Index
Numbers: italics=figure
African Americans, 6
agricultural colonialism, 86
Aikens, James Cox, 51
Alldeutsche Blätter, 156
American farming frontier,
American South, 66, 102, 137, 140
how not to conduct inner colonization (Sering), 136
land-holding elite, 88
American West, 2, 5, , 19, 26, 65, 70, 71, 82, 86, 88, 89, 97, 104, 129, 208, 224
and American Civil War, 102
German migrants, 89
versus German East (advantages and disadvantages),
Amerikanisierung, 110
Ames (Iowa): Agricultural School, 61
Anderson, General Adna, 49
Angles, 127
animal fodder, 150
Anzaldúa, Gloria: Borderlands (1987), 20
Arbeiterstand (class of workers), 75
Archiv für innere Kolonisation (AFK), 107, 129, , 146, 148, 149, 153, 218, 222, 224, 261
became house journal of GFK, 130
bibliography (in 1912 special issue), 132
biological views seeping in (1921), 205
economic report (Weidenfeld, 1912), 132
Erbhofrecht debate (1933),
first postwar [WWI] issue, 193
international focus, 271
last version ceased publication (1981), 274
mood of frustration and impotence (1923), 200
New Paths of German Colonial Politics (article, February 1915),
opening edition (1909), 130
refounded (1952) as Zeitschrift für Gesamte Siedlungswesen (qv), 268
renamed (January 1934) Neues Bauerntum (qv), 228
Russians on Northwest Russia as German Settlement Territory (article, February 1915),
special issue on overseas colonization (1912),
transformation of inner colonial thinking (1915), 158
Weimar Republic era,
Armenians, 256
assimilation, 6, 32, 47, 53, 54, 57, 61, 79, 96, 99, 100, 163, 164, 181, 265, 266, 267, 279, See also forced assimilation
‘only one way’ in German East, 278
Assiniboine, 56
Association for German Settlement and Migration, 183
Association for Social Politics (VfS, qv), 36
Athens, 20
Aurora (German community), 48
ausrotten (to exterminate), 72
Aussiedlung (expulsion), 160
Aussiedlung (settlement outside Reich), 156
Austrian Poles, 73
Aztecs, 21
Backe, Herbert, 231
Baden, Max von, 190
Ballod, Carl, 179
Baltic governorates, 157
Bancroft, George, 44
Baranowski, Shelley: Nazi Empire (2011), 12
Baratta, Maria von, 272
Barkin, Kenneth,
Barlow, William, 48
Bartov, Omer, 255
Batocki, Adolf von, 149
Bauer, Erwin, 231
Bauernland (land of peasants), 227
Bauernrecht (peasant law), 231
Bauerntum (new racially pure peasantry), 222
Beaulieu, Charles de, 130
Bell Farm, 56
Belleville (Iowa), 61
Below, Nikolaus von, 76
Berlin, 3, 4, 25, 37, 50, 65, 275
‘epitome of evil in German culture’, 110
settlement societies (1918), 187
worst creator (per capita) of military recruits, 121
Berlin, Isaiah, 1
Bernstein, Eduard, 108
Bevölkerungspolitik (demographic politics), 274
Bezirke (districts), 30
Bidwell, John, 46
bimettalism (Sering), 103
Bismarck, Otto von, 25, 29, 34, 39, 44, 70, 72, 103
colonialism (shifting gaze from overseas to next door, 1884-5),
disappointment with first draft of Settlement Law (1886), 83
expulsion debate and settlement scheme, 81
limits on power, 80
Poland (most serious debate, 1886), 81
Tiedemann’s memorandum (1886), 80
turn to inner colonization,
Black Death, 18
Black Sea, 17
Blue Mountain, 47
Boeckmann, 227
Brandon (Manitoba), 55
Braun, Magnus von, 219
Bredt, Johann Viktor, 134
Bremen, 41
Breslauer, Samuel, 134
Brest-Litovsk [place], 170
Brown, C. Acton, 51
Brown, Corydon, 51
Brüggen, Ernst Carl von der, 73
Bulgaria, 211
Bundesarchiv (in Koblenz), 278
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, 45
Burgess, A.M., 63
Cameroon, 131
Canada, 5, , 63, 89, 125, 140, 145, 178, 211, 221, 235, 251, 252, 271, 277
agricultural prospects, 203
Polish comparison, 21
Canada confederation (1867), 119
Carver (German settlement), 50
Catholicism, 70
Central Landowners’ Association (journal), 220
Cheyenne (Wyoming), 61
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, 44
Chile, 271
Chludowo, 206
Cincinnati, 62
Cleinow, Georg, 134
Coels, Baron von, 192
Colmar, 35
colonial crisis (1907), 125
colonial regimes: structures, 19
colonization continuum, 4
colonizations,
colonizzazione interna, 7
Columbia River, 49
Conference of Oppressed Peoples (Lausanne, 1916), 173
Confessing Church, 250
Constantinople, 245
Conze, Werner, 177
Cornelius, Thomas, 48
Cornell University, 213
Courland, 147, 157, 159, 160, 163, 165, 169, 171, 172, 179, 183, 185, 186, 193, 194, 272
agricultural production (necessity for feeding German people, 1917), 184
arguments for German settlement, 175
German community, 161
German expropriation ‘on massive scale’ (1918), 187
‘jewel in colonial crown’, 164
population density, 174
Czechoslovakia, 243
Czestochowa, 158
Dalrymple Farm, 50
Danckelmann, Chief Forest Master, 75
