Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-07T11:25:43.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Concepts and Cultural Norms Underlying Politeness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2019

Eva Ogiermann
Affiliation:
King's College London
Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Get access

Summary

Culpeper, O’Driscoll and Hardaker’s chapter probes into British people’s understandings of politeness and contrasts them with the understandings of people in North America. Such overarching generalisations, the authors argue, are commonly found in lay persons’ assessments of politeness and thus constitute fertile ground for studies of metapragmatic politeness. Furthermore, the results of a survey of studies focusing on either British culture or North American culture as reified entities indicated a scarcity of emic studies of these cultures in the field of politeness. The authors’ study aims to fill this gap. To that end, they apply corpus linguistic tools to the Oxford English Corpus and subject to scrutiny the lexeme ‘polite’ and the associated clusters of collocates. The results are then triangulated with geolocated Twitter data. Findings partly support both the British and the North American politeness stereotypes, but also show that, contrary to expectations, friendliness and involvement are an important feature of understandings of politeness in both the UK and the USA.

Type
Chapter
Information
From Speech Acts to Lay Understandings of Politeness
Multilingual and Multicultural Perspectives
, pp. 175 - 326
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allan, K. (2015). A benchmark for politeness. In Capone, A. and Mey, J. L., eds, Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society. Cham: Springer, pp. 397420.Google Scholar
Anthony, L. and Hardaker, C. (2016). Applications of FireAnt in Forensic (Corpus) Linguistics: Identifying Angels on Ashley Madison. Invited lecture given at UCREL corpus research group, Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Haugh, M., eds (2009). Face, Communication and Social Interaction. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds (2011). Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S. (1987). Indirectness and politeness in requests: same or different? Journal of Pragmatics 11, 131–46.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, A. (1998). From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, D. (2007). Redefining rudeness: from polite social intercourse to ‘good communication’. In Gorji, M., ed., Rude Britannia. London and New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 127–38.Google Scholar
Cohen, R. (1987). Problems of intercultural communication in Egyptian-American diplomatic relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 11, 2947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, J. and Archer, D. (2008). Requests and directness in Early Modern English trial proceedings and play texts, 1640–1760. In Jucker, A. H. and Taavitsainen, I., eds, Speech Acts in the History of English, 2nd Edn, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 4584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, J. and Demmen, J. (2011). Nineteenth-century English politeness: negative politeness, conventional indirect requests and the rise of the individual self. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12(1–2), 4981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Ehlich, K. (1992). On the historicity of politeness. In Watts, R. J., Ide, S., and Ehlich, K., eds, Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 71107.Google Scholar
Fox, K. (2004). Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. London: Hodder & Stoughton.Google Scholar
Gablasova, D., Brezina, V., and McEnery, T. (2017). Collocations in corpus-based learning research: identifying, comparing, and interpreting the evidence. Language Learning 67: 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grainger, K. and Mills, S. (2016). Directness and Indirectness Across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hickey, L. and Stewart, M., eds (2005). Politeness in Europe. Avon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Jaworski, A., Coupland, N., and Galasiński, D. (2004). Metalanguage: why now? In Jaworski, A., Coupland, N., and Galasiński, D., eds, Metalanguage: Social and Ideological Perspectives, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jucker, A. H., Taavitsainen, I., and Schneider, G. (2012). Semantic corpus trawling: expressions of ‘courtesy’ and ‘politeness’ in the Helsinki Corpus. In Suhr, C. and Taavitsainen, I., eds, Developing Corpus Methodology for Historical Pragmatics. Helsinki: Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English. Available at www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/11/jucker_taavitsainen_schneider/.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. (2007). On the interactional interpretation of deferential and rude vocatives in vernacular Chinese texts. Asian and African Studies, Special Issue: Languages and Realities of China and Japan 12(3), 120.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Mills, S. (2011) Politeness in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilgarriff, A. and Rundell, M. (2003). Lexical profiling software and its lexicographic applications: a case study. In Braasch, A. and Povlsen, C., eds, Proceedings of the Tenth EURALEX International Congress, EURALEX 2002. Copenhagen: Center for Sprogteknologi, pp. 807–18.Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, A., Rychly, P., Smrz, P., and Tugwell, D. (2004). The Sketch Engine. In Williams, G. and Vessier, S., eds, Proceedings of the EURALEX Conference, Lorient (France). Lorient: Université de Bretagne Sud, pp. 105–16.Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, A. and Tugwell, D. (2001). WORD SKETCH: extraction and display of significant collocations for lexicography. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on COLLOCATION: Computational Extraction, Analysis and Exploitation, Toulouse (France). Toulouse: ACL, pp. 32–8.Google Scholar
Krek, S. and Kilgarriff, A. (2006). Slovene word sketches. Proceedings of the 5th Solvenian/First International Languages Technology Conference, Ljubljana (Slovenia). Available at http://nl.ijs.si/is-ltc06/proc/12_Krek.pdf.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness, or minding your p’s and q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society 9, 292305.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. T. (2005). Civility and its discontents: or, getting in your face. In Lakoff, R. T. and Ide, S., eds, Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 2343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Lin, D. (1998). Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words. In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL), Montreal (Canada), pp. 768–74.Google Scholar
