Vermeir, E, Jackson, LA, Marshall, EG. Barriers to primary and emergency healthcare for trans adults. Cult Heal Sex 2018;20(2):232–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1338757CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eyssel, J, Koehler, A, Dekker, A, et al. Needs and concerns of transgender individuals regarding interdisciplinary transgender healthcare: a non-clinical online survey. PLoS One 2017;12(8): 23512070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fantz, CR, Roberts, TK. Barriers to quality health care for the transgender population. Clin Biochem 2014;47(10–11):983–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.02.009Google Scholar

Rowe, D, Ng, Y-C, O’Keefe, L. Addressing transgender patients’ barriers to access care. Nurse Pract 2019;44(6):30–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Salkas, S, Conniff, J, Budge, SL. Provider quality and barriers to care for transgender people: an analysis of data from the Wisconsin transgender community health assessment. Int J Transgenderism 2018;19(1):59–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1369484Google Scholar

Thomas, R, Pega, F, Khosla, R, et al. Ensuring an inclusive global health agenda for transgender people. Bull World Health Organ 2017;95:154–156. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.183913Google Scholar

World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People (7th Version). Published 2012 (Online). Available at: www.wpath.org/publications/soc [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care for Key Populations. Published 2014 (online). Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/128048/9789241507431_eng.pdf;jsessionid=B24E309801443B27D788AC7EB82381E9?sequence=1 [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Transgender Europe. Guidelines to Human Rights-Based Trans-Specific Healthcare. Published 2019.Google Scholar

The Yogyakarta Principles – Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Published 2007 (online). Available at: www.refworld.org/docid/48244e602.html [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Yogyakarta Principles. The Yogyakarta Principles Plus 10 – Additional Principles and State Obligation on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics to Complement the Yogyakarta Principles. Geneva, 2017 (online). Available at: http://yogyakartaprinciples.org/[last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Kismodi, E, Cabral, M, Byrne, J. Transgender health care and human rights. In Ettner, R., Monstrey, S., and Coleman, E., Eds. Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 379–401.Google Scholar

Knudson, G. Language and terminology in transgender health. In Schechter, L. S., Ed. Gender Confirmation Surgery. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Winter, S, Diamond, M, Green, J, et al., Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet, 2016;388:390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ding, JM, Ehrenfeld, JM, Edmiston, EK, Eckstrand, K, Beach, LB. A model for improving health care quality for transgender and gender nonconforming patients. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2020;46(1):37–43. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2019.09.005Google Scholar

Heng, A, Heal, C, Banks, J, Preston, R. Transgender peoples’ experiences and perspectives about general healthcare: a systematic review. Int J Transgend 2018;19(4):359–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1502711Google Scholar

Morgensen, SL. Theorising gender, sexuality and settler colonialism: an introduction. Settl Colon Stud 2012;2(2):2–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648839CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, G. The Sexual Demon of Colonial Power: Pan-African Embodiment and Erotic Schemes of Empire. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Spurlin, WJ. Queer theory and biomedical practice: the biomedicalization of sexuality/the cultural politics of biomedicine. J Med Humanit 2019;40:7–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-018-9526-0Google Scholar

Foucault, M. Body/Power. In Gordon, C., Ed. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Hemel Hemstead: The Harvester Press, 1980, pp. 55–62.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. The History of Sexuality, translated by Hurley, R.. London: Penguin Books, 1978.Google Scholar

Oliphant, J, Veale, JF, Macdonald, J, et al. Guidelines for Gender Affirming Healthcare for Gender Diverse and Transgender Children, Young People and Adults in Aotearoa, New Zealand.Google Scholar

Bockting, W, Robinson, B, Benner, A, Scheltema, K. Patient satisfaction with transgender health services. J Sex Marital Ther 2004;30(4):277–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230490422467CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lerner, JE, Robles, G. Perceived barriers and facilitators to health care utilization in the United States for transgender people: a review of recent literature. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2017;28(1):127–152. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2017.0014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McPhail, D, Rountree-James, M, Whetter, I. Addressing gaps in physician knowledge regarding transgender health and healthcare through medical education. Can Med Educ J 2016;7(2):70–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moseson, H, Zazanis, N, Goldberg, E, et al. The imperative for transgender and gender nonbinary inclusion: beyond women’s health. Obstet Gynecol 2020;135(5):1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003816CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, JR, Washington, AZ, Morrison, SD, Gottlieb, LJ. Assessing patient satisfaction among transgender individuals seeking medical services. Ann Plast Surg 2018;81(6):725–729. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001582Google Scholar

Besse, M, Lampe, NM, Mann, ES. Experiences with achieving pregnancy and giving birth among transgender men: a narrative literature review. Yale J Biol Med 2020;93(4):517–528.Google Scholar

Noonan, EJ, Sawning, S, Combs, R, et al. Engaging the transgender community to improve medical education and prioritize healthcare initiatives. Teach Learn Med 2018;30(2):119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2017.1365718CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cuccolo, NG, Kang, C, Boskey, ER, et al. Mastectomy in transgender and cisgender patients: a comparative analysis of epidemiology and postoperative outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019;7(6):e2316. https://doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000002316Google Scholar

Massie, JP, Streed, J, Carl, G, Neira, PM, Morrison, SD. Terminology in transgender patient care. J Am Soc Plast Surg 2018;141(2):2017–2018. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004054Google ScholarPubMed

Trans Student Educational Resources. Definitions. Available at: https://transstudent.org/about/definitions/ [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Crissman, H, Stroumsa, D. Gynecologic care considerations for transmasculine people. Contemp Ob Gyn 2020;65(8):20–24.Google Scholar

Murphy, KP, Pierce, JL, Ruiz, J. What makes queer oral history different. Oral Hist Rev 2016;43(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohw022Google Scholar