Danish Empire, 127
Danzig, 18
Darré, Richard Walther, 37, 105, 149, 151, 218, , 257, 261, 273, 276
break with Sering (1934),
inner colonization (extreme),
publications, 223
‘purely racial approach’, 223
Reichsbauernführer,
removal from power (1942), 263
Schweinemord (1937), , 253
‘undying hatred for Sering’, 251
‘vitriolic attack on Sering’ (1937), 250
Deer Lodge, 49
degeneration argument, 121
Demobilization Office, 193
Dene Nation, 6
Dent (Ohio), 62
Denver, 45
Dernburg era (1906 to 1910), 125
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 195
Deutsche Tageszeitung, 195
Dictionary of National Economy, 137
Diehl, Karl, 250
Dietze, Constantin von, , 241, 242, 244, 248, 273, 279
arrest (1937), 249
background,
brief imprisonment (1937), 250
head of ZGS editorial team (1952), 268
Dobrudja region (Black Sea), 178
Dodge, Jacob Richards, 44
Donauraum, 221
Dunoyer, Charles, 40
East Africa, 131
East Central Europe, 1, 3, 8, 9, 12, 18, 131, 207, 220, 242, 247, 252, 279
Germany’s true colonial empire (1915), 95
‘little peoples’, 181
World War I, 146
East Coast (USA),
East German Communist Party, 267
East German Social Democratic Party, 267
East Germany: inner colonization (final destruction of Junker estates, 1945-48),
Eastern Border Protection (theme), 223
Eastern Borderlands, 5
Eastern interests,
Eastern Provinces, 83
Ebert, Friedrich, 6
Economic and Social History of World War series (1927-30), 210
economic colonialism, 68
Economic Commission (1933), 252
Eheberg, Karl, 39
Eichhorn, Field Marshal Hermann von, 188
Einkreisung (encirclement) debate, 139
Eisenach, 37
Eisendecher, Karl von, 44
Elbe, 17
Elbe (ship), 63
empires,
Engels, Friedrich, 92
Enlightenment, 25
Erbhofrecht (Law of Inheritance, 1933), , 233, 235, 239, 241, 243, 246, 249, 251, 252, 263
AFK debate,
introduced at national level by Darré (September 1933), 225
Erie Canal, 44
Ethnic and Racial Studies, 6
eugenics,
Evangelical-Social Congress (Leipzig, 1897), 111
expellees,
closure of last camp (1971), 273
Expropriation Law (Prussia, 1908),
expulsion and settlement ideas
draining and damming,
forced assimilation,
removal,
Tiedemann’s memorandum (1886),
turn to inner colonization,
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 160
Farnam, Henry [Jr.] Walcott, 42
Farnam, Henry [Sr.], 42
Farquharson, J.E.: Plough and Swastika, 1928-45 (1976), 12
Feldman, Wilhelm, 172
Fenner, Adelheid, 52
Festgabe für Heinrich Himmler (1941),
Flanders, 188
Flathead Indian Reservation, 49
Flemish settlers, 17
flight from land, 38, 131, 138, 147, 154, 176, 195, 205, 213, 224, 249, 252
comparison with France, 114
disease within nation, 97
Flottwell, Eduard, , 29
Flurbereinigungen (clearing of floor of non-Germans), 186
Fochler-Hauke, Gustav, 246
Folwell, William, 50
food crisis (1945), 269
Frau (monthly periodical), 248
Frederick the First, 76
Frederick the Great, 84, 133, 218, 219, 247
assimilationist ideas, 84
first colonization of Poles (1772-95),
Free Soil Movement, 47
Freisinnige (left liberal splinter party), 82
Freytagh-Loringhoven, Axel Freiherr von, 211
Friedländer, Abraham Salomo (maternal grandfather of Sering), 27
Friedländer, Elisabeth (mother), 27
Friedrich List Society, 223
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 92
Fritz, Georg, 182
Frontiers of Empire
book setting, 9
book structure,
central theme (great irony), 266
overarching theatre, 3
Führerprinzip, 224
Funk, Walter, 231
Gagern, Hans von, 27
Gartenkolonien (garden plots), 4
Gastarbeiter (guest workers), 274
Geary, Patrick J., 20
Gegenaktion (1907), 126
Gegenwart (Berlin weekly publication), 72
Generalgouvernement, , 262
genocide, 2, 9, 15, 125, 244, 264
delinked from settler colonialism (Wolfe), 266
Indigenous peoples (USA), 71
Nazi death toll in Eastern Europe, 265
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 273
George, Henry: Land Question (1881), 89
German Agrarian Council
Sering’s speech (in presence of Kaiser, 1913),
speeches by Sering (1902, 1904), 121
German Christians, 250
German Colonial Congress: speech by Sering (1906),
German Customs Union, 173
German East, 2, 14, 68, 79, 114, 131, 179, 258, 278, 279
connection to global settler colonialism, 12
emigration overseas of German talent, 72
historiography,
reasons for emigration (Tiedemann), 71
‘true site of German colonial empire’ (1915-45), 275
German Freedom (Deutsche Freiheit, 1917),
Germanisierung, 24
Germanness, 45, 50, 72, 99, 124, 131, 223, 267, See also Deutschtum
regression (1885), 72
threatened, 72
Germany, 173
African colonies, 4
birth of nationalism, 23
colonial history (final analysis),