O’Driscoll, J. (2017). Face and (im)politeness. In Culpeper, J., Haugh, M., and Kádár, D. Z., eds, The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 89118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinto, D. (2011). Are Americans insincere? Interactional style and politeness in everyday America. Journal of Politeness Research 7(2), 215–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronowicz, E. and Yallop, C. (2003). English: One Language, Different Cultures. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1993). Off-record indirectness and the notion of imposition. Multilingua 12(1), 6979.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2001). ‘Oh! How appropriate!’ Compliments and politeness. In Bayraktaroğlu, A. and Sifianou, Maria, eds, Linguistic Politeness Across Boundaries: The Case of Greek and Turkish, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 391427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2011). On the concept of face and politeness. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 4258.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2012). Disagreements, face and politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 44(12), 1554–64.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2013). The impact of globalisation on politeness and impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics 55, 86102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2015). Conceptualizing politeness in Greek: evidence from Twitter corpora. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 2530.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. and Tzanne, A. (2010). Conceptualizations of politeness and impoliteness in Greek. Intercultural Pragmatics 7(4), 661–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (2015a). Beyond sarcasm: the metalanguage and structures of mock politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 87, 127–41.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (2015b). Mock Politeness in English and Italian: A Corpus-Assisted Study of the Metalanguage of Sarcasm and Irony. Unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Waters, S. (2012). ‘It’s rude to VP’: the cultural semantics of rudeness. Journal of Pragmatics 44(9), 1051–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, R. J., Ide, S., and Ehlich, K., eds (1992). Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wierzbicka, A. (2006). English: Meaning and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Brown, P. (2001). Politeness and language. In Smelser, N. and Baltes, P., eds, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier Science, pp. 11620–4.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987[1978]). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, W. and Fukushima, S. (2017). ‘Your care and concern are my burden’: accounting for the emic concepts of ‘attentiveness’ and ‘empathy’ in interpersonal relationships among Taiwanese females. East Asian Pragmatics 2(1), 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2009). The metalanguage of IMPOLITENESS: using Sketch Engine to explore the Oxford English Corpus. In Baker, P., ed., Contemporary Corpus Linguistics. London: Continuum, pp. 6688.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, M. (2015). Introducing the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE). 21st Century Text 5. Available at https://21centurytext.wordpress.com/.Google Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Fellbaum, C. (2006). WordNet(s). In Brown, K., ed., Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 665–70.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2009). Evaluation of politeness: do the Japanese evaluate attentiveness more positively than the British? Pragmatics 19(4), 501–18.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2011). A cross-generational and cross-cultural study on demonstration of attentiveness. Pragmatics 21(4), 549–71.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2016). Emic understandings of attentiveness and its related concepts among Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics 1(2), 181208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, S. and Haugh, M. (2014). The role of emic understandings in theorizing im/politeness: the metapragmatics of attentiveness, empathy and anticipatory inference in Japanese and Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 74, 165–79.Google Scholar
Gardner, R. (1997). The conversational object mm: a weak and variable acknowledging token. Research on Language and Social Interaction 30(2), 131–56.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1956). Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. American Journal of Sociology 61(5), 420–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2013). Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order. Journal of Pragmatics 58, 5272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2015). Im/politeness Implicatures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2016). The role of English as a scientific metalanguage for research in pragmatics: reflections on the metapragmatics of ‘politeness’ in Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics 1(1), 3971.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. New York, NY: Longman.Google Scholar
Horn, L. (2009). WJ-40: Implicature, truth, and meaning. International Review of Pragmatics 1(1), 334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hübler, A. and Bublitz, W. (2007). Introducing metapragmatics in use. In Bublitz, W. and Hübler, A., eds, Metapragmatics in Use. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 126.Google Scholar
Ide, S., Hill, B., Carnes, Y. M., Ogino, T., and Kawasaki, A. (1992). The concept of politeness: an empirical study of American English and Japanese. In Watts, R. J.Ide, S., and Ehlich, K., eds, Politeness in Language. Studies in its History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 281–97.Google Scholar
Jakubíček, M., Kilgarriff, A., Kovář, V., Rychly, P., and Suchomel, V. (2013). The TenTen corpus family. 7th International Corpus Linguistics Conference (UCREL), Lancaster University, 22–26 July.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasper, G. 1994. Politeness. In Asher, R., ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 3206–11.Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, A., Rychly, P., Smrz, P., and Tugwell, D. (2004). The Sketch Engine. In Williams, G. and Vessier, S., eds, Proceedings of the EURALEX Conference, Lorient (France). Lorient: Université de Bretagne Sud, pp. 105–16.Google Scholar
Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese Patterns of Behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, D. (1998). Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words. In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL), Montreal (Canada), pp. 768–74.Google Scholar
Maynard, D. (2013). Defensive mechanisms: I-mean-prefaced utterances in complaint and other conversational sequences. In Hayashi, M., Raymond, G., and Sidnell, J., eds, Conversational Repair and Human Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 198233.Google Scholar
