Book contents
- Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice
- Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Alphabetical List of Entries
- Thematic List of Entries
- List of Authors
- Foreword
- Preface
- List of Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations by Country
- Timeline of Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations
- Entries on Transitional Justice Methods, Processes, and Practices
- Entries on Transitional Justice Debates, Controversies, and Key Questions
- Entries on Transitional Justice Concepts and Terms
- Country Studies
- Entries on Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations
- References
Entries on Transitional Justice Methods, Processes, and Practices
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 August 2023
Book contents
- Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice
- Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Alphabetical List of Entries
- Thematic List of Entries
- List of Authors
- Foreword
- Preface
- List of Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations by Country
- Timeline of Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations
- Entries on Transitional Justice Methods, Processes, and Practices
- Entries on Transitional Justice Debates, Controversies, and Key Questions
- Entries on Transitional Justice Concepts and Terms
- Country Studies
- Entries on Transitional Justice Institutions and Organizations
- References
Summary
As a transitional justice method, access to secret files entails opening the files and documents compiled by the secret political police of past authoritarian regimes to the general public, such that citizens can access the information contained in their own files and possibly in other people’s. To qualify as a transitional justice method, access must be granted to ordinary citizens, not just historians, journalists, or academics. The files must have been compiled by the secret intelligence services and regarded as secret from the moment of their creation. They are not files created by ruling political parties or government branches that were subsequently declared secret, and were destined to be seen by a handful of top-ranking officials.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice , pp. 1 - 158Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
McAdams, A. James. 2001. Judging the Past in Unified Germany. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Tina. 1996. The Haunted Land: Facing Europe’s Ghosts after Communism. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia. 2005. Inside the Securitate Archives. Washington DC; Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Available at www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives, accessed on June 18, 2019.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia, ed. 2009. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tanase, Stelian. 2002. Acasa se vorbeste in soapta: Dosar & jurnal din anii tarzii ai dictaturii. [At Home One Speaks Softly: File & Diary from Late Dictatorship.] Bucharest: Compania.Google Scholar
The Lives of Others. 2006. DVD. Directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck. Munich: Wiedemann & Berg Film Productions.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2010. Assessing Conflict Outcomes: Accountability and Impunity. In The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study on Conflicts, Victimization, and Post-Conflict Justice. Ed. Cherif Bassiouni, M. (Antwerp, Oxford, Portland: Intersentia), pp. 3–41.Google Scholar
Bovens, Mark. 2007. Analysing and Assessing Accountability: A Conceptual Framework. European Law Journal, 13: 447–468.Google Scholar
DeTomasso, Meghan, Schulz, Mario, and Lem, Steve. 2017. Choices of Justice: Effects of Civil War Termination on Postconflict Justice Mechanisms Implemented by the State. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 11: 218–238.Google Scholar
Huyse, Luc. 1995. Justice After Transition: On the Choices Successor Elites Make in Dealing with the Past. Law and Social Inquiry, 20: 51–78.Google Scholar
Kerr, Rachel and Mobekk, Erin. 2007. Peace and Justice: Seeking Accountability after War. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Orentlicher, Diane. 2007. “Settling Accounts” Revisited: Reconciling Global Norms with Local Agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1: 10–22.Google Scholar
Ratner, Steven, Abrams, Jason, and Bischoff, James. 2009. Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law. Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Amy and Sriram, Chandra Lekha. 2012. Closing Impunity Gaps: Regional Transitional Justice Processes. Transitional Justice Review, 1: 3–30.Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn. 2011. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Bois-Pedain, Antje du. 2007. Transitional Amnesty in South Africa. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Mark. 2009. Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lessa, Francesca and Payne, Leigh A., eds. 2012. Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallinder, Louise. 2007. Can Amnesties and International Justice Be Reconciled? International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(2): 208–230.Google Scholar
