The recently published Vorlesungen über Anthropologie sheds important light on Kant's emerging views on a variety of topics of central importance to his thought. Throughout, Kant's anthropology presents itself as an elaboration or extension of a project explicitly Rousseauian in inspiration and theme: to unite man's divided entelechies, so that nature and art no longer conflict. From the 1772–3 Collins and Parow series to the final version that Kant himself published in the late 1790s, Kant's lectures on anthropology support a project first suggested by the author who, as Kant once put it, “set him upright.” This said, there are significant, indeed fundamental, differences between Kant and Rousseau, as well as important changes in Kant's own understanding over the course of the lectures. The first issue cannot here be addressed at length, though a few words will be helpful. Kant understands Emile, Rousseau's famous novel on “education,” to be his response to the problem of civilized man as laid out in the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences and the Discourse on the Origins of Inequality. Emile purports to show how an ordinary individual, provided with the right sort of “natural” education, could escape the societal ills to which the rest of us are subject, while at the same time perfecting qualities that in the rude state of nature remain merely latent.