dream of overseas empire abandoned, 275
emigration (shrinkage between 1885 and 1912), 132
manufacturing power, 97
modern history (lessons from Sering’s career),
overseas colonial empire, 95
population density, 208
unification (1871), 28
vexed relationship between conservatives and farming class, 275
Germany and East (to 1871),
buying up bankrupt estates and Flottwell regime (1795-1871),
Frederick the Great and first colonization of Poles (1772-95),
Goths, Slavs, Teutons, Poles, Prussians,
migrations, colonizations, empires,
Poland as colonial space,
Germany: Ministry of Agriculture, 192
Germany: Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 224
Germany: Ministry of Propaganda, 238
Germany: Ministry of War, 201
Gesellshaft zur Förderung der inneren Kolonisation (GFK). See Society for Advancement of Inner Colonization
Ghent, 185
Gierke, Otto von, 270
Gigot, Edward, 59
Gniezno, 17
Goebbels, Paul Joseph, 231
Goering, Hermann, 258
Gossler, Gustav von, 78
Grabowo, 52
Gramsci, A., 6
Grand Island, 61
Grand Valley (Manitoba), 56
Grange City, 47
Greece, 277
Green Front, 216
Grodno-Lomza line, 173
Grosswirtschaftsraum (Greater Economic Space), 247
Gumbinnen, 144
Haase, Kurt, 201
Haefs, Johann, 271
Haenelt, Hans-Gunther, 261
Hallock (Minnesota), 60
Hamburg (liner), 213
Hammerstein-Loxten, Freiherr von, 75
Harnack, Adolf, 179
Hart, S. Milton, 212
Hartwich, Carl, 218
Harvard library, 31
Hecht, Wendelin, 247
Hechter, Michael: Internal Colonialism (1975), 6
Heim ins Reich, 257
Heitz, Gerhard, 28
Held, Adolf, 35
Herero, 276
Herrenrasse (master race), 223
Herrenschicht (class of lords), 223
Herrenvolk (people of lords), 149
Herrenvolk (ruling people), 181
Herrmann, Ludwig, 234
Hespeler, William, 51
Hewitson, Mark, 114
Hildebrand, Bruno, 35
Hilgard, Eugene, 45
Hind, Robert, 6
Hintze, Otto, 179
Hitler, Adolf, 10, 13, 94, 216, 218, 222, 227, 231, 232, 235, 237, 247, 252, 264
agrarian human breeding, 226
backing for Darré, 226
Mein Kampf (1925), 217
Hoche, Alfred Erich, 33
Hohenlohe, Prince,
Hohensalza (Inowroclaw), 258
Höhn, Reinhard,
Homestead Movement, 103
Hottentot Election (1907), 125
Hövel, von, 77
Huffmann, Henry, 46
Hugenberg, Alfred, , 96, 134, 148, 185, 187, 216, 222, 227, 230, 268
at loggerheads with Darré, 222
Inner Colonization in Northwestern Germany (1891, based on 1888 dissertation), 94
Hundertmillionengesetz, 86
Hunkel, Ernst, 134
Hutten-Czapski, Count Bogdan, 30
Idaho, 47
immiseration of proletariat thesis (failure), 108
Indian Removal, 73
industrialization, 27, 28, 36, 37, 39, 40, 89, 104, 107, 109, 142, 270
‘uneven pattern’ (France), 114
industrialization debate, 111
Industriestaat, 114
Inheritance in Agrarian Property in Prussia (series), 92
inner colonization, vii, 22, 52, 53, 69, 72, 212, 216, 217, 218, 219, 225, 226, 228, 240
‘anti-Junker program’ (Keup), 270
always besmirched by neo-feudal element, 81
Caprivi era (1890-1894),
eve of WWI,
extreme,
final destruction of Junker estates (East Germany, 1945-48),
German definition, 7
‘heyday’ at end of story, 270
ideal type, 4
institutionalization,
Junker thorn in side, 76
legacy,
‘more settlers than space’ for first time (1954), 269
‘never successful’, 209
preliminary discussion,
purest form, 4
radicalization during WWI (qv),
rationale, 74
social benefits, 75
statistics (1886-1918), 115
terminology, 4
transformation of thinking (1915),
turn to,
turning point for Sering (1925), 204
inner colonization (foundation of academic field),
Archiv für innere Kolonisation (AFK),
Society for Advancement of Inner Colonization (GFK),
Innere Kolonisation: Zeitschrift für Fragen der Siedlung (IKO),
ceased publication (1981), 274
celebration of Sering’s centenary (1957), 270
transformation into environmentalist publication (1970s), 274
International Agrarian Conference (Bad Eilsen, 1934), 230, 231, , 243, 250
postponed from 1933,
primer,
Iowa State University (Ames), 214
Italians, 194
Jackson, Andrew, 140
Jews, 18, 23, 71, 84, 107, 124, 128, 176, 182, 194, 228, 233, 238
expulsion by Bismarck, 68
middle class, 73
removal from Prussian Poland (1885), 71
Warthegau (World War II),
Jomsburg: Ostforscher periodical, 263
Journal of Agrarian Politics, 130
Journal of Baltic Studies, viii
Judson, Pieter M., 277
Junker, 13, 19, 25, 53, 56, 66, 74, 77, 79, 107, 172, 187, 217
American language, feudal plans, 103
anti-free trade needs (late 1870s), 39
apparent split (conservatives versus radicals), 117
aristocratic landed elite, 3
arrogance, 78
became free traders, 38
greatest fear (parcellization), 117
inner colonization on eve of WWI (1909-14),
landowning overlords, 38
lobby organization, 95
loss of power, 191