Mallinder, Louise. 2008. Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
McEvoy, Kieran and Mallinder, Louise. 2013. Amnesties, Transition and the Governing of Mercy. In Handbook of Punishment and Society. Ed. Simon, Jonathan and Sparks, Richard. London: Sage.Google Scholar
O’Shea, Andreas. 2002. Amnesty for Crime in International Law and Practice. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Roht-Arriaza, Naomi and Gibson, Lauren. 1998. The Developing Jurisprudence on Amnesty. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(4): 843–885.Google Scholar
Brooks, Roy L. 1999. The Age of Apology. When Sorry Isn’t Enough: The Controversy over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice, New York University Press.Google Scholar
Coicaud, Jean-Marc and Jönsson, Jibecke. 2008. Elements of a Road Map for a Politics of Apology, in The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past. Ed. Gibney, Mark, Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E., Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Steiner, Niklaus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Paul. 2002. On Apology. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 19(2): 169–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dundes Renteln, Alison. 2008. Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. In The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past. Ed. Gibney, Mark, Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E., Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Steiner, Niklaus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E. and Gibney, Mark. 2008. Introduction: Apologies and the West. In The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past. Ed. Gibney, Mark, Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E., Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Steiner, Niklaus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lind, Jennifer. 2009. The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn’t Learn from Germany. Foreign Affairs, 88(3): 132–146.Google Scholar
Marrus, Michael. 2008. Papal Apologies of Pope John Paul II. In The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past. Ed. Gibney, Mark, Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E., Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Steiner, Niklaus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Nobles, Melissa. 2008. The Politics of Official Apologies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Janna. 2008. Apology, Justice, and Respect: A Critical Defense of Political Apology. In The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past. Ed. Gibney, Mark, Howard-Hassmannn, Rhoda E., Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Steiner, Niklaus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hollanda, Cristina. 2018. Brazilian Truth Commissions as Experiments of Representation: Between Impartiality and Proximity. Representation: https://DOI10.1080/00344893.2018.1424029.Google Scholar
Kim, Hun Joon. 2014. The Massacres at Mt. Halla: Sixty Years of Truth Seeking in South Korea. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Korea. 2009. Truth and Reconciliation: Activities of the Past Three Years. Seoul: Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Korea.Google Scholar
Atuahene, Bernadette. 2016. We Want What’s Ours: Learning from South Africa’s Land Restitution Program. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barkan, Elazar. 2000. The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Blake v. Gautemala, IACtHR, Reparations, Series C No. 48, January 22, 1999.Google Scholar
Garrido and Baigorria v. Argentina, IACtHR, Judgment, Series C No. 39, August 27, 1998.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2014. Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence (A/69/518). October 8.Google Scholar
Grotius, Hugo. 1923. Opinion in the Lusitania Cases, November 1, 1923, Recueil de sentences arbitrales, 7 (November 1), 32–44. Available at: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_VII/32-44.pdf, accessed on May 31, 2019.Google Scholar
Guemba, José María. 2006. Economic Reparations for Grave Human Rights Violations: The Argentinean Experience. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. Oxford University Press, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Magarrell, Lisa. 2003. Reparations for Massive or Widespread Human Rights Violations: Sorting out Claims for Reparations and Social Justice. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 22(1): 85–98.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 2006. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 60/147. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (A/RES/60/147). Available at: www2.ohchr.org/english/law/remedy.htm, accessed on August 26, 2011).Google Scholar
Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, IACtHR, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 7, July 21, 1989.Google Scholar
