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14 - Worked Examples: External Validation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2026

Maria Heitmeier
Affiliation:
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Yu-Ying Chuang
Affiliation:
National Taiwan Normal University
Harald Baayen
Affiliation:
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
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Summary

In this chapter, we provide examples of how a DLM model can be pitted against human processing data, illustrating external validation (Chuang and Baayen, 2021). The first three examples address phenomena from phonetic realization: the acoustic duration of English s in pseudo-words, the spoken word duration of English homophones, and the vertical position of the tongue tip during the articulation of the [a] vowel in German. The second set of three examples takes a closer look at lexical decision latencies. One study looks deeper into the modelling of orthographic-semantic consistency (for English), a second study addresses trial-to-trial lexical learning in the course of a lexical decision megastudy (for Dutch), and the final study compares linear and deep learning (also for Dutch).

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