Stryker, S. Transgender History. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Bogart, LM, Revenson, TA, Whitfield, KE, France, CR. Introduction to the special section on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities: where we are and where we’re going. Ann Behav Med 2014;47(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9574-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knutson, D, Martyr, MA, Mitchell, TA, Arthur, T, Koch, JM. Recommendations from transgender healthcare consumers in rural areas. Transgender Heal 2018;3(1):109–117. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Community Needs Assessment: Participant Workbook. Published 2013 (online). Available at: www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/healthprotection/fetp/training_modules/15/community-needs_pw_final_9252013.pdf [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Patel, K, Lyon, ME, Luu, HS. Providing inclusive care for transgender patients: capturing sex and gender in the electronic medical record. J Appl Lab Med 2021;6(1):210–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfaa214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Deutsch, MB, Green, J, Keatley, J, et al. Electronic medical records and the transgender patient: recommendations from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health EMR Working Group. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 2013;20:700–703. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001472CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sequeira, GM, Kidd, K, Coulter, RWS, et al. Affirming transgender youths’ names and pronouns in the electronic medical record. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(5):501–503. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.6071CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trans Care BC at Provincial Health Services Authority. Gender Inclusive Language: Clinical Settings with New Clients. www.phsa.ca/transcarebc/Documents/HealthProf/Gender_Inclusive_Language_Clinical.pdf [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Safer, JD, Tangpricha, V. Care of transgender persons. N Engl J Med 2019;381(25):2451–2460.Google Scholar

Collin, L, Reisner, SL, Tangpricha, V, Goodman, M. Prevalence of transgender depends on the “case” definition: a systematic review. J Sex Med 2016;13(4):613–626.Google Scholar

Joel, D, Tarrasch, R, Berman, Z, Mukamel, M, Ziv, E. Queering gender: studying gender identity in ‘normative’ individuals. Psychol Sex 2014;5(4):291–321.Google Scholar

Wiepjes, CM, Nota, NM, de Blok, CJ, et al. The Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972–2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. J Sex Med 2018;15(4):582–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van de Grift, TC, Mullender, MG, Bouman, M-B. Shared decision making in gender-affirming surgery: implications for research and standards of care. J Sex Med 2018;15(6):813–815.Google Scholar

Haseen, B, Kahn, A, Belton, A, Bayer, CR. Health care for transgender men: what is missing in ob/gyn care? J Low Genit Tract Dis 2020;24(2):232–233.Google Scholar

Safer, JD, Coleman, E, Feldman, J, et al. Barriers to health care for transgender individuals. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016;23(2):168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Unger, CA. Care of the transgender patient: a survey of gynecologists’ current knowledge and practice. J Women’s Health 2015;24(2):114–118.Google Scholar

Sbragia, JD, Vottero, B. Experiences of transgender men in seeking gynecological and reproductive health care: a qualitative systematic review protocol. JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Rep 2019;17(8):1582–1588.Google Scholar

Kiran, T, Davie, S, Singh, D, et al. Cancer screening rates among transgender adults: cross-sectional analysis of primary care data. Can Fam Physician 2019;65(1):e30–e7.Google Scholar

Dhillon, N, Oliffe, JL, Kelly, MT, Krist, J. Bridging barriers to cervical cancer screening in transgender men: a scoping review. Am J Men’s Health 2020;14(3):1557988320925691.Google Scholar

Qin, LA, Estevez, S, Radcliffe, E, et al. Are obstetrics and gynecology residents equipped to care for transgender and gender nonconforming patients? A national survey study. Transgend Health 2020 (online). https://doi.org/10.1089/TRGH.2020.0063Google Scholar

Korpaisarn, S, Safer, JD. Gaps in transgender medical education among healthcare providers: a major barrier to care for transgender persons. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2018;19(3):271–275.Google Scholar

Hanssmann, C, Morrison, D, Russian, E. Talking, gawking, or getting it done: provider trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients. Sex Res Social Policy 2008;5(1):5.Google Scholar

Rush, S, Vinekar, K, Chiang, S, Schiff, M. Ob/Gyn residency training in transgender healthcare: a survey of US program directors. Obstet Gynecol 2018;132:41S–2S.Google Scholar

Poteat, T, German, D, Kerrigan, D. Managing uncertainty: a grounded theory of stigma in transgender health care encounters. Soc Sci Med 2013;84:22–29.Google Scholar

Roller, CG, Sedlak, C, Draucker, CB. Navigating the system: how transgender individuals engage in health care services. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015;47(5):417–424.Google Scholar

Stroumsa, D, Wu, JP. Welcoming transgender and nonbinary patients: expanding the language of “women’s health.” Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219(6):585.e1–e5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Reisner, SL, Radix, A, Deutsch, MB. Integrated and gender-affirming transgender clinical care and research. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016;72(Suppl. 3):S235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wagner, J, Sackett-Taylor, AC, Hodax, JK, Forcier, M, Rafferty, J. Psychosocial overview of gender-affirmative care. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019;32(6):567–573.Google Scholar

Burnes, TR, Singh, AA, Harper, AJ, et al. American Counseling Association: Competencies for counseling with transgender clients. J LGBT Issues Couns 2010;4(3–4):135–159.Google Scholar

Woodland, MB, Callanan, L, Schnatz, PF, Jiang, X. Gynecologic screening for men in an OBGYN resident community outreach clinic: the transgender care experience. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2018;22(4):333–335.Google Scholar

Nieder, TO, Strauss, B. Transgender health care in Germany: participatory approaches and the development of a guideline. Int Rev Psychiatry 2015;27(5):416–426.Google Scholar

Özer, M, Pigot, GL, Bouman, M-B, et al. Development of a decision aid for genital gender-affirming surgery in transmen. J Sex Med 2018;15(7):1041–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

T’Sjoen, G, Motmans, J, Arcelus, J, Bouman, W. The need of patient involvement in transgender health care research. J Sex Med 2017;14(12):1494–1495.Google Scholar

Van De Grift, TC, Elaut, E, Cerwenka, SC, et al. Effects of medical interventions on gender dysphoria and body image: a follow-up study. Psychosom Med 2017;79(7):815.Google Scholar