Bazyler, Michael and Tuerkheimer, Frank. 2014. Forgotten Trials of the Holocaust. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Damaška, Mirjan. 2008. What Is the Point of International Criminal Justice? Chicago-Kent Law Review, 83(1): 329–365.Google Scholar
Fijalkowski, Agata. 2015. Historical Politics and Court Redress in the Baltic States. In Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union: Reviewing the Past, Looking toward the Future. Ed. Horne, Cynthia and Stan, Lavinia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fijalkowski, Agata and Valderhaug, Sigrun. 2017. Legal Decisions, Affective Justice, and “Moving On”? Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 7(2): 337–364.Google Scholar
Mani, Rama. 2002. Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, Avril. 2006. The Development of a Victim-Centered Approach to International Criminal Justice for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. In International Humanitarian Law: Prospects. Ed. Carey, John, Dunlop, William, and Pritchard, R. John. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
McEvoy, Kieran and McGregor, Lorna, eds. 2008. Transitional Justice from Below: Grassroots Activism and the Struggle for Change. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Mettraux, Guénaël. 2005. International Crimes and Ad Hoc Tribunals. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Milošević on Trial. 2006. DVD. Directed by Michael Christofferson. Team Productions/BBC.Google Scholar
Stover, Eric and Weinstein, Harvey, eds. 2004. My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arriaza, Laura and Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. 2010. Weaving a Braid of Histories: Local Post-Armed Conflict Initiatives in Guatemala. In Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Ed. Shaw, Rosalind and Waldorf, Lars. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Margaret, Flavel, Ambika, Hanson, Ian, Laver, Joanna, and Wessling, Roland, eds. 2008. The Scientific Investigation of Mass Graves: Toward Protocols and Standard Operating Procedures. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cruvellier, Thierry. 2010. Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Ferllini, Roxana, ed. 2007. Forensic Archaeology and Human Rights Violations. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.Google Scholar
Haglund, William. 2002. Recent Mass Graves: An Introduction. In Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives. Ed. Haglund, William and Sorg, Marcella. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Jessee, Erin and Skinner, Mark. 2005. A Typology of Mass Grave and Mass Grave-related Sites. Forensic Science International, 152: 55–59.Google Scholar
Koff, Clea. 2004. The Bone Woman: A Forensic Anthropologist’s Search for Truth in Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada.Google Scholar
Mant, A.K. 1950. A Study of Exhumation Data. PhD. Thesis defended at University of London.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda, ICTR, Judgment and Sentence, 1999.Google Scholar
Sanford, George. 2006. The Katyn Massacre and Polish–Soviet Relations, 1941–1943. Journal of Contemporary History, 41(1): 95–111.Google Scholar
Skinner, Mark and Sterenberg, Jon. 2005. Turf Wars: Authority and Responsibility for the Investigation of Mass Graves. Forensic Science International, 151(2–3): 221–232.Google Scholar
Wagner, Sarah. 2008. To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica’s Missing. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chakravarty, A. 2016. Investing in Authoritarian Rule: Punishment and Patronage in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts for Genocide Crimes. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, P. 2010. The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Justice without Lawyers. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, B. 2016. Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Seeking Justice after Genocide. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, N. 2015. Courts in Conflict: Interpreting the Layers of Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Official website. Available at: www.eccc.gov.kh, accessed on January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Kerr, Rachel and Mobekk, Eirin. 2004. Peace & Justice: Seeking Accountability after War. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Romano, Cesare P.R., Nollkaemper, André, and Kleffner, Jann K.. 2004. Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Kosovo, and Cambodia. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Special Court for Sierra Leone. Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone, Official website. Available at: www.rscsl.org, accessed on January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Official website. Available at: www.stl-tsl.org/, accessed on January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Sriram, Chandra. 2005. Globalizing Justice for Mass Atrocity: A Revolution in Accountability. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 2001. Appraising UN Justice-Related Fact-Finding Missions. Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, 5: 35–49.Google Scholar