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, S. (2009). Impoliteness in a cultural context. Journal of Pragmatics 41(5), 1047–60.Google Scholar
Mullan, K. (2010). Expressing Opinions in French and Australian English Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obana, Y. and Tomoda, T. (1994). The sociological significance of ‘politeness’ in English and Japanese languages: report from a pilot study. Japanese Studies Bulletin 14(2), 3749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogiermann, E. (2015). Direct off-record requests? ‘Hinting’ in family interactions. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 31–5.Google Scholar
Pizziconi, B. (2007). The lexical mapping of politeness in British English and Japanese. Journal of Politeness Research 3(2), 207–41.Google Scholar
Ruhi, Ş. and Işık-Güler, H. (2007). Conceptualizing face and relational work in (im)politeness: revelations from politeness lexemes and idioms in Turkish. Journal of Pragmatics 39(4), 681711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1993). Off-record indirectness and the notion of imposition. Multilingua 12(1), 6979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1997). Politeness and off-record indirectness. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 126, 163–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2011). On the concept of face and politeness. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 4258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2015). Conceptualizing politeness in Greek: evidence from Twitter corpora. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 2530.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. and Tzanne, A. (2010). Conceptualizations of politeness and impoliteness in Greek. Intercultural Pragmatics 7(4), 661–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travis, C. (1997). Kind, considerate, thoughtful: a semantic analysis. Lexikos, 7, 130–52.Google Scholar
Trier, J. (1931). Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes: Die Geschichte eines sprachlichen Feldes: Vol. 1. Von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Ullmann, S. (1962). Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Verschueren, J. (2000). Notes on the role of metapragmatic awareness in language use. Pragmatics 10(4), 439–56.Google Scholar
Vine, B. and Marsden, S. (2016). Eh at work: the indexicality of a New Zealand English pragmatic marker. Intercultural Pragmatics 13(3), 383405.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., and Akert, R. A. (2013). Social Psychology, 8th Edn, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in Humans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987[1978]). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caffi, C. (2009). Metapragmatics. In Mey, J. L., ed., Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 625–30.Google Scholar
Chang, W.-L. M. and Fukushima, S. (2017). ‘Your care and concern are my burden’: accounting for the emic concepts of ‘attentiveness’ and ‘empathy’ in interpersonal relationships among Taiwanese females. East Asian Pragmatics 2(1), 123.Google Scholar
Christie, C. (2015). Epilogue. Politeness research: sociolinguistics as applied pragmatics. Journal of Politeness Research 11(2), 355–64.Google Scholar
Cohen, R. (1978). Altruism: human, cultural, or what? In Wispé, L., ed., Altruism, Sympathy, and Helping: Psychological and Sociological Principles. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 7998.Google Scholar
Daibou, I. (2012). Taijin kankei ni okeru hairyo koudou no shinrigaku: Taijin komyunikeeshon no shiten [Psychology of considerate behavior in interpersonal relationships: A perspective of interpersonal communication]. In Miyake, K., Noda, H., and Ogoshi, N., eds, Hairyo wa donoyou ni shime sareru ka [How Consideration Is Expressed]. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, pp. 5167.Google Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2000). Requests and Culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2004). Evaluation of politeness: the case of attentiveness. Multilingua 23(4), 365–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2009). Evaluation of politeness: do the Japanese evaluate attentiveness more positively than the British? Pragmatics 19(4), 501–18.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2011). A cross-generational and cross-cultural study on demonstration of attentiveness. Pragmatics 21(4), 549–71.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2013). Evaluation of (im)politeness: a comparative study among Japanese students, Japanese parents and American students on evaluation of attentiveness. Pragmatics 23(2), 275–99.Google Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2015). In search of another understanding of politeness: from the perspective of attentiveness. Journal of Politeness Research 11(2), 261–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, S. (2016). Emic understandings of attentiveness and its related concepts among Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics 1(2), 181208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, S. and Haugh, M. (2014). The role of emic understandings in theorizing im/politeness: the metapragmatics of attentiveness, empathy and anticipatory inference in Japanese and Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 74, 165–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, S. and Sifianou, M. (2017). Conceptualizing politeness in Japanese and Greek. Intercultural Pragmatics 14(4), 525–55.Google Scholar
Furuhata, K., ed. (1994). Shakai Shinrigaku Shojiten [A Small Dictionary of Social Psychology]. Tokyo: Yuhikaku.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2009). Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: the ‘Culture Wars’. Journal of Politeness Research 5(2), 273303.Google Scholar
Grainger, K. and Mills, S. (2016). Directness and Indirectness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. and Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research 20(1), 98116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. and Kesebir, S. (2010). Morality. In Fiske, S., Gilbert, D., and Lindzey, G., eds, Handbook of Social Psychology, 5th Edn, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, pp. 797832.Google Scholar
Hara, K. (2006). The concept of omoiyari (altruistic sensitivity) in Japanese relational communication. Intercultural Communication Studies XV(1), 2432.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2004). Revisiting the conceptualization of politeness in English and Japanese. Multilingua 23(1/2), 85109.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2012). Epilogue: the first-second order distinction in face and politeness research. Journal of Politeness Research 8(1), 111–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2015). Im/politeness Implicatures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugh, M. (2016). The role of English as a scientific metalanguage for research in pragmatics: reflections on the metapragmatics of ‘politeness’ in Japanese. East Asian Pragmatics 1(1), 3971.Google Scholar