Cameron, C. Patient compliance: recognition of factors involved and suggestions for promoting compliance with therapeutic regimens. J Adv Nurs 1996;24(2):244–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Totura, CMW, Fields, SA, Karver, MS. The role of the therapeutic relationship in psychopharmacological treatment outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Psychiatr Serv 2018;69(1):41–47.Google Scholar

Langer, N. Culturally competent professionals in therapeutic alliances enhance patient compliance. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1999;10(1):19–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maguen, S, Shipherd, JC, Harris, HN. Providing culturally sensitive care for transgender patients. Cogn Behav Pract 2005;12(4):479–490.Google Scholar

Stroumsa, D, Shires, DA, Richardson, CR, Jaffee, KD, Woodford, MR. Transphobia rather than education predicts provider knowledge of transgender health care. Med Educ 2019;53(4):398–407.Google Scholar

Jarin, J. The Ob/Gyn and the transgender patient. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019;31(5):298–302.Google Scholar

Beek, TF, Kreukels, BP, Cohen‐Kettenis, PT, Steensma, TD. Partial treatment requests and underlying motives of applicants for gender affirming interventions. J Sex Med 2015;12(11):2201–2205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. Committee Opinion no. 512: health care for transgender individuals. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(6):1454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coleman, E, Bockting, W, Botzer, M, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. Int J Transgend 2012;13(4):165–232.Google Scholar

Rahman, M, Li, DH, Moskowitz, DA. Comparing the healthcare utilization and engagement in a sample of transgender and cisgender bisexual+ persons. Arch Sex Behav 2019;48(1):255–260.Google Scholar

Peitzmeier, SM, Reisner, SL, Harigopal, P, Potter, J. Female-to-male patients have high prevalence of unsatisfactory Paps compared to non-transgender females: implications for cervical cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29(5):778–784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grimstad, F, McLaren, H, Gray, M. The gynecologic exam of the transfeminine person following penile inversion vaginoplasty. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 (online). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wierckx, K, Van Caenegem, E, Pennings, G, et al. Reproductive wish in transsexual men. Hum Reprod 2012;27(2):483–487.Google Scholar

Light, AD, Obedin-Maliver, J, Sevelius, JM, Kerns, JL. Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning. Obstet Gynecol 2014;124(6):1120–1127.Google Scholar

MacDonald, T, Noel-Weiss, J, West, D, et al. Transmasculine individuals’ experiences with lactation, chestfeeding, and gender identity: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016;16(1):1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

García-Acosta, JM, Juan-Valdivia, S, María, R, et al. Trans* pregnancy and lactation: a literature review from a nursing perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(1):44.Google Scholar

Trautner, E, McCool-Myers, M, Joyner, AB. Knowledge and practice of induction of lactation in trans women among professionals working in trans health. Int Breastfeed J 2020;15(1):1–5.Google Scholar

Reisman, T, Goldstein, Z. Case report: induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgender Health 2018;3(1):24–26.Google Scholar

Strousma, D, Roberts, EFS, Kinnear, H, Harris, LH. The power and limits of classification – a 32-year-old man with abdominal pain. N Engl J Med 2019;380(20):1885–1888.Google Scholar

Jones, RA. Case history: Robert A Jones. Brit J Sex Med 1976;3(6):38.Google Scholar

Lukianowicz, N. Two cases of transvestism. Psychiatr Q 1960;34:517–537.Google Scholar

Births Deaths and Marriages Registration (Gender Identity) Amendment Act 2016. See: www.parliament.vic.gov.au/publications/research-papers/download/36-research-papers/13775-births-deaths-and-marriages-registration-amendment-bill-2016 [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

See: https://transrespect.org/en/tmm-update-tdor-2020 [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

See: www.wpath.org/publications/soc [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

The First Australian National Trans Mental Health Study, Table 10, p. 21. Curtin University, West Australia.Google Scholar

See: www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeBwniFDDK4 [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

GENDA & the NYS Human Rights Law. New York State Division of Human Rights. See: https://dhr.ny.gov/genda [last accessed May 16, 2022].Google Scholar

Byne, W, Karasic, DH, Coleman, E, et al. Gender dysphoria in adults: an overview and primer for psychiatrists. Transgender Health 2018;3:57–70.Google Scholar

Gijs, L, van der Putten-Bierman, E, De Cuypere, G. Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with gender identity problems. In Kreukels, BPC, Steensma, TD, de Vries, ALC, Eds. Gender Dysphoria and Disorders of Sex Development: Progress in Care and Knowledge. New York: Springer, 2013, pp. 255–276.Google Scholar

de Freitas, LD, Léda‐Rêgo, G, Bezerra‐Filho, S, Miranda‐Scippa, Â. Psychiatric disorders in individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria: a systematic review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020;74:99–104.Google Scholar

Murad, MH, Elamin, MB, Garcia, MZ, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol 2010;72:214–231.Google Scholar

Bustos, VP, Bustos, SS, Mascaro, A, et al. Regret after gender-affirmation surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2021;9(3):e3477.Google Scholar

Turban, JL, Loo, SS, Almazan, AN, Keuroghlian, AS. Factors leading to “detransition” among transgender and gender diverse people in the United States: a mixed-methods analysis. LGBT Health 2021;8(4):273–280.Google Scholar

Witcomb, GL, Bouman, WP, Claes, L, et al. Levels of depression in transgender people and its predictors: results of a large matched control study with transgender people accessing clinical services. J Affect Disord 2018;235:308–315.Google Scholar

Marshall, E, Claes, L, Bouman, WP, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in trans people: a systematic review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28:58–69.Google Scholar

Zucker, K, Lawrence, A, Kreukels, BK. Gender dysphoria in adults. Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2016;12:217–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dhejne, C, Van Vlerken, R, Heylens, G, Arcelus, J. Mental health and gender dysphoria: a review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28:44–57.Google Scholar

Colizzi, M, Costa, R, Todarello, O. Dissociative symptoms in individuals with gender dysphoria: is the elevated prevalence real? Psychiatry Res 2015;226:173–180.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Blasey, C, Barr Taylor, C, Weiss, BJ, Newman, MG. Anxiety and related disorders and concealment in sexual minority young adults. Behav Ther 2016;47:91–101.Google Scholar