Blank, Laurie. 2014. Investigations into Military Operations: What Impact on Transitional Justice? Israel Law Review, 47: 85–104.Google Scholar
Harwood, Catherine. 2017. Contributions of International Commissions of Inquiry to Transitional Justice. In Research Handbook on Transitional Justice. Ed. Lawther, Cheryl, Moffett, Luke, and Jacobs, Dov. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 401–423.Google Scholar
Henderson, C., ed. 2017. Commissions of Inquiry: Problems and Prospects. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Herik, Larissa. 2014. An Inquiry into the Role of Commissions of Inquiry in International Law: Navigating the Tensions between Fact-Finding and Application of International Law. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13: 1–30.Google Scholar
Akhavan, Payam. 2001. Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? American Journal of International Law, 95(1): 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, Gary Jonathan. 2000. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice. 2002. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000, Democratic Republic of the Congo versus Belgium. Available at: www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/121/8126.pdf, accessed on November 19, 2010.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice. 2007. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Bosnia-Herzegovina versus Serbia and Montenegro. Available at: www.icjcij.org/docket/index.php?sum=479&code=bhy&p1=3&p2=3&case=91&k=f4&p3=5, accessed on November 19, 2010.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, Ruth, Romano, Cesare, Sands, Philippe, and Shany, Juval. 2010. The Manual on International Courts and Tribunals. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schabas, William. 2008. The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1999–2002. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Available at: www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm, accessed on October 31, 2010.Google Scholar
Cronin-Furman, Kate. 2013. Managing Expectations: International Criminal Trials and the Prospects for Deterrence of Mass Atrocity. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7(3): 434–454.Google Scholar
Hayner, Priscilla B. 2011. Unspeakable Truths: Facing the Challenge of Truth Commissions. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kersten, Mark. 2018. As the Pendulum Swings – The Revival of the Hybrid Tribunal. International Practices of Criminal Justice: Social and Legal Perspectives. Ed. Christensen, Mikkel Jarl and Levi, Ron. New York: Routledge, pp. 251–273.Google Scholar
Leebaw, Bronwyn Anne. 2008. The Irreconcilable Goals of Transitional Justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 30: 95–118.Google Scholar
Mallinder, Louise. 2007. Can Amnesties and International Justice be Reconciled? International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1: 208–230.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Orentichler, Diane. 2007. “Settling Accounts” Revisited: Reconciling Global Norms with Local Agency. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1: 10–22.Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn. 2011. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Thomson, Susan and Nagy, Rosemary. 2011. Law, Power and Justice: What Legalism Fails to Address in Functioning of Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 5(1): 11–30.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2004. Report of the Secretary-General: The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Societies. New York: United Nations S/2004/616.Google Scholar
Vinjamuri, Leslie. 2010. Deterrence, Democracy, and the Pursuit of International Justice. Ethics and International Affairs, 24(2): 191–211.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. 2010. “Like Jews Waiting for Jesus”: Posthumous Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. In Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities After Mass Violence. Ed. Shaw, Rosalind and Waldorf, Lars. Stanford University Press, pp. 183–202.Google Scholar
Allen, Tim and Macdonald, Anna. 2013. Post-Conflict Traditional Justice: A Critical Overview. JSRP Paper 3. London: LSE.Google Scholar
Huyse, Luc and Salter, Mark, eds. 2008. Traditional Justice and Reconciliation Mechanisms after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
Shaw, Rosalind and Waldorf, Lars, eds. 2010. Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities after Mass Violence. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ubink, Janine and Rea, Anna. 2017. Community Justice or Ethnojustice? Engaging with Customary Mechanisms to Reintegrate Ex-Combatants in Somalia. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 11(2): 276–296.Google Scholar
Waldorf, Lars. 2006. Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice. Temple Law Review, 79(1): 1–88.Google Scholar