opposition (unsuccessful) to Prussian Expropriation Law (1908), 116
opposition to Caprivi and free trade, 108
polonizers (Weber’s diatribe, 1893), 99
position on inner colonization, 76
post-WWI expropriation laws ‘full of loopholes’, 200
return to agrarian world, 113
Sering ‘without a doubt, an enemy’, 138
starvation (post-WWII), 267
‘twilight’, 227
verge of bankruptcy, 209
Kakel, Carroll: American West and Nazi East (2011), 10
Kalisz, 158
Kampftruppen (soldiers), 231
Kansas City, 61
Kautsky, Karl, 108
Keup, Erich, , 161, 178, 183, 187, 190, 194, 200, 204, 208, 271
death (1973), 272
editor of ZGS (1952), 268
Inner Colonization and War (1914), 154
recipient (1965) of Sering Medal, 272
transformation of inner colonial thinking (1915), 158
Why is Inner Colonization European Problem? (1954), 270
Kharkov, 142
Kimpel, Ulrich, 257
Knies, Karl, 35
Kohrs, Conrad, 49
Kolonialverein (Colonial Society, 1882-), 68
Kolonie: definition, 4
Krakow university, 181
Kube, Wilhelm, 224
Kuhn, Walter, 244
Kühne, Thomas, 265
Kulturträger (bearers of culture), 183
Lake Manitoba, 53
Lammers, Hans, 235
land, 17, 25, 37, 46, 54, 67, 74, 77, 97, 125, 147, 193, 222, 252, 270
downside (rampant speculation), 50
land credit, 75
Land ohne Menschen (border strip) scheme, 11
Landarbeiterfrage, 37
Landbank, 94
Landgesellschaft Kurland, 187
land-ownership dream, 39
Landschaft (Prussian land credit bank), 23
Langbehn, Julius: Rembrandt als Erzieher (forty-nine printings, 1890-1909),
Lange, Herbert, 264
language borders, 72
Laubert, Manfred, 134
Lazarus, Paul, 205
Lehmann, Heinz, 60
Leipzig, 237
Lempicki, Michael, 173
Lenin, V.I., 6
Leningrad: Nazi Entstädterung (de-urbanization) plans, 262
liberal nationalism, 3
liberalism: centrality of imperialism and colonialism (Germany), 69
Lieber, Ernst, 109
Liebknecht, Karl, 110
Lincoln (Nebraska), 61
literacy, 20
Livingston, 49
Loewen, Royden, 52
Lörcher, Carl, 228
Lorenzoni, G., 235
Loring, George B., 44
Lübeck, 268
Lück, Kurt, 244
Luther, Hans, 206
Luther, Martin, 28
Lviv university, 181
MacDonald, John A., 63
Madagascar, 264
Madison, 62
Mai, Joachim, 81
Manitoba Legislative Assembly, 59
Manitou Springs, 45
Manteuffel, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin von, 30
Maori, 79
Masurian Lakes, 148
Mazower, Mark: Hitler’s Empire (2008), 12
McFarland, N.C., 44
Mecklenburg, 78
Mediterranean Sea, 245
Meisner, Andreas, 246
Mendel, Franz, 111
Merced (California), 46
Metz, 29
Mexican-American War, 181
Mexico, 21
Meyer, Herbert, 245
Meyer, Konrad, 149, 229, 233, 234, 236, 241, 243, 244, 261, 262, 276
dealings with Sering, 251
inner colonization ‘without obstacles’, 259
memoir, 273
New People of Land (NB, Spring 1941), 260
post-war career, 272
Middle Ages, 218, 224, 243, 260
colonization, 196
disappearing world, 37
migrations, 18
Sorbs [same as ‘Wends’], 17
way of doing things, 218
Wends (western Slavs), 127
Mieszko I, 17
Mietskaserne (tenement blocks), 37
migrant workers: cheaper and anspruchslos (undemanding), 71
migration,
versus ‘colonization’ (constant flux in terminology), 20
versus ‘colonization’ (rhetorical shift), 16
migrationist colonialism, 68
Milwaukee, 62
Mississippi, 124
Missoula, 49
Moltke, H. von, 160
Monmouth (Illinois), 61
Monroe Doctrine, 181
Monterey, 45
Montreal German Society, 52
Moose Jaw, 57
Moscow, 142
Moselland: study trip organized by Sering (1910), 141
Mühle, Eduard, vii
Müller, Adam, 109
Munich, 278
Murphy, David Thomas: Heroic Earth, 1918-1933, 242
Mussolini, Benito, 245
Naranch, Bradley, 9
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 107, 223, 231, 238, 243, 253
agricultural program (1930), 216
extermination camps, 264
nationalism, 18, 25, 32, 72, 210, 225, 239, 279
conservative rhetoric (fundamental contradiction), 119
Nationalzeitung, 73
Neubach, Helmut, 72
Neues Bauerntum (NB), 251, 260, 261
editorial (1943), 263
journal (1934-), previously AFK (qv), 228
last issue (1944), 263
Moorland as Areas for Settlement (article, 1943), 263
regarded as abnormality (post-war perspective), 268
work of settlement (continued discussion, 1944), 263
Neuland, 179
Neuland AG, 187
Nevada, 45
New Englanders, 88
New Guinea, 95
New Haven, 42
New York Times, 123
New Zealand, 79
Night of Long Knives, 232
Nimmo, Joseph, Jr., 44
Niverville (Mennonite colony, Manitoba), 60
Njemen River, 206
Nordic Ring, 240
North America, 20, 27, 39, 95, 139
advantage over Germany, 90
‘showplace of colonial movement’ (Sering), 123
North Platte, 61
northern borderlands, 126
North-West Mounted Police, 58
Nuremberg Laws (1935), 238
Oberkrome, Willi, 242
Ogilvie, W.W., 51
Ohio, 62
Old Wives Lake, 57