Mereish, EH. Substance use and misuse among sexual and gender minority youth. Curr Opin Psychol 2019;30:123–127.Google Scholar

Dhejne, C, Lichtenstein, P, Boman, M, et al. Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in Sweden. PLOS ONE 2011;6(2): e16885.Google Scholar

Wiepjes, CM, den Heijer, M, Bremmer, MA, et al. Trends in suicide death risk in transgender people: results from the Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria study (1972–2017). Acta Psychiatr Scand 2020;6:486–491.Google Scholar

Costa, R, Colizzi, M. The effect of cross-sex hormonal treatment on gender dysphoria individuals’ mental health: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016;12:1953–1966.Google Scholar

Kristensen, TT, Christensen, LL, Frystyk, J, et al. Effects of testosterone therapy on constructs related to aggression in transgender men: a systematic review. Horm Behav 2021;128:104912.Google Scholar

Matthys, I, Defreyne, J, Elaut, E, et al. Positive and negative affect changes during gender-affirming hormonal treatment: results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI). J Clin Med 2021;10(2):296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruppin, U, Pfäfflin, F. Long-term follow-up of adults with gender identity disorder. Arch Sex Behav 2015;44:1321–1329.Google Scholar

De Cuypere, G, Vercruysse, H. Eligibility and readiness criteria for sex reassignment surgery: recommendations for revision of the WPATH standards of care. Int J Transgend 2009;11(3):194–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532730903383781Google Scholar

Coleman, E, Bockting, W, Botzer, M, Cohen-Kettenis, PT. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. Int J Transgend 2012;13(4):165–232.Google Scholar

Ashley, F. Gatekeeping hormone replacement therapy for transgender patients is dehumanizing. J Med Ethics 2019;45:480–482.Google Scholar

Cavanaugh, T, Hopwood, R, Lambert, C. Informed consent in the medical care of transgender and gender-nonconforming patients. AMA J Ethics 2016;18(11):1147–1155.Google Scholar

Reisner, S, Bradford, J, Hopwood, R, et al. Comprehensive transgender healthcare: the gender affirming clinical and public health model of Fenway health. J Urban Health 2015;92(3):584–592.Google Scholar

Emmanuel, EJ, Emmanuel, LL. Four models of the physician-patient relationship. JAMA 1992;267(16):2221–2226.Google Scholar

Gerritse, K, Hartman, LA, Bremmer, MA, Kreukels, BPC, Molewijn, BC. Decision-making approaches in transgender healthcare: conceptual analysis and ethical implications. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 2021 (online). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019–021-10023-6Google Scholar

Bordin, ES. The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 1979;16(3):252–260.Google Scholar

Horvath, AO, Del Re, AC, Flückiger, C, Symonds, D. Alliance in individual psychotherapy. In Norcross, JC, Ed. Psychotherapy Relationships that Work: Evidence-based Responsiveness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 25–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0002Google Scholar

Motmans, J, Wyverkens, E, Defreyne, J. Being transgender in Belgium. Ten years later. Brussels: Institute for the Equality of Women and Men, 2017. Available from: https://igvm-iefh.belgium.be/sites/default/files/118_-_leven_als_transgender_persoon_in_belgie.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. EU-LGBTI II: a long way to go for LGBTI equality. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020. Available from: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2020/eu-lgbti-survey-resultsGoogle Scholar

Health4LGBTI. Qualitative research. Focus groups studies with LGBTI people and health professionals. Final overview report of the outcomes of the focus groups: European Union, 2017. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/health/social_determinants/projects/ep_funded_projects_en#fragment2Google Scholar

Dewey, JM, Gesbeck, MM. (Dys)functional diagnosing: mental health diagnosis, medicalization, and the making of transgender patients. Humanity Soc 2017;41(1):37–72.Google Scholar

Schulz, SL. The informed consent model of transgender care: an alternative to the diagnosis of gender dysphoria. J Humanist Psychol 2018;58(1):72–92.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, KR, Grace, D, Ng, SL, Sicchia, SR, Ross, LE. “I don’t think they thought I was ready”: how pre-transition assessments create care inequities for trans people with complex mental health in Canada. Int J Mental Health 2020;49:56–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mackenzie, C. Relational autonomy, normative authority and perfectionism. J Soc Philos 2008;39(4):512–533.Google Scholar

Wiepjes, CM, Nota, NM, de Blok, CJM, et al. The Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972–2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. J Sex Med 2018;15(4):582–590.Google Scholar

Karasic, DH, Fraser, KL. Multidisciplinary care and the standards of care for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45:295–299.Google Scholar

Ducheny, K, Hendrickx, ML, Keo-Meier, CL. TGNC-affirming interdisciplinary collaborative care. In Singh, A and Dickey, IM, Eds. Affirmative Counseling and Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2017, pp. 69–93.Google Scholar

McIntosch, CA. Interdisciplinary care for transgender patients. In Eckstrand, KL and Ehrenfeld, JM, Eds. Lesbian, Gay Bisexual, and Transgender Healthcare. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 339–349.Google Scholar

Hembree, WC, Cohen-Kettenis, P, Delemarre-van de Waal, HA, et al. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. JCEM 2009;94(9):3132–3154.Google Scholar

Bouman, WP, Schwend, AS, Motmans, J, et al. Language and trans health. Int J Transgend 2017;18(1):1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elwyn, G, Frosch, D, Thomson, R, et al. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med 2012;27(10):1361–1367.Google Scholar

Coulter, A. Shared decision making: everyone wants it, so why is it not happening? World Psychiatry 2017;16(2):117–118.Google Scholar

van de Grift, T, Mullender, MG, Bouman, MB. Shared decision making in gender-affirming surgery. Implications for research and standards of care. J Sex Med 2018;15:813–815.Google Scholar