Appel, H. 2005. Anti-communist Justice and Founding the Post-communist Order: Lustration and Restitution in Central Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 19(3): 379–405.Google Scholar
David, Roman. 2003. Lustration Laws in Action: The Motives and Evaluation of Lustration Policy in the Czech Republic and Poland (1989–2001). Law and Social Inquiry, 28(1): 387–439.Google Scholar
Horne, Cynthia. 2012. Assessing the Impact of Lustration on Trust in Public Institutions and National Government in Central and Eastern Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 45(4): 387–439.Google Scholar
Nalepa, M. 2010. Skeletons in the Closet: Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
About Lawfare: A Brief History of the Term and the Site, Lawfare, 2020. Available at: www.lawfareblog.com/about-lawfare-brief-history-term-and-site, accessed on May 13, 2020.Google Scholar
Bilsky, Leora. 2004. Transformative Justice: Israeli Identity on Trial. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Cassiday, Julie. 2000. The Enemy on Trial: Early Soviet Courts on Stage and Screen. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Christensen, Ronald. 1983. A Political Theory of Political Trials. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 74(2): 547–577.Google Scholar
Douglas, Lawrence. 2001. The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kirchheimer, Otto. 1961. Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Meierhenrich, Jans and Devin, Pendas. 2016. Political Trials in Theory and History. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shklar, Judith. 1986. Legalism: Laws, Morals, and Political Trials. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn. 2011. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Smith, Charles Anthony. 2012. The Rise and Fall of War Crimes Trials: From Charles I to Bush II. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Richard Ashby. 2011. Writing History in International Political Trials. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Appel, Hilary. 2004. A New Capitalist Order: Privatization and Ideology in Russia and Eastern Europe. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Avineri, Shlomo. 1993. A Forum on Restitution. East European Constitutional Review, 2(3): 30–31.Google Scholar
Barkan, Elazar. 2001. The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Dean, Martin, Goschler, Constantin, and Ther, Philipp, eds. 2007. Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Jérémie. 2006. Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights under International Law: From Victims to Actors. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2006. The Handbook of Reparations. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hayden, Robert. 1992. Constitutional Nationalism in the Formerly Yugoslav Republics. Slavic Review, 51(4): 654–673.Google Scholar
Oţoiu, Damiana. 2010. The Reconfiguration of Jewish Urban Property and Ethno-National Political Discourses and Projects in (Post)Socialist Romania. In Remembering, Forgetting and City Builders. Ed. Fenster, Tovi. Surrey: Ashgate, pp. 141–158.Google Scholar
Verdery, Katherine. 1998. Transnationalism, Nationalism, Citizenship, and Property: Eastern Europe since 1989. American Ethnologist, 25(2): 291–306.Google Scholar
Lutz, Ellen and Reiger, Caitlin, eds. 2009. Prosecuting Heads of State. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malamud-Goti, Jaime. 1990. Transitional Governments in the Breach: Why Punish State Criminals? Human Rights Quarterly, 12(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Minnow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Olsen, Tricia, Payne, Leigh, and Reiter, Andrew. 2010. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David. 1994. To Prosecute or to Pardon? Human Rights Decision in the Latin American Southern Cone. Human Rights Quarterly, 16(1): 105–130.Google Scholar
Sikkink, K. and Walling, C. B.. 2007. The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America. Journal of Peace Research, 44(4): 379–384.Google Scholar
Skaar, Elin. 2011. Judicial Independence and Human Rights in Latin-America: Violations, Politics and Prosecution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Skaar, Elin, García-Godos, Jemima, and Collins, Cath. 2016. Transitional Justice in Latin America: The Uneven Road from Impunity towards Accountability. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon, ed. 2006. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holiday, David and Stanley, William. 1993. Building the Peace: Preliminary Lessons from El Salvador. Journal of International Affairs, 46(2): 415–438.Google Scholar
Mayer-Rieckh, Alexander and de Greiff, Pablo, eds. 2007. Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2006. Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting: An Operational Framework. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Available at: www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/RuleoflawVettingen.pdf, accessed on June 17, 2011.Google Scholar