Older Historical School of Economics, 35
Operation Barbarossa, 264
Oppenheimer, Franz, 190
Oregon,
Oregon and California Railway, 47
Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, 47
Ossowo (village), 52
Ostbesiedlung (eastern settlement) scheme, 17
Osterhammel, Jürgen: definition of colonialism, 277
Osteuropa (journal): Sering on editorial board, 210
Osteuropaforschung (study of Eastern Europe), 241
Osthilfeskandal (1932), 209
Ostwald, Hans, 133
Ostwall, 257
Ottawa, 63
Pacific Northwest,
Palestine, 228
Palestinian Land Development Company, 132
Palliser, John, 57
Palliser’s Triangle, 57
Panama, 181
Paris, 25
Paschke [first name n/a], 169
peasantry, 7, 19, 23, 25, 37, 75, 174, 189, 219, 223, 233, 234, See also flight from land
‘true heart of Germany’, 107
Peasants’ League (founded 1893), 95
Perham (German settlement), 50
Peuplierung scheme (Western Prussia), 22
Philippines, 119
Piast Dynasty, 19
Pike’s Peak, 45
Pillsbury, Charles, 50
plantation colonialism, 86
Ploetz, Alfred, 239
Poland, 144, 147, 160, 161, 163, 169, 177, 181, 191, 193, 199, 220, 243, 245, 251, 252, 254, 259, 264, 275
agrarian politics (1970), 272
annexation of eastern third by Soviet Union (post-1945), 266
colonial space,
creation (1919), 197
final inner colonization (Wartheland, 1945-48),
first colonization by Prussia (1772-95),
German occupation (1939), 255
newly-created state, 3
shift of borders to west (post-1945), 266
trade agreement with Germany (1929), 216
Polane tribe, 17
Polenbegeisterung, 24
Poles, 71, 78, 82, 84, 97, 113, 166, 254, 257, 276
‘flood streaming into German East’, 76
initial target (at Auschwitz, 1940), 264
land ownership in German East (increase, 1896-1914), 115
‘much more of problem than Russians’, 242
Nazi depictions as lesser Volk, 256
Nazi genocide plans, 265
re-classification (assimilation) as ‘Germans’, 265
role as Nazi slaves, 265
target of racial vitriol (by 1925), 205
use of Prussian Constitution (1815), 254
Polish Partitions (1772-95), 18
Polish space, 277
Polonisierung, 272
Posen (Grand Duchy), 29
Posen province, vii, 3, 5, 23, 24, 34, 65, 69, 79, 83, 89, 98, 104, 106, 117, 118, 127, 146, 149, 153, 165, 174, 176, 183, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 247, 257, 263, 277
annexed by Third Reich (1939), 256
becoming more Polish, 70
control taken by Polish militias (1918), 191
German colonization (archive material), 81
system of race-based restrictions, 54
Posener Zeitung, 73
Powers, Harry Huntington, 119
Poznan bishopric, 17
Poznania province, 81
Priebe, Hermann, 260
principle of nationality, 246
Progressives, 116
Protestant Germans: outbred by Catholic Poles, 70
Protestantism, 31
Prussia, 227
first colonization of Poles (1772-95),
freedom from Polish rule (1660), 19
higher education system, 64
Prussia: Ministry of Culture, 64
Prussia: Ministry of Education, 123
Prussia: Ministry of War (Scientific Commission), 252
Prussian Agrarian Conference (1894), 104
Prussian East, 5
Prussian General Commission, 106
Prussian Poland, 14, 29, 34, 52, 53, 59, 69, 71, 132, 135, 148, 154, 169, 194
cultural genocide, 70
removal of 32,000 Austrian and Russian Poles (1885), 70
Prussian State Archives, 243
Puttkamer, Robert von, 71
race science,
Racial Hygiene Society (founded, 1905), 239
Radziwill, Antoni, 29
Ramsey’s Farm (near Warren, Minnesota), 60
Rasse und Raum concept, 186
Rathgen, Karl, 39
Raumenge (restricted space), 261
Raumforscher (spatial researcher), 229
Raumforschung und Raumordnung (1941), 261
Raumordnung, 228
Red Terror, 200
Regina, 59
Reich Alliance against Social Democracy, 134
Reich Settlement Law (RSG, 1919), 137, 191, 192, 194, 195, 204, 209, 218, 219, 220, 223, 235, 246, 263, 269, 270
British version ‘complete failure’, 223
fiftieth anniversary celebration (1969), 273
Reichsarchiv fire (Potsdam, 1945), 13
Reichsgau Wartheland, 256
Reichskommisar für Festigung Deutschen Volkstums (RKF), 257
Reichsnährstand (Reich Food Office), 233
Reichstag, 68, 73, 116, 158, 192
debate (1899) on expulsion of Danes from Schleswig-Holstein (1898), 127
Reichsuniversität Straßburg, 28,
Reinsurance Treaty, 94
Rentenbank, 94
residential school system (Canada), 57
Rhine, 16
Riel, Louis, 58
Riesenfarmen (gargantuan farms), 86
Rimpler, H., 85
Rippler, Heinrich, 134
Roggenbach, Rector, 32
Roscher, Wilhelm, 35
Rosenberg, Alfred, 227
Rosenthal, 11
Rösler, Hermann, 35
Rossino, Alexander, 256
Royal Academy for Music: speech by Sering (1907),
Royal Agricultural Economic College
Berlin meeting (1885), 75
Royal Prussian Agrarian Academy, 87
Royal Prussian Agrarian Economic College, 136
Rügen, 267
Ruhr: French Occupation (1923), 200
Rümelin, Charles, 62