Intachakra, S. (2012). Politeness motivated by the ‘heart’ and ‘binary rationality’ in Thai culture. Journal of Pragmatics 44(5), 619–35.Google Scholar
Işık-Güler, H. (2008). Metapragmatics of (Im)politeness in Turkish: An Exploratory Emic Investigation. Unpublished PhD thesis, Ankara Middle East Technical University.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Márquez Reiter, R. (2015). (Im)politeness and (im)morality: Insights from intervention. Journal of Politeness Research 11(2), 239–60.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Mills, S. (2011). Introduction. In Kádár, D. Z. and Mills, S., eds, Politeness in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, R. A. 1988. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese Patterns of Behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Lebra, T. S. (1993). Culture, self, and communication in Japan and the United States. In Gudykunst, W. B., ed., Communication in Japan and the United States. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 5187.Google Scholar
Leech, G. N. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linguistic Politeness Research Group, eds (2011). Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2015). Interpersonal pragmatics and its link to (im)politeness research. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 510.Google Scholar
Matsui, Y. (1991). Omoiyari no kouzou [The anatomy of empathy]. Gendai no esupuri 291, 2737.Google Scholar
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, S. (2011). Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness. In Linguistic Politeness Research Group, eds, Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1956.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, H. and Takagi, O. (eds) (1987). Hito o Tasukeru Koudou no Shinrigaku [Psychology of Behavior of Helping Others]. Tokyo: Kouseikan.Google Scholar
Norrick, N. and Haugh, M. (2015). Interdisciplinary perspectives on pragmatics: a festschrift for Jonathan Culpeper (Editorial). Journal of Pragmatics 86, 14.Google Scholar
Obana, Y. and Tomoda, T. (1994). The sociological significance of ‘politeness’ in English and Japanese languages: report from a pilot study. Japanese Studies Bulletin 14(2), 3749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogiermann, E. (2015). Direct off-record requests? ‘Hinting’ in family interactions. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 31–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overstreet, M. (2010). Metapragmatics. In Cummings, L., ed., Pragmatics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge, pp. 266–8.Google Scholar
Pizziconi, B. (2007). The lexical mapping of politeness in British English and Japanese. Journal of Politeness Research 3(2), 207–41.Google Scholar
Pon, F. (1996). ‘Ki’ ‘Kikubari hyougen’ o megutte [On ki and expressions of kikubari]. Nihongogaku 15, 7683.Google Scholar
Pon, F. (2005). Nihongo no ‘hairyo hyogen’ ni kansuru kenkyu: Chugokugo to no hikaku kenkyu ni okeru shomondai [A Study on ‘Expressions of Consideration’ in Japanese: Some Problems Concerning a Comparison with Chinese]. Osaka: Izumi Shoin.Google Scholar
Ruhi, Ş. and Işık-Güler, H. (2007). Conceptualizing face and relational work in (im)-politeness: revelations from politeness lexemes and idioms in Turkish. Journal of Pragmatics 39(4), 681711.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In Berkowitz, L., ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 221–79.Google Scholar
Shinmura, I., ed. (2008). Kojien, 6th Edn, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1993). Off-record indirectness and the notion of imposition. Multilingua 12(1), 6979.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1995). Indirectness and politeness: the case of English and Greek. Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 2, 241–53.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1997). Politeness and off-record indirectness. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 126, 163–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2011). On the concept of face and politeness. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 4258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2015). Conceptualizing politeness in Greek: evidence from Twitter corpora. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 2530.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. and Tzanne, A. (2010). Conceptualizations of politeness and impoliteness in Greek. Intercultural Pragmatics 7(4), 661–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. and Kádár, D. Z. (2016). The bases of (im)politeness evaluations: culture, the moral order and the East–West debate. East Asian Pragmatics 1(1), 73106.Google Scholar
Stewart, D. W. and Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus Groups: Theory and Practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sugito, S. (2005). Nihonjin no gengo koudou: kikubari no kouzou [Japanese verbal behavior: structure of attentiveness]. In Nakamura, A., Nomura, M., Sakuma, M., and Komiya, C., eds, Hyogen to Buntai [Expressions and Styles]. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin, pp. 362–71.Google Scholar
Takagi, O. (1998). Hito o Tasukeru Kokoro: Enjo Koudou no Shakai Shinrigaku [Heart to Help People: Social Psychology of Helping Behavior]. Tokyo: Saiensusha.Google Scholar
Takemura, K. (1991). Kenketsu/zouki teikyo koudou to aitashin [Blood/organ donation behavior and altruism]. Gendai no esupuri 291, 8697.Google Scholar
van der Bom, I. and Mills, S. (2015). A discursive approach to the analysis of politeness data. Journal of Politeness Research 11(2), 179206.Google Scholar
Verschueren, J. (2000). Notes on the role of metapragmatic awareness in language use. Pragmatics 10(4), 439–56.Google Scholar
Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O. L., and Lenz, E. R. (2005). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research, 3rd Edn. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2005 [1992]). Linguistic politeness and politic verbal behavior: reconsidering claims for universality. In Watts, R. J., Ide, S., and Ehlich, K., eds, Politeness in Language: Studies in History, Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 4369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Ammon, U. (2003). Dialektschwund, Dialekt-Standard-Kontinuum, Diglossie: Drei Typen des Verhältnisses Dialekt – Standardvarietät im deutschen Sprachgebiet. In Androutsopoulos, J. K. and Ziegler, E., eds, Standardfragen. Soziolinguistische Perspektiven auf Sprachgeschichte, Sprachkontakt und Sprachvariation. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, pp. 163–71.Google Scholar
Berthele, R. (2010). Investigations into the folk’s mental models of linguistic varieties. In Geeraerts, D., Kristiansen, G., and Peirsman, Y., eds, Advances in Cognitive Sociolinguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 265–90.Google Scholar