Pinto, Antonio Costa. 2006. Authoritarian Legacies, Transitional Justice and State Crisis in Portugal’s Democratization. Democratization, 13(2): 173–204.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia, ed. 2009. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stover, Eric, Megally, Hanny, and Mufti, Hania. 2005. Bremer’s “Gordian Knot”: Transitional Justice and the U.S. Occupation of Iraq. Human Rights Quarterly, 27: 830–857.Google Scholar
Ball, Patrick, Asher, Jana, Sulmont, David, and Manrique, Daniel. 2003. How Many Peruvians Have Died? Washington DC: AAAS. Available at: www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/Peru2003.pdf, accessed on January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Chapman, Audrey and Ball, Patrick. 2001. The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala. Human Rights Quarterly, 23(1): 1–43.Google Scholar
Heuveline, Patrick. 1998. “Between One and Three Million”: Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970–79). Population Studies, 52(1): 49–65.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgment Trial Chamber, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, September 2, 1998.Google Scholar
Silva, Romesh and Ball, Patrick. 2007. The Demography of Conflict-Related Mortality in Timor-Leste (1974–1999): Empirical Quantitative Measurement of Civilian Killings, Disappearances & Famine-Related Deaths. In Statistical Methods for Human Rights. Ed. Asher, Jana, Banks, David, and Scheuren, Fritz. New York: Springer, pp. 117–139.Google Scholar
Silva, Romesh, Klingner, Jeff, and Weikart, Scott. 2010. State Coordinated Violence in Chad under Hissène Habré, 1982–1990. Palo Alto: Benetech. Available at: https://hrdag.org/content/chad/State-Violence-in-Chad.pdf, accessed on January 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Spiegel, Paul B. and Salama, Peter. 2000. War and Mortality in Kosovo, 1998–1999: An Epidemiological Testimony. Lancet, 355: 2204–2209.Google Scholar
Tabeau, Ewa. 2009. Demographic Expert Reports of the Prosecution in the ICTY Trials: An Introduction. In Conflict in Numbers: Casualties of the 1990s Wars in the Former Yugoslavia (1991–1999). Ed. Tabeau, Ewa. Belgrade: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, pp. 9–34.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. 2001. Recognition without Ethics? Theory, Culture & Society, 18(2–3): 21–42.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2006. The Role of Reparations in Transitions to Democracy. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. Oxford University Press, pp. 451–477.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2015. Theorizing Transitional Justice. In Nomos, vol. L: Transitional Justice. Ed. Williams, Melissa, Nagy, Rosemary, and Elster, Jon. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Hampton, Jean. 1988. The Retributive Idea. Ed. Murphy, Jeffrie and Hampton, Jean. Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–161.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel. 1995. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Honneth, Axel and Fraser, Nancy, 2003. Redistribution or Recognition: A Political-Philosophical Exchange. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Murphy, Jeffrie and Hampton, Jean. 1988. Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Toit, André du. 2002. The Moral Foundations of the South African TRC. Truth as Acknowledgement and Justice as Recognition. In Truth v. Justice. The Morality of Truth Commissions. Ed. Rothberg, Robert and Thompson, Dennis. Princeton University Press, pp. 122–140.Google Scholar
Zurn, Christopher F. and Schmidt, Hans Christoph, eds. 2010. The Philosophy of Recognition: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Crossley-Frolick, Katy. 2007. Sifting through the Past: Lustration in Reunified Germany. In Lustration and Consolidation of Democracy and the Rule of Law in Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. Dvorakova, V. and Milardovic, A.. Zagreb: Political Science Research Center, pp. 197–213.Google Scholar
Hanggi, Heiner and Winkler, Theodor H.. 2003. Challenges of Security Governance. Munster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1995. Reforming the Civil–Military Relations. Journal of Democracy, 6(4): 9–17.Google Scholar
Mayer-Rieckh, Alexander. 2018. Dealing with the Past in Security Sector Reform. London: Ubiquity Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia and Zulean, Marian. 2018. Intelligence Sector Reforms in Romania: A Scorecard. Surveillance & Society, 16(3): 298–313.Google Scholar
Williams, Kieran and Deletant, Dennis. 2000. Security Intelligence Services in the New Democracies: The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2008. Securing Peace and Development: The Role of the United Nations in Supporting Security Sector Reform. Available at: www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/904B9EE812B7591FC12573F400322816/$file/Joint+Seminar_A-62-659_S-2008-39.pdf, accessed on August 12, 2019.Google Scholar
Becker, D., Lira, E., Castillo, M., Gomez, E., and Kovalskys, J.. 1990. Therapy with Victims of Political Repression in Chile: The Challenge of Social Reparation. Journal of Social Issues, 46(3): 133–150.Google Scholar
