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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 February 2010
We cannot accept this result as legitimate because it does not meet international standards and because there has not been an investigation of the numerous and credible reports of fraud and abuse.
Colin Powell, November 24, 2004A repeat of the second round would yield nothing. … Are you going to conduct it three, four, maybe 25 times?
Vladimir Putin, December 1, 2004ROUNDS 1 AND 2, 2004
Discussions of election irregularities along with the Copenhagen Document from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) allow for two general categories of electoral malfeasance. In the first we find the outright stuffing of ballots and the falsification of official protocols wherein the numbers reported by election commissions and the like can have only a spurious relationship to ballots actually cast. The second includes the more amorphous influences of regional and local political elites that we label “administrative advantage” and can encompass decidedly undemocratic actions such as the physical intimidation of voters and biased media coverage, as well as more innocuous things such as administrative actions that make it easy for voters to support one candidate as opposed to another.
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