Berthele, R. (2014). Zum selektiven Zelebrieren sprachlicher Diversität in der Schweiz. Deutschblätter 66, 7583.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In Goody, E. N., ed., Questions and Politeness. Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56289.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987[1978]). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5), 585614.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2008). Reflections on impoliteness, relation work and power. In Bousfield, D. and Locher, M. A., eds., Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1744.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, B. and Harré, R. (1990.) Positioning: the social construction of self. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 20(1), 4363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Ess, C. and AoIR Ethics Working Committee (2002). Ethical Decision-Making and Internet Research: Recommendations from the AoIR Ethics Working Committee. Retrieved from https://aoir.org/reports/ethics.pdf.Google Scholar
Gärtig, A.-K., Plewnia, A., and Rothe, A. (2010). Wie Menschen in Deutschland über Sprache denken. Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Repräsentativerhebung zu aktuellen Spracheinstellungen. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.Google Scholar
Grundler, E. (2011). Kompetent argumentieren. Ein gesprächsanalytisch fundiertes Modell. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.Google Scholar
Hausendorf, H. (2000). Zugehörigkeit durch Sprache. Eine linguistische Studie am Beispiel der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Tübingen: Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helbling, M. (2011). Why Swiss-Germans dislike Germans: opposition to culturally similar and highly skilled immigrants. European Societies 13(1), 527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbermann, J. (2007). Deutsche raus? Der Tagesspiegel. www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/schweiz-deutsche-raus/819474.html.Google Scholar
Hove, I. (2008). Zur Unterscheidung des Schweizerdeutschen und der (schweizerischen) Standardsprache. In Christen, H. and Ziegler, E., eds, Sprechen, Schreiben, Hören. Zur Produktion und Perzeption von Dialekt und Standardsprache zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. Wien: Edition Praesens, pp. 6382.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koller, W. (1992). Deutsche in der Deutschschweiz. Eine sprachsoziologische Untersuchung. Aarau: Sauerländer.Google Scholar
Kreutz, H. J. (2002). Sprachliche Wiedervereinigung Ost-West: eine pragmalinguistische Untersuchung zu Erscheinungen kommunikativer Unsicherheit bei jungen Ostbürgern (Vol. 1). Mannheim: Institut für deutsche Sprache.Google Scholar
Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness, or minding your p’s and q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society 9, 292305.Google Scholar
Landert, D. and Jucker, A. H. (2011). Private and public in mass media communication: from letters to the editor to online commentaries. Journal of Pragmatics 43, 1422–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlotz, A. and Locher, M. A. (2012). Ways of communicating emotional stance in online disagreements. Journal of Pragmatics 44(12), 1591–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, G. N. (2007). Politeness: is there an East–West divide? Journal of Politeness Research 3(2), 167206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linder, W. (2009). Das politische System der Schweiz. In Ismayr, W., ed., Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas. 4th ed. Frankfurt am Main: Springer, pp. 567606.Google Scholar
Linguistic Politeness Research Group, eds (2011). Discursive Approaches to Politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2008). Relational work, politeness and identity construction. In Antos, G., Ventola, E., and Weber, T., eds, Handbooks of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 2: Interpersonal Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 509–40.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2013). Relational work and interpersonal pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics 58, 145–49. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.014.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2015). Interpersonal pragmatics and its link to (im)politeness research. Journal of Pragmatics 86, 510. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2015.05.010.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. and Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1), 933.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. and Watts, R. J. (2008). Relational work and impoliteness: negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. In Bousfield, D. and Locher, M. A., eds, Impoliteness in Language. Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 7799.Google Scholar
Luginbühl, M. (2012). ‘Ich wünsche Ihnen einen schönen Abend, uf Widerluege’. Dialekt und Standard in Schweizer Medien. In Jańczak, B., Jungbluth, K., and Weydt, H., eds, Mehrsprachigkeit aus deutscher Perspektive. Tübingen: Narr, pp. 195211.Google Scholar
MacQueen, K. M., McLellan-Lemal, E., Bartholow, K., and Milstein, B. (2008). Team-based codebook development: structure, process, and agreement. In Guest, G. and MacQueen, K. M., eds, Handbook for Team-Based Qualitative Research. Lanham, MD: ALTAMIRA, pp. 119–36.Google Scholar
Manno, G. (2005). Politeness in Switzerland: between respect and acceptance. In Hickey, L. and Stewart, M., eds, Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 100–15.Google Scholar
Markham, A. and Buchanan, E. (2012). Ethical Decision-Making and Internet Research. Recommendations from the AoIR Ethics Working Committee (Version 2.0). Retrieved from www.aoir.org/reports/ethics2.pdf.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, M. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milani, T. M. (2012). Language ideology and public discourse. In Chappelle, C. A., ed., The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0623.Google Scholar
Neurauter-Kessels, M. (2011). Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. Journal of Politeness Research 7, 187214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neurauter-Kessels, M. (2013). Impoliteness in Cyberspace: Personally Abusive Reader Responses in Online News Media. PhD thesis, University of Zurich. Retrieved from http://opac.nebis.ch/ediss/20131752.pdf.Google Scholar
Ochs, E. (1992). Indexing gender. In Goodwin, C. and Duranti, A., eds, Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 335–58.Google Scholar
Ogiermann, E. (2009). On Apologising in Negative and Positive Politeness Cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, S. (2010). Politeness in East Asia. In Locher, M. A. and Graham, S. L., eds, Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 71100.Google Scholar