David, Roman and Choi, Susanne. 2005. Victims on Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Reparation of Human Rights Abuses in the Czech Republic. Human Rights Quarterly, 27(2): 392–435.Google Scholar
David, Roman and Choi, Susanne. 2006. Forgiveness and Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(3): 339–367.Google Scholar
Fassbender, Bardo. 1999. Rehabilitation and Compensation of Victims of Human Rights Violations Suffered in East Germany (1945–1990). In State Responsibility and the Individual: Reparation in Instances of Grave Violation of Human Rights. Ed. Randelzhofer, Albrecht and Tomuschat, Christian. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, pp. 251–280.Google Scholar
Mallinder, L. 2008. Amnesty, Human Rights, and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Lira, Elizabeth. 2006. The Reparations Policy for Human Rights Violations in Chile. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. Oxford University Press, pp. 55–102.Google Scholar
Van Boven, Theo. 1996. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Reparations for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/17, May 24.Google Scholar
Zakharov, Evhen. 2004. Appeal of the Participants of Public Hearings on the Law on Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions in Ukraine. Kyiv: Human Rights in Ukraine, June 21. Available at: www.khpg.org/en/index.php?do=print&id=1098288139, accessed on March 9, 2010.Google Scholar
Annan, Jeannie, Blattman, Christopher, Mazurana, Dyan, and Carlson, Khristopher. 2011. Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(6): 877–908.Google Scholar
Berdal, Mats and Ucko, David, eds. 2009. Reintegrating Armed Groups after Conflict: Politics, Violence and Transition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Colletta, Nat J., Berts, Hanes, and Jens, Samuelsson. 2008. Balancing Security and Development: An Exploratory Study of Interim Stabilization Measures (Colombia, Cambodia and Uganda). Stockholm: Folke Bernodote Academy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Google Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2011. Bankruptcy, Guns or Campaigns: Explaining Armed Organizations’ Post-War Trajectories. PhD diss. Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2016. Organized Violence after Civil Wars: The Geography of Recruitment in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2018. Determinants of Ex-Combatants’ Attitudes Toward Transitional Justice in Colombia. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 35(6): 656–673.Google Scholar
Daly, Sarah Zukerman, Paler, Laura, and Samii, Cyrus. 2014. Retorno a la Legalidad o Reincidencia de Excombatientes en Colombia: Dimensión del Fenómeno y Factores de Riesgo. Informes Fundación Ideas para la Paz, 22: 5–12.Google Scholar
Gilligan, Michael J., Mvukiyehe, Eric, and Samii, Cyrus. 2013. Reintegrating Rebels into Civilian Life: Quasi-experimental Evidence from Burundi. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(4): 598–626.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Macartan and Weinstein, Jeremy M.. 2007. Demobilization and Reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4): 531–567.Google Scholar
Muggah, Robert, ed. 2009. Security and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Dealing with Fighters in the Aftermath of War. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Spear, Joanna. 2002. Disarmament and Demobilization. In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Ed. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
World Bank. 1993. Demobilization and Reintegration of Military Personnel in Africa: The Evidence from Seven Country Studies, Report No. IDP-130, Africa Regional Series, Discussion Paper, Washington DC, October.Google Scholar
Duggan, Colleen and Abusharaf, Adila. 2006. Reparation of Sexual Violence in Democratic Transitions: The Search for Gender Justice. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 623–649.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2006a. Repairing the Past: Compensation for Victims of Human Rights Violations. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Greiff, Pablo de. 2006b. Justice and Reparations. In The Handbook of Reparations. Ed. de Greiff, Pablo. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 451–477.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1999. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Teitel, Ruti. 2000. Transitional Justice. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. 2006. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 60/147. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (A/RES/60/147). Available at: www2.ohchr.org/english/law/remedy.htm, accessed on August 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Vandenginste, Stef. 2003. Reparation. In Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Ed. Bloomfield, David, Barnes, Teresa, and Huyse, Luc. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pp. 145–162.Google Scholar
Cepl, Vojtech and Gillis, Mark. 1996. Making Amends After Communism. Journal of Democracy, 7(4): 118–124.Google Scholar
