Ross. 2010. Parties and People, England, 1914–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLean, Iain. 2001. Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McLean, Iain. 2012. What’s Wrong with the British Constitution? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Meguid, Bonnie. 2008. Party Competition between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mergel, Thomas. 2003. “Das Scheitern des Deutschen Tory-Konservatismus. Die Umformung der DNVP zu einer rechtsradikalen Partei 1928–1932.” Historische Zeitschrift 276: 323–68.Google Scholar

Michels, Robert. 1915. A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy New York: Hearsts International Library, Co.Google Scholar

Mickey, Robert G. 2015. Paths out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944–1972. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Middlebrook, Kevin J., ed. 2000. Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. 1859. On Liberty. London: John Parker.Google Scholar

Mitchell, B. R. 2003. International Historical Statistics, Europe, 1750–2000. 5 ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Moes, Jaap. 2012. Onder aristocraten: over hegemonie, welstand en aanzien van adel, patriciaat en andere notabelen in Nederland, 1848–1914. Hilvershum: Verloren.Google Scholar

Møller, Jørgen, Schmotz, Alexander, and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2015. “Economic Crisis and Democratic Breakdown in the Interwar Years: A Reassessment.” Historical Social Research 40: 301–18.Google Scholar

Mommsen, Hans. 1996. The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Montero, José R. 1977. La CEDA: el catolicismo social y político en la II república. Madrid: Ediciones de la Revista de Trabajo.Google Scholar

Moore, Barrington. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Moore, David Cresap. 1976. The Politics of Deference: A Study of the Mid-Nineteenth Century English Political System. Hassocks: Harvester Press.Google Scholar

Moreno-Luzon, Javier. 2007. “Political Clientelism, Elites, and Caciquismo in Restoration Spain, 1875–1923.” European History Quarterly 37: 417–41.Google Scholar

Morrison, Bruce. “Channeling the Restless Spirit of Innovation: Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832.” World Politics 63: 691–92.Google Scholar

Müller, Jan-Werner 2006. “Comprehending Conservatism: A New Framework for Analysis.” Journal of Political Ideologies 11: 359–65.Google Scholar

Murphy, Richard. 1986. “Faction in the Conservative Party and the Home Rule Crisis, 1912–1914.” History 71: 222–34.Google Scholar

Nasaw, David. 1993. Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Neal, Larry. 1993. The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nebelin, Manfred. 2010. Ludendorff: Diktator im ersten Weltkrieg. München: Siedler.Google Scholar

Neumann, Sigmund. 1930. Die Stufen des Preussischen Konservatismus. Berlin: E. Ebering.Google Scholar

Neumann, Sigmund. 1956. Modern Political Parties: Approaches to Comparative Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Nevill, Dorothy, and Nevill, Ralph. 1906. The Reminiscences of Lady Dorothy Nevill. London: E. Arnold.Google Scholar

Nipperdey, Thomas. 1961. Die Organisation der Deutschen Parteien vor 1918. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag.Google Scholar

Nohlen, Dieter. 1986. Wahlrecht und Parteiensystem. Leverkusen: Leske & Budrich.Google Scholar

Nohlen, Dieter, and Stöver, Philip. 2010. Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos.Google Scholar

Nolan, Mary. 1986. “Economic Crisis, State Policy and Working Class Formation in Germany, 1870–1900.” In Working Class Formation: Nineteenth Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States, eds. Katznelson, Ira and Zolberg, Aristide. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 352–96.Google Scholar

Nord, Philip G. 2015. France 1940: Defending the Republic. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Nordlinger, Eric. 1967. The Working Class Tories: Authority, Deference, and Stable Democracy. London: MacGibbon and Kee.Google Scholar

Norris, Pippa. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglas C., and Weingast, Barry. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History XLIX: 803–32.Google Scholar

Norton, Philip. 2012. “Resisting the Inevitable? The Parliament Act of 1911.” Parliamentary History 31: 444–59.Google Scholar

Nossiter, Thomas Johnson. 1974. Influence, Opinion and Political Idioms in Reformed England: Case Studies from the North East 1832–1874. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo A., and Schmitter, Philippe C.. 2013 [1986]. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo A., Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 1999. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Paul. 2014. A Question of Duty: The Curragh Incident 1914 Dublin: New Island.Google Scholar

O’Gorman, Frank. 1993. “The Electorate Before and After 1832.” Parliamentary History 12: 171–83.Google Scholar

Offer, Avner. 1981. Property and Politics, 1870–1914: Landownership, Law, Ideology, and Urban Development in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ohnezeit, Maik. 2011. Zwischen “Schärfster Opposition” und dem “Willen Zur Macht”: die Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP) in der Weimarer Republik 1918–1928. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Olsson, Stefan. 2000. Den Svenska högerns anpassning till demokratin.Google Scholar

Orloff, Ann, and Skocpol, Theda. 1984. “Why Not Equal Protection? Explaining the Politics of Public Social Spending in Britain, 1900–1911 and the United States, 1880s-1920.” American Sociological Review 49: 726–50.Google Scholar

Orlow, Dietrich. 1986. Weimar Prussia, 1918–1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Ostrogorski, Moisei. 1902. Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar

Otte, Thomas G. 2013. “The Swing of the Pendulum at Home: By-Elections and Foreign Policy, 1865–1914.” In By-Elections in British Politics, 1832–1914, eds. Otte, Thomas G. and Readman, Paul. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 121–50.Google Scholar

Owen, Keith. “The Fourth Party and Conservative Evolution, 1880–1885.” Texas Tech University, 2000.Google Scholar

Packer, Ian. 2011. “Contested Ground: Trends in British by-Elections, 1911–1914.” Contemporary British History 25: 157–73.Google Scholar

Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Parry, Jonathan. 1986. Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867–1875. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Parry, Jonathan 1993. The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Partei, Deutsche Konservative, ed. 1909. Der Allgemeine Delegiertentag der Deutsch-Konservativen Partei. Stenographischer Bericht, 11 December 1909. Berlin: Hauptverin der Deutch-Konservativen.Google Scholar

Passmore, Kevin. 1997. From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province, 1928–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Passmore, Kevin. 2013. The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Patch, William. 1998. Heinrich Brüning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Payne, Stanley G. 1967. Politics and the Military in Modern Spain. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Payne, Stanley G. 1993. Spain’s First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Pelling, Henry. 1967. Social Geography of British Elections, 1885–1910. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2009. “Democratic Capital: The Nexus of Political and Economic Change.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1: 88–126.Google Scholar

Petersen, Jens. 1990. “Der Italienische Adel von 1861 bis 1946.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Sonderheft 13: 243–59.Google Scholar

Peukert, Detlev. 1993. The Weimar Republic. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar

Phillips, Gregory. 1980. “Lord Willoughby De Broke and the Politics of Radical Toryism, 1909–1914.” Journal of British Studies 20: 205–24.Google Scholar

Phillips, John A. 1992. The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818–1841. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar