Though both the strengths and weaknesses of the modern movement and its products are widely acknowledged, the matter is further complicated in discussing postmodernism by confusions between the literary and architectural records. Paradoxically, as expounded by Jean-Francois Lyotard and other leading thinkers of the movement, postmodernism shares modernism's aversion to metaphysical speculation or any kind of overarching narrative, though without the justification afforded by modernism's empiricism. The references to Ludwig Wittgenstein are indicative of fundamental commonalities, between the worldviews of Michael Polanyi and Ludwig Wittgenstein themselves, and according to Jerry Gill's, Deep Postmodernism, between those of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Alfred North Whitehead. Ironically, the same technological extensions that made Homo sapiens so successful now threaten the future of the race.