David, Roman and Choi, Susanne Y. P.. 2009. Getting Even, or Getting Equal? Retributive Desires and Transitional Justice. Political Psychology, 30(2): 161–92.Google Scholar
Deák, I. 2000. Introduction. In The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath. Ed. Deák, I., Judt, T., and Gross, J.. Princeton University Press, pp. 3–14.Google Scholar
Elster, J., ed. 2006. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. Cambridge University Press. Exodus 21: 22–25.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich. 1979. Law, Legislation, and Liberty. Vol. III. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. G. 2003. Getting Even: Forgiveness and Its Limits. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. G. and Hampton, Jean. 1988. Forgiveness and Mercy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia, ed. 2009. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sukhwinder, Shergill, Bays, Paul, Firth, Chris, and Wolpert, Daniel. 2003. Two Eyes for an Eye: The Neuroscience of Force Escalation. Science, 301(5630): 187.Google Scholar
Chung, Martin 2009. From Nation to Region: Comparing Joint History Writing in Europe and in East Asia. Paper presented at the Network of European Studies Centres in Asia Conference: Of State and Regions: Regional Policies of Northern Asian Nation-States and European Patterns of Integration. March 13–14. Macau. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/237770862_From_Nation_to_Region_Comparing_joint_history_writing_in_Europe_and_in_East_Asia, accessed on August 10, 2018.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth A. 2007. Transitional Justice and the Reform of History Education. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(1): 115–137.Google Scholar
Cole, Elizabeth A. and Barsalou, Judy. 2006. Unite or Divide? The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Paulson, Julia. 2017. From Truth to Textbook: The Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Educational Resources, and the Challenges of Teaching About Recent Conflict. In (Re)constructing Memory: Education, Identity and Conflict. Ed. Bellino, M. J. and Williams, H. J.. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp. 291–311.Google Scholar
Pingel, Falk. 1999. UNESCO Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001171/117188E.pdf, accessed on May 22, 2018.Google Scholar
Pingel, Falk. 2008. Can Truth Be Negotiated? History Textbook Revision as a Means to Reconciliation. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 617(1): 181–198.Google Scholar
Psaltis, C., Carretero, Mario, and Cehajic-Clancy, Sabina. 2017. History Education and Conflict Transformation. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Torsti, Pilvi. 2007. How to Deal with a Difficult Past? History Textbooks Supporting Enemy Images in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 39(1): 77–96.Google Scholar
Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. 2018. The Mapuche Undead Never Forget: Traumatic Memory and Cosmopolitics in Post-Pinochet Chile. Anthropology and Humanism, 43: 228–248.Google Scholar
Baines, Erin. 2010. Spirits and Social Reconstruction: Rethinking African Transitional Justice. African Affairs, 109(436): 409–430.Google Scholar
Guillou, Anne Yvonne. 2012. An Alternative Memory of the Khmer Rouge Genocide: The Dead of the Mass Graves and The Land of Guardian Spirits [neak ta]. South East Asia Research, 20(2): 207–226.Google Scholar
Igreja, Victor. 2012. Multiple Temporalities in Indigenous Justice and Healing Practices in Mozambique. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 6: 404–422.Google Scholar
Bakiner, Onur. 2015. Truth Commissions: Memory, Power, and Legitimacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bisset, Alison. 2012. Truth Commissions and Criminal Courts. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Mark. 2006. Truth Commissions and Procedural Fairness. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hayner, Priscilla B. 2011. Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Olsen, Tricia D., Payne, Leigh A., and Reiter, Andrew G.. 2010. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Rotberg, Robert I. and Thompson, Dennis, eds. 2000. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. 2010. Truth Commissions and Transitional Societies: The Impact on Human Rights and Democracy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilson, Richard A. 2001. The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bickford, Louis. 2007. Unofficial Truth Projects. Human Rights Quarterly, 29(4): 994–1035.Google Scholar
Klinghoffer, Arthur and Klinghoffer, Judith. 2002. International Citizens’ Tribunals: Mobilizing Public Opinion to Advance Human Rights. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lundy, Patricia. 2007. Community, Truth-Telling and Conflict Transformation: A Case Study from the North of Ireland. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Sciences (July 2007). Available at www.usip.org/library/tc/doc/reports/chile/chile_1993_introeng.html, accessed on February 24, 2011.Google Scholar