Petkova, M. (2012). Die Deutschschweizer Diglossie: eine Kategorie mit fuzzy boundaries. Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik 168, 126–54.Google Scholar
Pizziconi, B. and Locher, M. A., eds (2015). Teaching and Learning (Im)politeness. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Plate, C. (2013). Weshalb Deutsche gehen. Nichts wie weg! ‘Why Germans leave. Let’s go!’ Neue Zürcher Zeitung am Sonntag, 6 October 2013. Retrieved from www.nzz.ch/nzzas/nzz-am-sonntag/nichts-wie-weg-1.18162730Google Scholar
Rash, F. (2002). Die deutsche Sprache in der Schweiz – Mehrsprachigkeit, Diglossie und Veränderung. Bern: Lang.Google Scholar
Scharloth, J. (2006). Schweizer Hochdeutsch – schlechtes Hochdeutsch? In Dürscheid, C. and Businger, M., eds, Schweizer Standarddeutsch. Beiträge zur Varietätenlinguistik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, pp. 8196.Google Scholar
Schmidlin, R. (2011). Die Vielfalt des Deutschen: Standard und Variation: Gebrauch, Einschätzung und Kodifizierung einer plurizentrischen Sprache. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schümann, M. (2011). Hochdütsch isch en seich. Geschriebenes Schweizerdeutsch bei Twitter. Germanistische Linguistik 216, 239–56.Google Scholar
Scollon, R. and Scollon, S. W. (2001). Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach, 2nd Edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Siebenhaar, B. (2006). Code choice and code-switching in Swiss-German internet relay chat rooms. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10(4), 481506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siebenhaar, B. and Wyler, A. (1997). Dialekt und Hochsprache in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz, 5th Edn. Zurich: Edition Pro Helvetia.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2010). Linguistic politeness: laying the foundations. In Locher, M. A. and Graham, S. L., eds, Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1741.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. and Franklin, P. (2009). Intercultural Interaction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Intercultural Communication. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiekermann, H. (2005). Regionale Standardisierung, nationale Destandardisierung. In Eichinger, L. M. and Kallmeyer, W., eds, Standardvariation. Wie viel Variation verträgt die deutsche Sprache? Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 100–25.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. (2015). Geschichte der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Toepfl, F. and Piwoni, E. (2015). Public spheres in interaction: comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication 65(3), 465–88.Google Scholar
Ulbrich, C. (2005). Phonetische Untersuchungen zur Prosodie der Standardvarietäten des Deutschen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Österreich. Frankfurt a. M.: Lang.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, S. R. (2010). Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses. Journal of Politeness Research 6(1), 105–27.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2010). Linguistic politeness theory and its aftermath: recent research trails. In Locher, M. A. and Graham, S. L., eds, Interpersonal Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 4370.Google Scholar
Werlen, I., Rosenberger, L., and Baumgartner, J. (2011). Sprachkompetenzen der erwachsenen Bevölkerung in der Schweiz. Zurich: Seismo.Google Scholar
Widmer, P. (2007). Die Schweiz als Sonderfall. Grundlagen, Geschichte, Gestaltung. Zurich: NZZ.Google Scholar

References

Agha, A. (2007). Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bamberg, M. (1997). Positioning between structure and performance. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7(1–4), 335–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. (2010). The Sociolinguistics of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. and Dong, J. (2010). Language and movement in space. In Coupland, N., ed., Handbook of Language and Globalization. London: Wiley, pp. 366–85.Google Scholar
Bou-Franch, P. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2014). Conflict management in massive polylogues: a case study from YouTube. Journal of Pragmatics 73, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987[1978]). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, D. (2000). Styling the worker: gender and the commodification of language in the globalized service economy. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(3), 323–47.Google Scholar
Chang, W.-L. M. and Haugh, M. (2011). Evaluations of im/politeness of an intercultural apology. Intercultural Pragmatics 8(3), 411–42.Google Scholar
Chao, Y. (1976). Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2010). A genre approach to the study of im/politeness. International Review of Pragmatics 2(1), 4694.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2015). Globalization, Transnational Identities, and Conflict Talk: The Complexity of Latino Identity. Keynote lecture presented at the 9th International Conference of the Linguistic Politeness Research Group, 1–3 July 2015, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.Google Scholar
Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 237–57.Google Scholar
Hanks, W. F., Ide, S., and Katagiri, Y. (2009). Towards an emancipatory pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics 41(1), 19.Google Scholar
House, J. (2008). English as a lingua franca in Europe today. In Extra, G. and Gorter, D., eds, Multilingual Europe: Facts and Policies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 6385.Google Scholar
Hui, L. (2005). Chinese cultural schema of education: implications for communication between Chinese students and Australian educators. Issues in Educational Research 15(1), 1736.Google Scholar
Ide, S. (1989). Formal forms and discernment: two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua 8(2/3), 223–48.Google Scholar
Jacobs, A. and Jucker, A. H. (1995). The historical perspective in pragmatics. In Jucker, A. H., ed., Historical Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 333.Google Scholar
Jucker, A. and Taavitsainen, I. (2014). Diachronic corpus pragmatics. In Taavitsainen, I., Jucker, A., and Tuominen, J., eds, Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 327.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. (2017). Politeness, Impoliteness, and Ritual: Maintaining the Moral Order in Interpersonal Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Culpeper, J. (2010). Historical (im)politeness: an introduction. In Culpeper, J. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Historical (Im)Politeness. Berne: Peter Lang, pp. 936.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kádár, D. Z. and Ran, Y. (2015). Ritual in intercultural contact: a case study of heckling. Journal of Pragmatics 77, 155.Google Scholar
