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13 - The Molecular Basis of α Thalassemia

from SECTION THREE - α THALASSEMIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2010

Martin H. Steinberg ,
Bernard G. Forget ,
Douglas R. Higgs  and
David J. Weatherall
Martin H. Steinberg
Affiliation:
Boston University
Bernard G. Forget
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Douglas R. Higgs
Affiliation:
MRC Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford
David J. Weatherall
Affiliation:
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Before describing the various ways in which α-globin expression may be downregulated in patients with α thalassemia, it is worth briefly reviewing the normal structure of the human α-globin cluster and how the genes are expressed throughout erythroid differentiation and development.

The α-globin cluster is located in a gene dense region of the genome close to the telomere of chromosome 16 (16p13.3). The genes are arranged along the chromosome in the order, telomere-ς-ψς-αD-ψα1-α2-α1-θ-centromere (Fig. 13.1). Upstream of the α cluster there are four highly conserved, noncoding sequences multispecies conserved sequences called MCS-R1–R4 that are thought to be important in the regulation of the α-like globin genes. They correspond to previously identified erythroid-specific DNase l hypersensitive sites (DHS) referred to as HS-48, HS-40, HS-33, and HS-10, the coordinates referring to their positions (kb) with respect to the ς-globin mRNA cap site. Of these elements, only MCS-R2 (HS-40) has been shown to be essential for α globin expression (summarized in Higgs et al.). The role(s) of the other MCS sequences are as yet unclear.

It has been shown that as progenitors commit to the erythroid lineage and differentiate to form mature red cells, a subset of the key erythroid transcription factors and cofactors (Chapter 4) progressively bind the upstream elements and the promoters of the α-like globin genes. Finally, RNA polymerase II is recruited to both the upstream regions and the globin promoters as transcription starts in early and intermediate erythroblasts.

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Type
Chapter
Information
Disorders of Hemoglobin
Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management
 , pp. 241 - 265
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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