Grant, J, Mottet, L, Tanis, J. Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Published 2011. Available from: www.thetaskforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ntds_full.pdfGoogle Scholar

James, S, Herman, J, Rankin, S, et al. The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Published 2016. Available from: www.ustranssurvey.org/Google Scholar

Scandurra, C, Bochicchio, V, Amodeo, A, et al. Internalized transphobia, resilience, and mental health: applying the psychological mediation framework to Italian transgender individuals. IJERPH 2018;15(3):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030508Google Scholar

McCann, E, Brown, M. Discrimination and resilience and the needs of people who identify as transgender: a narrative review of quantitative research studies. J Clin Nurs 2017;26(23–24):4080–4093. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13913Google Scholar

Valente, PK, Schrimshaw, EW, Dolezal, C, et al. Stigmatization, resilience, and mental health among a diverse community sample of transgender and gender nonbinary individuals in the U.S. Arch Sex Behav 2020;49(7):2649–2660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01761-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bockting, W, Coleman, E, Deutsch, MB, et al. Adult development and quality of life of transgender and gender nonconforming people. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity. 2016;23(2):188–197. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

White Hughto, JM, Reisner, SL, Pachankis, JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med 2015;147:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010Google Scholar

Reisner, SL, Poteat, T, Keatley, J, et al. Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: a review. Lancet 2016;388(10042):412–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-XGoogle Scholar

Winter, S, Diamond, M, Green, J, et al. Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet 2016;388(10042):390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8Google Scholar

Link, BG, Phelan, JC. Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet 2006;367(9509):528–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68184-1Google Scholar

Phelan, JC, Link, BG, Dovidio, JF. Stigma and prejudice: one animal or two? Soc Sci Med 2008;67(3):358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022Google Scholar

Wesp, LM, Malcoe, LH, Elliott, A, Poteat, T. Intersectionality research for transgender health justice: a theory-driven conceptual framework for structural analysis of transgender health inequities. Transgend Health 2019;4(1):287–296. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2019.0039Google Scholar

Chiam, Z, Duffy, S, Gonzalez, GM, Goodwin, L, Mpemba Patel, NT. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition Before the Law. ILGA World. Published 2020. Available from: https://ilga.org/trans-legal-mapping-reportGoogle Scholar

Rumbach, J. Towards inclusive resettlement for LGBTI refugees. Forced Migr Rev 2013;42:40–43.Google Scholar

Tabak, S, Levitan, R. LGBTI migrants in immigration detention. Forced Migr Rev 2013;42:47–49.Google Scholar

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Current Migration Situation in the EU: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Asylum Seekers. Published 2017. Available from: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-march-2017-monthly-migration-report-focus-lgbti_en.pdfGoogle Scholar

Elias, NM. Transgender and nonbinary gender policy in the public sector. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1168Google Scholar

Dunne, P. Transgender sterilisation requirements in Europe. Med Law Rev 2017;25(4):554–581. https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwx028Google Scholar

Nadal, KL, Davidoff, KC, Fujii-Doe, W. Transgender women and the sex work industry: roots in systemic, institutional, and interpersonal discrimination. J Trauma Dissociation 2014;15(2):169–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2014.867572CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughto, JMW, Reisner, SL, Kershaw, TS, et al. A multisite, longitudinal study of risk factors for incarceration and impact on mental health and substance use among young transgender women in the USA. J Public Health 2019;41(1):100–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy031Google Scholar

Lerner, JE, Robles, G. Perceived barriers and facilitators to health care utilization in the United States for transgender people: a review of recent literature. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2017;28(1):127–152. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2017.0014Google Scholar

Safer, JD, Coleman, E, Feldman, J, et al. Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals: Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity 2016;23(2):168–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000227Google Scholar

Cicero, EC, Reisner, SL, Silva, SG, Merwin, EI, Humphreys, JC. Healthcare experiences of transgender adults: an integrated mixed research literature review. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2019;42(2):123–138. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000256Google Scholar

Rotondi, NK, Bauer, GR, Scanlon, K, et al. Nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries: “do-it-yourself” transitions in transgender communities in Ontario, Canada. Am J Public Health 2013;103(10):1830–1836. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348Google Scholar

Padula, W, Baker, K. Coverage for gender-affirming care: making health insurance work for transgender Americans. LGBT Health 2017;4:244–247. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0099Google Scholar

van den Brink, M, Dunne, P. Trans and Intersex Equality Rights in Europe – A Comparative Analysis. European Commission, 2018. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/trans_and_intersex_equality_rights.pdfGoogle Scholar

Brömdal, A, Mullens, AB, Phillips, TM, Gow, J. Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review. Int J Transgend 2019;20(1):4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838Google Scholar

Reisner, SL, Bailey, Z, Sevelius, J. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in History of Incarceration, Experiences of Victimization, and Associated Health Indicators Among Transgender Women in the U.S. Published. Women Health 2014;54(8):750–767.Google Scholar

Brömdal, A, Clark, KA, Hughto, JMW, et al. Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people. Int J Transgend. 2019;20(4):341–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684Google Scholar

Brown, GR, McDuffie, E. Health care policies addressing transgender inmates in prison systems in the United States. J Correct Health Care 2009;15(4):280–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345809340423Google Scholar

Bockting, WO, Miner, MH, Swinburne Romine, RE, Hamilton, A, Coleman, E. Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. Am J Public Health 2013;103(5):943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241Google Scholar

Agius, S, Köhler, R. The Trans Crossroads: Trans People’s EU Employment Rights and National Gender Recognition Laws. Transgender Europe, 2014. Available from: https://tgeu.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/transcrossroads_screen.pdfGoogle Scholar

Major, B, O’Brien, LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol 2005;56(1):393–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137Google Scholar

Sevelius, JM. Gender affirmation: a framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles 2013;68(11–12):675–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0216-5Google Scholar

Stephenson, R, Riley, E, Rogers, E, et al. The sexual health of transgender men: a scoping review. J Sex Res 2017;54(4–5):424–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1271863Google Scholar

