Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Prologue: Bush v. Gore
- Introduction: The Dynamic Constitution
- Part I Individual Rights Under the Constitution
- 1 Freedom of Speech
- 2 Freedom of Religion
- 3 Protection of Economic Liberties
- 4 Rights to Fair Procedures
- 5 Equal Protection of the Laws
- 6 Fundamental Rights
- Part II The Constitutional Separation of Powers
- Part III Further Issues of Constitutional Structure and Individual Rights
- Appendix: The Constitution of the United States
- Notes
- Index
6 - Fundamental Rights
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 July 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Prologue: Bush v. Gore
- Introduction: The Dynamic Constitution
- Part I Individual Rights Under the Constitution
- 1 Freedom of Speech
- 2 Freedom of Religion
- 3 Protection of Economic Liberties
- 4 Rights to Fair Procedures
- 5 Equal Protection of the Laws
- 6 Fundamental Rights
- Part II The Constitutional Separation of Powers
- Part III Further Issues of Constitutional Structure and Individual Rights
- Appendix: The Constitution of the United States
- Notes
- Index
Summary
“[L]iberty” is not a series of isolated points pricked out in terms of … freedom of speech, press, and religion … and so on. It is a rational continuum which, broadly speaking, includes a freedom from all substantial arbitrary impositions and purposeless restraints.
– Justice John Marshall HarlanThe Court is most vulnerable and comes nearest to illegitimacy when it deals with judge-made constitutional law having little or no cognizable roots in the language or design of the Constitution.
– Justice Byron WhiteAs the supreme court noted in the first sentence of its opinion, Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) “touche[d] a sensitive and important area of human rights.” The state of Oklahoma was about to sterilize Jack T. Skinner against his will. In the view of Oklahoma, Skinner was a “habitual criminal,” convicted three times of crimes involving “moral turpitude” – twice for “robbery,” once for stealing chickens. The state's “Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act” called for repeat offenders to be sterilized in order to stop people with manifest criminal tendencies from passing those tendencies to future generations.
In doctrinal terms, Skinner was not an easy case. Or, perhaps to state the same thing differently, from one perspective it seemed too easy. To Skinner and indeed to the Justices of the Supreme Court, Oklahoma's Habitual Criminal Sterilization Act may have looked cruel and offensive, jarringly similar in some respects (though not, of course, in all) to the “eugenics” then being practiced in Nazi Germany.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Dynamic ConstitutionAn Introduction to American Constitutional Law, pp. 138 - 154Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2004