The conclusion discusses slaves and renegades, reflecting on how these topics are crucial for understanding how the early modern Mediterranean worked, reaching into the highest and lowest levels of politics and society and the modus operandi of Mediterranean economy, culture and religion, directly affecting the lives of millions of people and indirectly a great many more. It reconsiders many of the major themes explored in the book, looking again at frontier zones as primarily urban in nature, as well as the peculiar forms of alterities that were relative and plural. It also reexamines the terminology used in this book (and elsewhere), pointing to the provisional nature of all such terms. It points to the inadequacy of terms like ‘faith’ – which is only a component of religion and often a minor one – as well as terms like identity, hybridity, assimilation and syncretism, which fail to explain the enigma of renegades, which is perhaps the most challenging phenomenon with regard to many accepted notions in the social sciences and humanities. The two main Barbarossa brothers (Aruch and Hayreddin), not exactly ‘renegades’ though they set the pattern for at least a century of illustrious renegades, changed the Mediterranean landscape and seascape for centuries.