Sevelius, JM, Reznick, OG, Hart, SL, Schwarcz, S. Informing interventions: the importance of contextual factors in the prediction of sexual risk behaviors among transgender women. AIDS Educ Prev 2009;21(2):113–127. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2009.21.2.113Google Scholar

Baral, SD, Poteat, T, Strömdahl, S, et al. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(3):214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70315-8Google Scholar

Pitasi, MA, Oraka, E, Clark, H, Town, M, DiNenno, EA. HIV testing among transgender women and men — 27 States and Guam, 2014–2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66(33):883–887. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6633a3Google Scholar

Lake, JE, Clark, JL. Optimizing HIV prevention and care for transgender adults: AIDS 2019;33(3):363–375. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002095CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rich, AJ, Scheim, AI, Koehoorn, M, Poteat, T. Non-HIV chronic disease burden among transgender populations globally: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Prev Med Rep 2020;20:101259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101259Google Scholar

Dragon, CN, Guerino, P, Ewald, E, Laffan, AM. Transgender medicare beneficiaries and chronic conditions: exploring fee-for-service claims data. LGBT Health 2017;4(6):404–411. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0208Google Scholar

Downing, JM, Przedworski, JM. Health of transgender adults in the U.S., 2014–2016. Am J Prev Med 2018;55(3):336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.045Google Scholar

Connelly, PJ, Marie Freel, E, Perry, C, et al. Gender-affirming hormone therapy, vascular health and cardiovascular disease in transgender adults. Hypertension 2019;74(6):1266–1274. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080Google Scholar

Chen, R, Zhu, X, Wright, L, et al. Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide amongst Chinese transgender persons: national population study. J Affect Disord 2019;245:1126–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.011Google Scholar

Rotondi, NK, Bauer, GR, Travers, R, et al. Depression in male-to-female transgender Ontarians: results from the Trans PULSE Project. Can J Commun Mental Health 2011;30(2):113–133. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2011-0020Google Scholar

Boza, C, Nicholson, Perry K. Gender-related victimization, perceived social support, and predictors of depression among transgender Australians. Int J Transgend 2014;15(1):35–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2014.890558Google Scholar

Lee, H, Operario, D, van den Berg, JJ, et al. Health disparities among transgender adults in South Korea. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020;32(2–3):103–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520912594Google Scholar

Heylens, G, Elaut, E, Kreukels, BPC, et al. Psychiatric characteristics in transsexual individuals: multicentre study in four European countries. Br J Psychiatry 2014;204(2):151–156. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.121954Google Scholar

Virupaksha, HG, Muralidhar, D, Ramakrishna, J. Suicide and suicidal behavior among transgender persons. Indian J Psychol Med 2016;38(6):505–509. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.194908Google Scholar

Connolly, D, Gilchrist, G. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among transgender adults: a systematic review. Addict Behav 2020;111:106544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106544Google Scholar

Moradi, B, Tebbe, EA, Brewster, ME, et al. A content analysis of literature on trans people and issues: 2002–2012. Couns Psychol 2016;44:960–995. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015609044Google Scholar

Fiani, CN, Han, HJ. Navigating identity: experiences of binary and nonbinary transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) adults. Int J Transgend 2018;20(2–3):181–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1426074Google Scholar

Johnson, KC, LeBlanc, AJ, Deardorff, J, Bockting, WO. Invalidation experiences among nonbinary adolescents. J Sex Res 2020;57(2):222–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1608422Google Scholar

Clark, BA, Veale, JF, Townsend, M, Frohard-Dourlent, H, Saewyc, E. Nonbinary youth: access to gender-affirming primary health care. Int J Transgend 2018;19(2):158–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1394954Google Scholar

Goldberg, AE, Kuvalanka, KA, Budge, SL, Benz, MB, Smith, JZ. Health care experiences of transgender binary and nonbinary university students. Couns Psychol 2019;47(1):59–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019827568Google Scholar

Lykens, JE, LeBlanc, AJ, Bockting, WO. Healthcare experiences among young adults who identify as genderqueer or nonbinary. LGBT Health 2018;5(3):191–196. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2017.0215Google Scholar

Bradford, NJ, Catalpa, JM. Social and psychological heterogeneity among binary transgender, nonbinary transgender and cisgender individuals. Psychol Sex 2019;10(1):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1552185Google Scholar

Scandurra, C, Mezza, F, Maldonato, NM, et al. Health of nonbinary and genderqueer people: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2019;10:1453. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01453Google Scholar

American Psychological Association. Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. Am Psychol 2015;70(9):832–864. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039906Google Scholar

Darwin, H. Doing gender beyond the binary: a virtual ethnography. Symb Interact 2017;40(3):317–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.316Google Scholar

Richards, C, Bouman, WP, Seal, L, et al. Nonbinary or genderqueer genders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):95–102. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446Google Scholar

Government Equalities Office. National LGBT Survey: Research Report. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/721704/LGBT-survey-research-report.pdfGoogle Scholar

James, SE, Herman, JL, Rankin, S, et al. The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. National Center for Transgender Equality. Published 2016.Google Scholar

Chew, D, Tollit, MA, Poulakis, Z, et al. Youths with a nonbinary gender identity: a review of their sociodemographic and clinical profile. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020;4(4):322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30403-1Google Scholar

Motmans, J, Nieder, TO, Bouman, WP. Transforming the paradigm of nonbinary transgender health: a field in transition. Int J Transgend 2019;20(2–3):119–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1640514CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lang, C, Kuhnle, U. Intersexuality and alternative gender categories in non-Western cultures. Horm Res 2008;69(4):240–250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000113025Google Scholar

Reisner, SL, Hughto, JMW. Comparing the health of nonbinary and binary transgender adults in a state-wide non-probability sample. PLOS ONE 2019;14(8):e0221583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221583Google Scholar

Koehler, A, Eyssel, J, Nieder, TO. Genders and individual treatment progress in (non-)binary trans individuals. J Sex Med 2018;15(1):102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.11.007Google Scholar