Kress, G. (1996). Internationalisation and globalisation: rethinking a curriculum of communication. Comparative Education 32(2), 185–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, K. (2008). Chinese culture, modernization, and international business. International Business Review 17(2), 184–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levisohn, J. A. (2010). Negotiating historical narratives: an epistemology of history for history education. Journal of Philosophy of Education 44(1), 121.Google Scholar
Liu, K. 2004. Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. Manoa: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Lucy, J. (1993). Reflexive language and the human disciplines. In Lucy, J., ed. Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magistro, E. (2007). Promoting the European identity: politeness strategies in the discourse of the European Union. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines 1(1), 5173.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, Y. (1989). Politeness and conversational universals: observations from Japanese. Multilingua 8(2/3), 207–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S. (2010). Globalization, global English, and world English(es): myths and facts. In Coupland, N., ed., Handbook of Language and Globalization. London: Wiley, pp. 3155.Google Scholar
Murphy, M. and Levy, M. (2006). Politeness in intercultural email communication: Australian and Korean perspectives. Journal of Intercultural Communication 12, 19.Google Scholar
Nakane, I. (2006). Silence and politeness in intercultural communication in university seminars. Journal of Pragmatics 38(11), 1811–35.Google Scholar
Oakes, L. (2005). From internationalisation to globalisation: language and the nationalist revival in Sweden. Language Problems and Language Planning 29(2), 151–76.Google Scholar
Ogiermann, E. and Suszczyńska, M. (2011). On im/politeness behind the Iron Curtain. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 194215.Google Scholar
Pan, Y. and Kádár, D. Z. (2011). Politeness in Historical and Contemporary Chinese. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Parks, M. P. and Floyd, K. (2006). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 1(4), doi:10.1111/j.1083–6101.1996.tb00176.x.Google Scholar
Shen, Q. 沈骑 (2011). 全球化的背影下我国外语教育政策研究框架建构 On the construction of a research framework of Chinese foreign language education policy in the context of globalization. 外国语 Journal of Foreign Languages 34(1), 70–7.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (1992). Politeness Phenomena in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2010). The announcements in Athens Metro stations: an example of glocalization? Intercultural Pragmatics 7(7), 2546.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2013). The impact of globalisation on politeness and impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics 55, 86102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. (2003). Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23, 193229.Google Scholar
Terkourafi, M. (2005). Beyond the micro-level of politeness research. Journal of Politeness Research 1(2), 237–62.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (2016). Language Policy and Language Planning: From Nationalism to Globalisation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

References

Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Haugh, M., eds (2009). Face, Communication and Social Interaction. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in Critical Discourse Analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society 25(2), 135–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernal, M. (2008). El test de hábitos sociales aplicado a la descortesía. In Briz, A., Hidalgo, A., Albelda, M., Contreras, J., and Hernández Flores, N., eds, Cortesía y Conversación: de lo Escrito a lo Oral. Valencia/Estocolmo: Universidad de Valencia, Programa EDICE, pp. 623–41.Google Scholar
Blas Arroyo, J. L. (2001). ‘No diga chorradas …’ La descortesía en el debate político cara a cara. Una aproximación pragma-variacionista. Oralia 4, 945.Google Scholar
Bolívar, A. (2008). Perceptions of (im)politeness in Venezuelan Spanish: the role of evaluation in interaction. Pragmatics 18(4), 605–33.Google Scholar
Boretti, S. (2003). Test de hábitos sociales y la investigación de la cortesía. In Bravo, D., ed., Actas del 1er Coloquio del Programa EDICE. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, pp. 198202.Google Scholar
Bou-Franch, P. and Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (1994). La presentación de la imagen en conversaciones entre hablantes nativas y no nativas de inglés. Pragmalingüística 2, 3761.Google Scholar
Bravo, D. (1998). ¿Reírse juntos?: Un estudio de las imágenes sociales de hablantes españoles. Mexicanos y suecos. In Haverkate, H., Mulder, G., and Fraile Maldonado, C., eds, La Pragmática Lingüística del Español: Recientes Desarrollos, Diálogos Hispánicos 22. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Bravo, D. (1999). ¿Imagen ‘positiva’ vs. Imagen ‘negativa’? Pragmática sociocultural y componentes de face. Oralia 2, 155–84.Google Scholar
Bravo, D. (2003). Actividades de cortesía, imagen social y contextos socioculturales: Una introducción. In Bravo, D., ed., La Perspectiva no Etnocentrista de la Cortesía: Identidad Sociocultural de las Comunidades Hispanohablantes. Actas del Primer Coloquio del Programa EDICE. Stockholm, CD-ROM, pp. 98108.Google Scholar
Bravo, D. (2004). Tensión entre universalidad y relatividad en las teorías de cortesía. In Bravo, D. and Briz, A., eds, Pragmática Sociocultural: Estudios del Discurso de Cortesía en Español. Barcelona: Ariel, pp. 1533.Google Scholar
Bravo, D. (2008). The implications of studying politeness in Spanish speaking contexts: a discussion. Pragmatics 18(4), 577603.Google Scholar
Brenes Peña, E. (2009). La Agresividad Verbal y sus Mecanismos de Expresión en el Español Actual. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla.Google Scholar
Brenes Peña, E. (2014). La imagen del político en los medios de comunicación. Identificación y análisis de las estrategias (des)corteses utilizadas en la entrevista televisiva no acomodaticia. Revista de Filología 32, 6380.Google Scholar
Brewer, M. and Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this ‘we’? Levels of collective identity and self-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(1), 8393.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In Goody, E. N., ed., Questions and Politeness. Strategies in Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56289.Google Scholar
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. (2005). Identity and interaction: a socio-cultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5), 585614.Google Scholar
Contreras Fernández, J. (2008). Test de hábitos sociales en un análisis contrastivo sobre el uso y la interpretación de la cortesía lingüística. In Briz, A., Hidalgo, A., Albelda, M., Contreras, J., and Hernández Flores, N., eds, Cortesía y Conversación: de lo Escrito a lo Oral. Valencia/Estocolmo: Universidad de Valencia, Programa EDICE, pp. 642–56.Google Scholar