Rümker, Kurt von,
Russell, Bertrand, 199
Russia (Bolshevik), 199
Russia (tsarist), 5, 7, 8, 51, 83, 94, 102, 111, 112, 119, 121, 124, 130, 136, 142, 145, 146, 156, 176, 181
Central Asian frontier, 19
Germany’s largest trading partner (1912), 141
harvest failures, 115
nobility, 175
peasantry, 141
Polish partitions, 21
study trip organized by Sering (1912),
Russian Civil War, 275
Russian Revolution (February 1917), 184
Russian Revolution (October 1917), 184
Russo-Japanese War, 130
Sacramento, 45
Sait, Bryce, 256
Salem (Oregon), 48
Salomon, Alice, 249
Salt Lake City, 45
San Joaquin Valley, 46
Santa Clara Valley, 46
Saskatchewan, 57
Saure, Dr., 273
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 35
Saxons, 17
Schäfer, Dietrich, 178
Osteuropa und wir Deutschen (1924),
Schuld an Wiederherstellung Polens (1919), , 201
Sering ‘clueless’, 201
Schäffle, Albert, 35
Scheel, Hans von, 35
Schleswig-Holstein, 4, 92, 95, 172, 272
inheritance law and agriculture,
Sering family vacations, 126
Schmoller, Gustav, 31, 35, 37, 42, 58, 74, 75, 76, 85, 96, 99, 117, 122, 125, 126, 174, 201, 249
fact-finding trips, 38
Festschrift organized by Sering (1908), 122
no sole source of economic activity, 36
paper at VfS annual meeting (Frankfurt, 1886), 86
Prussian Colonization (article in VfS volume, 1886), 76,
seminar on national economics (1877-78), 39
Sering’s doctoral supervisor, 35
Schöpke, Karl, 246
Schumpeter, Joseph, 123
Schützengrabenbücher (trench books), 170
Schutzwall (protective barrier), 270
Schwerin, Friedrich von, 75, 85, 95, 96, 130, 134, 146, 148, 155, , 183, 185, 186, 190, 204, 239, 268
two key memoranda (1915),
seasonal workers, 19, 25, 68, 73, 94, 99, 107, 108, 113, 120, 127, 133, 151, 154, 158, 193, 207, 274
Seattle, 48
Sering Medal (1962-), 272
Sering, Alma (sister), 87
Sering, Max, , 2, 12, 19, 27, See also Kaiserreich
affable and well-liked, 13
Alsace phase (1872-1883),
‘always relatively moderate C19 imperialist’, 253
anti-Polish rhetoric (1929), 207
ascent to national stage (1894-1900), , 107
belief in rule of law, 116
belief system (cost to world history), 279
believed in assimilation, not eradication, 47
biography,
birth and youth (1857 to 1871),
Bonn years (1884-1889),
career (wider lessons),
career beginnings,
challenged to duel (1911), 13
defining period of life (June-July 1883), 49
entry into civil service (1879), 34
ethnic chauvinism, 6
‘ever assimilationist’, 161
fantasies (empty land for settlement), 2
‘father of agrarian settlement’, 1
finds voice,
first appointment (Bonn, 1883),
full professor in Berlin (Caprivi era, 1889-94),
Habilitationsrede (Bonn, November 1883), 65
home life (1923 glimpse), 200
inaugural lecture at Berlin (1889),
inner colonization on eve of WWI (1909-14),
journey to East (1915),
Landarbeiterfrage, 37
lecturing duties, 90
military service, 34
music (learned to play cello), 27
music (lifelong love), 13
Nazi enemies (1934-), 14
not in attendance at VfS annual meeting (1886), 85
overwork, illness, duels (1904-1911),
personality (elusive),
photographed (1890), 91
photographed (1910), 135
photographed (1932), 229
Privatdozent (adjunct professor in Bonn, as at 1884), 75
private human being ‘almost inscrutable’, 13
publications,
quarrel with Brentano,
radical colonizer (1916), 172
residences in Berlin, 92
status (1924 indication), 203
status (international, 1927), 211
willingness to change his mind, 41
women,
workload and low pay, 122
Sering, Max (speeches)
Causes and Importance of War [WWI] (Berlin, November 1914), , 150
Causes of International Depression of Agriculture (1930), 214
Friedrich List Society conference (Bad Oeynhausen, 1933),
German Agrarian Council (plenary meetings, 1902, 1904),
German Agrarian Council, in presence of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1913), , 271
German Colonial Congress (1906),
GFK (1927), 208
GFK meeting (February 1932), 218
International Agrarian Conference (St Andrews, 1936), 244
International Agrarian Crisis (1930),
paper delivered in Rostock to Commission for Preservation of Farmers,
Point of World War (lecture delivered in various Baltic capital cities, 1918), 186
Problems of World War (lecture, August-September 1918), 188
Protective Tariffs or Free Trade? (1924), , 215
Royal Academy for Music (1907),
Royal Prussian Agrarian Economic College (1909-1912),
Trade Policy of Great Powers and [German] Navy (Berlin, 1900),
use of agrarian laws by Poles (1929), 207
World Economic Conference (address, 1927),
Sering, Max (works)
Agrarian Crises and Agrarian Tariffs (1925), 203
Agrarian Foundation of Social Constitution (1937), 239