Scandurra, C, Carbone, A, Baiocco, R, et al. Gender identity milestones, minority stress and mental health in three generational cohorts of Italian binary and nonbinary transgender people. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(17):9057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179057Google Scholar

Bradford, NJ, Rider, GN, Catalpa, JM, et al. Creating gender: a thematic analysis of genderqueer narratives. Int J Transgend 2019;20(2–3):155–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1474516Google Scholar

Matsuno, E. Nonbinary-affirming psychological interventions. Cogn Behav Pract 2019;26(4):617–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.09.003Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.Google Scholar

Nieder, TO, Eyssel, J, Köhler, A. Being trans without medical transition: exploring characteristics of trans individuals from Germany not seeking gender-affirmative medical interventions. Arch Sex Behav 2020;49(7):2661–2672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01559-zGoogle Scholar

Galupo, MP, Pulice-Farrow, L, Pehl, E. “There is nothing to do about it”: nonbinary individuals’ experience of gender dysphoria. Transgend Health 2021;6(2):101–110. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0041Google Scholar

Vincent, B. Transgender Health: A Practitioner’s Guide to Binary and Nonbinary Trans Patient Care. London: Jessica Kingsley, 2018.Google Scholar

Meyer, IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 2003;129(5):674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674Google Scholar

Matsuno, E, Budge, SL. Nonbinary/genderqueer identities: a critical review of the literature. Curr Sex Health Rep 2017;9:116–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930–017-0111-8Google Scholar

Aparicio-García, ME, Díaz-Ramiro, EM, Rubio-Valdehita, S, López-Núñez, MI, García-Nieto, I. Health and well-being of cisgender, transgender and nonbinary young people. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(10):2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102133Google Scholar

Burgwal, A, Gvianishvili, N, Hård, V, et al. Health disparities between binary and nonbinary trans people: a community-driven survey. Int J Transgend 2019;20(2–3):218–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1629370Google Scholar

White-Hughto, JM, Reisner, SL, Pachankis, JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med 2015;147:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010Google Scholar

Nieder, TO, Richter-Appelt, H. Tertium non datur—either/or reactions to transsexualism amongst health care professionals: the situation past and present, and its relevance to the future. Psychol Sex 2011;2(3):224–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.545955Google Scholar

Markovic, L, McDermott, DT, Stefanac, S, et al. Experiences and interactions with the healthcare system in transgender and nonbinary patients in Austria: an exploratory cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(13):6895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136895Google Scholar

Kattari, SK, Bakko, M, Hecht, HK, Kattari, L. Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults. SSM Popul Health 2020;10:100525. https://doi.org10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100525CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agénor, M, White Hughto, JM, Peitzmeier, SM, et al. Gender identity disparities in Pap test use in a sample of binary and nonbinary transmasculine adults. J Gen Intern Med 2018;33(7):1015–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4400-3Google Scholar

Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. Committee Opinion no. 512: health care for transgender individuals. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118(6):1454–1458. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823ed1c1Google Scholar

Mayhew, AC, Cohen, A, Gomez-Lobo, V. Transgender men and the gynecologist. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2020;63(3):588–598. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000549Google Scholar

Unger, CA. Care of the transgender patient: a survey of gynecologists’ current knowledge and practice. J Womens Health 2015;24(2):114–118. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4918Google Scholar

Snelgrove, JW, Jasudavisius, AM, Rowe, BW, Head, EM, Bauer, GR. “Completely out-at-sea” with “two-gender medicine”: a qualitative analysis of physician-side barriers to providing healthcare for transgender patients. BMC Health Serv Res 2012;12:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-110Google Scholar

Shires, DA, Prieto, L, Woodford, MR, Jaffee, KD, Stroumsa, D. Gynecologic health care providers’ willingness to provide routine care and Papanicolaou tests for transmasculine individuals. J Womens Health 2019;28(11):1487–1492. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7384Google Scholar

Stroumsa, D, Wu, JP. Welcoming transgender and nonbinary patients: expanding the language of “women’s health”. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219(6):585.e1–585.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.018Google Scholar

Moseson, H, Zazanis, N, Goldberg, E, et al. The imperative for transgender and gender nonbinary inclusion: beyond women’s health. Obstet Gynecol 2020;135(5):1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003816Google Scholar

Vincent, B. Breaking down barriers and binaries in trans healthcare: the validation of nonbinary people. Int J Transgend 2019;20(2–3):132–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1534075Google Scholar

Nisly, NL, Imborek, KL, Miller, ML, et al. Unique primary care needs of transgender and gender nonbinary people. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2018;61(4):674–686. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000404Google Scholar

Webb, A, Matsuno, E, Budge, S, Krishnan, M, Balsam, K. Nonbinary Gender Identities Fact Sheet. The Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues APA Division 44. Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association, 2016.Google Scholar

Elias, NM. Transgender and Nonbinary Gender Policy in the Public Sector. New York: Oxford Research Encyclopedia Politics, 2019.Google Scholar

Nadal, KL, Whitman, CN, Davis, LS, Erazo, T, Davidoff, KC. Microaggressions toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and genderqueer people: a review of the literature. J Sex Res 2016;53(4–5):488–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1142495Google Scholar

Morris, ER, Lindley, L, Galupo, MP. “Better issues to focus on”: transgender microaggressions as ethical violations in therapy. Couns Psychol 2020;48(6):883–915. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000020924391Google Scholar

Cruz, D, Rodriguez, Y, Mastropaolo, C. Perceived microaggressions in health care: a measurement study. PLOS ONE 2019;14(2):e0211620. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211620Google Scholar

Anzani, A, Morris, ER, Galupo, MP. From absence of microaggressions to seeing authentic gender: transgender clients’ experiences with microaffirmations in therapy. J LGBT Issues Couns 2019;13(4):258–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2019.1662359Google Scholar

Seal, L. Adult endocrinology. In: Richards, C, Bouman, WP, Barker, MJ, Eds. Genderqueer and Nnonbinary Genders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 183–223.Google Scholar

