(1.1) Nina is John.

(1.2) Ni naiz John.

(1.3) Ni Larraitz naiz [I-Larraitz-am].

(1.4) F shows that the person of whose arm it was taken has a broken arm.

(1.5) F shows that Elwood has a broken arm.

(1.6) If an x-ray y of a human arm exhibits pattern ψ, then the person of whose arm y was taken has a broken arm.

(1.7) Elwood is the person of whose arm F was taken.

(1.8) That the person of whose arm F was taken has a broken arm.

(1.9) That Elwood has a broken arm.

(1.10) I have a broken arm.

(1.11) Any English utterance u of the form ‘I have a broken arm’ is true if and only if the speaker of u has a broken arm.

(1.12) That the speaker of u has a broken arm.

(1.13) Elwood is the speaker of u.

(2.1) The present king of France is a Catholic.

(2.2) The senator from Utah is a Mormon.

(2.3) Hesperus is Hesperus.

(2.4) Hesperus is Phosphorus.

(2.5) Nessie lives in Loch Ness.

(2.6) Cicero was bald.

(3.1) I'd like some salt, please.

(3.2) She'd like the salt.

(3.3) Julia Roberts would like the salt.

(3.4) Bob Dole would like some salt.

(4.1) Your train leaves from Union Station.

(4.2) Your train leaves from that station.

(4.3) Mr. Muggs is wanted on the phone – would you tell him?

(5.1) That's a painting of the greatest philosopher of the twentieth century.