Culpeper, J. (2008). Reflections on impoliteness, relational work and power. In Bousfield, D. and Locher, M. A., eds, Impoliteness and Power: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curcó Cobos, C. (2014). Un comentario en torno a la noción de imagen. In Infante Bonfiglio, J. M. and Flores Treviño, M., eds, La (Des)Cortesía en el Discurso: Perspectivas Interdisciplinarias (Imagen, Actos de Habla y Atenuación). Monterrey: UANL-EDICE, pp. 1951.Google Scholar
De Fina, A., Schiffrin, D., and Bamberg, M., eds (2006). Discourse and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (2008). The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 3rd Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome.Google Scholar
Fant, L. (1989). Cultural mismatch in conversation: Spanish and Scandinavian communicative behaviour in negotiation settings. Hermes 2, 247–65.Google Scholar
Fuentes Rodríguez, C. (2013). Identidad e imagen social. In Fuentes Rodríguez, C., ed., Imagen Social y Medios de Comunicación. Madrid: Arco/Libros, pp. 1321.Google Scholar
Fuentes Rodríguez, C. (2014). Salvados por la cortesía estratégica. Revista de Filología 32, pp. 99124.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos, P. (1993). La ira y la cortesía: codificación lingüística del cambio social en el teatro inglés de los años 60. Valencia: University of Valencia Press.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2009). Impoliteness and identity in the American news media: the ‘Culture Wars’. Journal of Politeness Research 5(2), 273303.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (2013). Face, identity, and im/politeness: looking backwards, moving forward – from Goffman to Practice Theory. Journal of Politeness Research 9(1), 133.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Bou-Franch, P. and Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2013). Identity and impoliteness: the expert in the talent show Idol. Journal of Politeness Research 9(1), 97120.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N., and Bou-Franch, P. (2010). A genre approach to impoliteness in a Spanish television talk show: evidence from corpus-based analysis, questionnaires and focus groups. Intercultural Pragmatics 7(4), 689723.Google Scholar
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. and Sifianou, M. (2017). Im/politeness and identity. In Culpeper, J., Haugh, M., and Kádár, D. Z., eds, The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)Politeness. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 227–56.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 18(3), 213–31.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2013a). Disentangling face, facework and im/politeness. Sociocultural Pragmatics 1, 4673.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. (2013b). Im/politeness, social practice and the participation order. Journal of Pragmatics 58, 5272.Google Scholar
Haugh, M. and Bargiela-Chiappini, F. (2010). Editorial. Face in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 42(8), 2073–7.Google Scholar
Hernández Flores, N. (2002). La Cortesía en la Conversación Española de Familiares y Amigos; La Búsqueda del Equilibrio entre la Imagen del Hablante y la Imagen del Destinatario, Aalborg: Institut for Sprog Internationale Kulturstudier, Aalborg Universitet.Google Scholar
Hernández Flores, N. (2003). Cortesía y contextos socioculturales en la conversación de familiares y amigos. In Bravo, D., ed., La Perspectiva no Etnocentrista de la Cortesía: Identidad Sociocultural de las Comunidades Hispanohablantes. Actas del Primer Coloquio del Programa EDICE. Stockholm, CD-ROM, pp. 121–7.Google Scholar
Hernández Flores, N. (2008). Politeness and other types of facework: communicative and social meaning in a television panel discussion. Pragmatics 18(4), 577603.Google Scholar
Hernández Flores, N. (2013). Actividad de imagen: caracterización y tipología en la interacción comunicativa. Pragmática Sociocultural: Revista Internacional sobre Lingüística del Español 1(2), 175–98.Google Scholar
Hernández Flores, N. and Gómez Sánchez, M. E. (2014). Actividades de imagen en la comunicación mediática de medidas políticas contra la crisis: el copago sanitario. Revista de Filología 32, 125–43.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. (2008). Relational work, politeness and identity construction. In Antos, G., Ventola, E., and Weber, T., eds, Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 2: Interpersonal Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 509–40.Google Scholar
Locher, M. A. and Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1), 934.Google Scholar
Márquez Reiter, R. and Placencia, M. E. (2005). Spanish Pragmatics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Merryweather, D. (2010). Using focus group research in exploring the relationships between youth, risk and social position. Sociological Research On-Line 15(1). Available at www.socresonline.org.uk/15/1/2.html.Google Scholar
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murillo Medrano, J. (2006). Significado de la cortesía lingüística a partir de la aplicación de un test de hábitos sociales en Costa Rica. In Murillo, J., ed., Actas del II Coloquio del Programa EDICE. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, pp. 116–36.Google Scholar
Santaemilia, J. and Maruenda, S. (2014). The linguistics of gender violence in (written) media discourse: the term ‘woman’ in Spanish contemporary newspapers. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 2(2), 249–73.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2011). On the concept of face and politeness. In Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Kádár, D. Z., eds, Politeness across Cultures. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 4258.Google Scholar
Sifianou, M. (2013). On Culture, Face and Politeness. Again. Paper presented at the 1st Sosnowiec Symposium on ‘Communication across Cultures: Face and Interaction’ (CC2013FACE), 26–27 April 2013, Institute of English, University of Silesia, Poland.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2005). (Im)politeness, face and perceptions of rapport: unpackaging their bases and interrelationships. Journal of Politeness Research 1(1), pp. 95119.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2007). Theories of identity and the analysis of face. Journal of Pragmatics 39(4), 639–56.Google Scholar
Stewart, D. W. and Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus Groups: Theory and Practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Terkourafi, M. (2008). Toward a unified theory of politeness, impoliteness, and rudeness. In Bousfield, D. and Locher, M. A., eds, Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 4574.Google Scholar
Watts, R. J. (2005), Linguistic politeness research. Quo vadis? In Watts, R. J., Ide, S., and Ehlich, K., eds, Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, 2nd Edn, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. xixvii.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×