Sauer, AT. Vielfalt von disziplinären Verortungen und Vormachtstellungen in der Forschung zu geschlechtlicher Vielfalt. In: Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, Herausgeber. Berlin: Geschlechtliche Vielfalt, 2015, pp. 119–121.Google Scholar

Preciado, PB. An Apartment on Uranus. London: Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2019.Google Scholar

Krafft-Ebing, R. Psychopathia sexualis (reprint dated 1912). Berlin: Matthes & Seitz, 1997.Google Scholar

Hirschfeld, M. Sexualpathologie: Ein Lehrbuch für Ärzte und Studierende. Vol. 2. Bonn: Marcus & Weber, 1918.Google Scholar

Herzer, M. Magnus Hirschfeld und seine Zeit. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017.Google Scholar

Töpfer, F. Verstümmelung oder Selbstverwirklichung. Die Boss-Mitscherlich-Kontroverse. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 2012.Google Scholar

Benjamin, H. The Transsexual Phenomenon. New York, NY: The Julian Press, 1966. Available from: www.mut23.de/texte/Harry%20Benjamin%20-%20The%20Transsexual%20Phenomenon.pdfGoogle Scholar

Sigusch, V, Meyenburg, B, Reiche, R. Transsexualität. In: Sigusch, V. Sexualität und Medizin. Köln: Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 1979, pp. 249–311.Google Scholar

Güldenring, AK. Eine andere Sicht über Trans*. In: Rauchfleisch, U, Herausgeber, . Transsexualität - Transidentität. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2016, pp. 130–177.Google Scholar

Hodges, I. Queering psychoanalysis: power, self and identity in psychoanalytic therapy with sexual minority clients. Psychology & Sexuality 2011;2:29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2011.536313Google Scholar

Hutfless, E, Zech, B. Queering Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalyse und Queer Theory - Transdisziplinäre Verschränkungen. Vienna: Zaglossus, 2017.Google Scholar

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e.V. (AWMF). Geschlechtsinkongruenz, Geschlechtsdysphorie und Trans-Gesundheit: Diagnostik, Beratung, Behandlung. Available from: www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/138-001.htmlGoogle Scholar

Schotten, H. Queer theory. In: Gibbons, MT. The Encyclopedia of Political Thought, 1st ed. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118474396.wbept0854Google Scholar

Minton, HL. Queer theory: historical roots and implications for psychology. Theory & Psychology 1997;7:337–353.Google Scholar

Stryker, S. Transgender studies: queer theory’s evil twin. J Lesbian Gay Stud 2004;10:212–215. https://doi.org/10.1215/10642684-10-2-212Google Scholar

Chaudhry, VV. Trans/coalitional love-politics: black feminisms and the radical possibilities of transgender studies. Transgender Stud Q 2019;6:521–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stryker, S. Transgender studies: queer theory’s evil twin. J Lesbian Gay Stud 2004;10:212–215.Google Scholar

Butler, J. Gender Trouble. Thinking Gender. London: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar

Butler, J. Bodies That Matter: on the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar

Butler, J. Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso, 2004.Google Scholar

Monakali, E. Queering gender identity work: a life history of a black transgender woman. Gend Quest 2018;2018:5. https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/3660Google Scholar

Freud, S. Jenseits des Lustprinzip. In: Freud, S. Gesammelte Werke. Vol. XIII. Werke aus den Jahren 1917–1920, Hrsg. v. Anna Freud, E. Bibring, W. Hoffer. Frankfurt: S. Fischer.Google Scholar

Meyer, IH. Prejudice, social stress and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations. Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence 2003;5:460–467.Google Scholar

García Núñez, D, Sandon, P, Burgermeister, N, Schönbucher, V, Jenewein, J. Protektive und dysfunktionale Internalisierungsprozesse an der Geschlechtergrenze. In: Dreimeyer, W, Gedrose, B, Hoyer, A, Rustige, L, Eds. Grenzverschiebungen des Sexuxuellen. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag; 2015, pp.217–231.Google Scholar

Heylens, G, Verroken, C, De Cock, S, T’Sjoen, G, de Cuypere, G. Effects of different steps in gender reassignment therapy on psychopathology: a prospective study of persons with a gender identity disorder. J Sex Med 2014;11:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12363Google Scholar

Güldenring, A. Phasenspezifische Konfliktthemen eines transsexuellen Entwicklungsweges. Psychotherapie im Dialog 2009;10:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1055/s0028-1090188Google Scholar

Beauchamp, TL, Childress, JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Nieder, T, Güldenring, A, Woellert, K, et al. Ethical aspects of mental health care for lesbian, gay, bi-, pan-, asexual, and transgender people: a case-based approach. Yale J Biol Med 2020;93:593–602.Google Scholar

Hamm, J, Sauer, AT. Perspektivenwechsel: Vorschläge für eine menschenrechts- und bedürfnisorientierte Trans*Gesundheitsversorgung. Z Sexualforsch 2014;27:4–30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1366140Google Scholar

Radix, A, Eisfeld, J. Informierte Zustimmung in der Trans*-Gesundheitsversorgung Erfahrungen eines US-amerikanischen Community Health Center. Z Sexforsch 2014;27:31–43. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1366129Google Scholar

van Trotsenburg, M. Zum Verhältnis von Arzt und Trans*Person nach der Depathologisierung von Gender-Inkongruenz. In: Greif, E, Ed. No lessons from the intersexed? Anerkennung und Schutz intergeschlechtlicher Menschen durch Recht. Linzer Schriften zu Gender und Recht 2019;62:180–198.Google Scholar

Wiebjes, CM, Nota, NM, de Blok, CJM, et al. The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972–2015): trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. J Sex Med 2018;15:582–590.Google Scholar

Sigusch, V. Zissexuelle und Transsexuelle: Über ein Neogeschlecht. In: Zugig, V, (Ed.) Auf der Suche nach der sexuellen Freiheit. Frankfurt a. M.: Campus 2011, pp. 124–144.Google Scholar

Allen, M. Queer theory. In: The Sage Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (Vols. 1–4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n481Google Scholar