Agrarverfassung der Deutschen Auslandssiedlungen in Osteuropa (co-edited with von Dietze, 1939),
Arbeitslosigkeit, Bodenverbesserung und ländliche Siedlung (1931), 209
article for AFK (1919 April),
article for AFK (1920) re latest evolution of ‘eastern’ thinking, 199
article in AFK (1930), 208
article on RSG (1919), 194
Crisis of Global Economy (pamphlet, 1922), 199
Decline in Grain Prices and Foreign Competition (article, 1894),
Deutsche Agrarpolitik (joint author, 1934),
Deutsche Bauernschaft und Handelspolitik (1901), 120
Deutsche Volkswirtschaft während des Krieges (1915),
Deutschland unter dem Dawes-Plan (1928),
Deutschlands Versorgung mit Nahrungsmitteln (1914),
Erbrecht und Agrarverfassung in Schleswig-Holstein (1908), 92,
Future of Poland (memorandum, 1916), , 202
Geschichte der preussisch-deutschen Eisenzölle von 1818 bis zur Gegenwart (dissertation 1881, published 1882), 40
Inheritance in Rural Property (edited with Dietze, 1930), 214
Kingdom of Poland (memorandum, 30 July 1916),
New Eastern and Western Borders (series of newspaper articles, March 1919),
Peacediktat of Versailles (booklet, 1920), 198
Raising of Agricultural Production in Courland (memorandum, May 1917), 184
Right of Inheritance and Debt Relief (memorandum, January 1934), , 235
settlement opportunities in East (official report, August 1916),
Settlement Possibilities in Occupied Areas of East (October 1916),
State and Social Constitution among Western Powers and Germany (1917),
Ukraine (memorandum, May 1918), 187
Westrussland (edited, 1917),
Women in German Agriculture (co-editor, 1939), 249
Workers’ Committees (edited, 1890), 93
Sering, Max: North American return journey (1893),
Sering-Institut, , 210, 215
demise (December 1934), 236
destroyed during Allied bombing raid, 278
founded (1921), 202
funding intended by Darré to be stopped (January 1934), 231
government funding terminated, 236
loss of funding (1934),
Studies in Agriculture series, 203
Settlement Commission, 5, 14, 93, 94, 95, 99, 106, 117, 132, 138, 192, 205, 209, 219, 233, 257, 259, 260, 261
established (1886), 83
first president, 83
official termination (1922), 200
settler colonialism, , 25, 55, 61, 69, 72, 91, 95, 131, 188, 265, 266, 277
beginning, 4
global discourse, 4
historiography,
problem, 98
starting point (German), 4
territoriality (classic), 79
United States, 89
Wartheland in WWII, 256
Seydel, Helmut,
Simon, Hugo Ferdinand, 214
Sioux City, 61
Skalweit, B., 131
Slavic revolt (1164), 17
Slavs, 6, 17, 72, 124, 128, 156, 264
arrival, 16
cultural inferiority (German idea), 26
‘migration’ into, versus ‘settler colonization’ of, Poland, 20
planned starvation by Nazis, 13
Slovenes, 277
Smith, Woodruff D., 26
Smyrna, 277
Snake River, 47
Snyder, Timothy, 264
Social Darwinists, 239
Social Democracy, 76
social imperialism (Wehler), 68
Société de Colonization de Manitoba, 60
Society for Advancement of Inner Colonization (GFK), 130, 146, 148, 149, 169, 190, 192, 204, 210, 225
conference (1912),
conference (1933), 230
dissolution, 230
meeting (1932), 218
refounded (1946), 268
Society for German Settlement and Migration, 178
Soldau concentration camp, 264
South Tirol, 206
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 7
St. Louis, 61
St. Paul (Minnesota), 50
St. Petersburg, 142
Stalingrad, 262
Stanford, Amasa Leland, 46
Statthalter, 30
Stein Hardenburg reforms, 97
Steinkühler, Martin, 111
Stephen (place in Minnesota), 60
Stevenson, I.A.: Aussichten der Landwirtschaft in Canada, 203
Strassburger Post, 32
strong warriors (argument), 114
Studienreisen (study trips): organized by Sering (1910, 1912),
Studnicki, Wladyslaw,
Stumpfe, Emil, 166
Stupperich, Robert, 263
Styria, 277
submarine warfare,
Sudetenland, 246
Südmark Settlement Program, 277
suffrage, 179
Swift Current (Saskatchewan), 58
Sybel, Heinrich von, 81
Széchényi, Count Imre, 51
Tacitus, 206
Tanzania, 5
Tannenberg (1410), 18
Texas homesteading law, 90
Thaer, Albrecht: Principles of Rational Agriculture, 51
Ther, Philipp, 25
Thiel, Hugo, 130
Third Reich, 4, 11, 12, 26, 268
1933-39 phase,
agrarian settler planning, 15
bread basket (supposed), 258
Tiburtius, Dr., 193
Timisoara (Romania), 246
Tirpitz, Countess von, 245
Togo, 95
Topeka, 61
Torp, Cornelius, 115
transit camps, 258
Treaty of Bucharest (1913), 156
Treaty of Versailles, 5, , 216, 220, 233, 244, 247, 248, 252, 256, 275
Sering’s full position (1928),
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 31
Tribe, Keith, 36
Troeltsch, Ernst, 179
Tyskiewicz, Count: discussion held at his estate (16 June 1916),
Umayyad Caliphate, 20
United Kingdom, 20, 69, 110, 111, 112, 119, 121, 125, 145, 146, 173, 181, 221, 239, 252
agrarian middle class (elimination), 92
dropping of tariffs (devastation of agriculture), 120
new industrial aristocracy (Engels), 92
United States, 5, 83, 88, 111, 125, 140, 145, 151, 211, 277
example for Germany to follow, 119
‘migration’ into Midwest, 20
Sering’s return visit (1930),
United States: Bureau of Statistics, 44
United States: Department of Agriculture, 44
United States: General Land Office, 44
universities, viii, 32, 189, 237, 245, See also Cornell , Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Harvard, Iowa State, Krakow, Lviv, Reichsuniversität Straßburg, Yale
University of Berlin: Royal Agrarian College, 91
University of British Columbia, viii
University of California (Berkeley), 45
University of Chicago, 237
University of Heidelberg, 45
University of Michigan, viii
University of Minnesota, 50
University of Oregon, 47
University of Strasbourg, 185
Upper Silesia, 199
Utah: irrigation systems, 45
Venezuela, 61
Verein für Sozialpolitik (VfS), 36, , 41, 64, 74, 76, 92, 95, 96, 214
annual meeting (1884), 74
annual meeting (1885), 75
annual meeting (1886, Frankfurt),
Arbeiter-Ausschüsse (volume edited and introduced by Sering, 1890), 93
Bäuerliche Zustände in Deutschland (three volumes, overseen by Nasse, 1883), 74
conference (1881), 74
conference (1924, Stuttgart),
conference (1930, Königsberg),
general meeting (1893, Berlin),
settlements in tropics (five volumes overseen by Sering, 1912), 129
three volumes dedicated to Mitteleuropa (1916), 168
Zur Inneren Kolonisation in Deutschland (1886),
Vererbung des landlichen Grundbesitzes des Königreich Preussen (series), 92
Victoria (British Columbia), 48
Vienna agrarian conference (1894), 104
Villard, Henry, 49
journalist and pacifist of German origin, 46
president, Northern Pacific Railway, 47
return to Germany (by 1884), 48
Volk ohne Raum, 269
Völkerwanderung (migration), 67
Volksliste, 267
Volkswirtschaft (Volk economy), 235
Voltaire, 22
Wagner, William, 51
attempt to establish German-Canadian colony in Manitoba, 52
author of guides (1861) for potential German settlers in Canada, 52
background, 52
provincial parliamentarian, 53
surveyor of St. Laurent site (1872), 54
Wall Street Crash (1929), 216
Wandel, General Lieutenant von, 166
Wandycz, Piotr S., 24
war socialism, 152
Warsaw, 25, 158, 167, 176, 177, 185, 186, 188, 201, 214, 263
Nazi Entstädterung (de-urbanization) plans, 262
Warsaw: German Scientific Institute, 210
Wartheland, 3, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 20, 148, 192, 247, 254
final inner colonization (1945-48),
Germans reclassified as Poles, 267
Goths ‘migrants’, Saxons ‘colonizers’ (convention), 20
irony (inner colonization by Poles), 266
uprising (1806-7), 23
Washington D.C., 44
Weber, Alfred, 188
Weber, Max, 6, 26, 27, 104, 111, 113, 224, 226
anti-Polish stance, 96
biological racism, 100
diatribe against Junker as ‘Polonizers’ (1893), 99
‘much more modern bigoted nationalist’, 113
Wegener, Leo, 174
Wehrbauern (soldier-farmers), 257
Wehrmacht, 227, 256, 257, 258, 261, 264, See also German Army
brutalization thesis (Bartov), 255
‘built on Sering’s work’, 248
Sering’s popularity, 253
Weidenfeld, Kurt, 132
Weindling, Paul, 240
Weitz, Eric D., 2
Welch, Adonijah Strong, 61
Werra (ship), 41
West Prussia, vii, 5, 65, 69, 81, 83, 89, 94, 98, 104, 106, 118, 127, 149, 153, 165, 176, 183, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 221, 247, 257, 277
annexed by Third Reich (1939), 256
becoming more Polish, 70
Westmark, 185
West-Ostsiedlung (West-to-East Settlement), 209
Westwall, 252
White River Valley, 48
Whitman, James Q.: Hitler’s American Model (2018), 10
Wielkopolska (Great Poland), 19
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 109, 190
abdication (one of worst days of Sering’s life), 191
Sering’s ‘great hero’, 142
Wisconsin, 62
Wolff, Larry, 25
World Economic Conference (Geneva, 1927), 211
World War I, 9, 11, 13, 95, 218, 226, 233, 240, 245, 247, 250, 251, 252, 262, 268, 271, 275
German collapse (November 1918), 189
German war aims (Sering), 146
‘radical laboratory’, 241
World War II, 9, 244
legacy of Sering and inner colonization,
Sering’s end,
ten-page trade report by Sering (October 1939), 252
Württemberg, 182
Zamosc (renamed Himmlerstadt), 262
Zeitschrift für Agrarpolitik, 130
Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, 243
Zeitschrift für Gesamte Siedlungswesen (ZGS),
Dissolution and Rebirth (editorial in opening issue), 268
Lübke, Mission of Inner Colonization (article, 1952), 269
previously AFK, afterwards IKO (qqv), 268
published between 1952 and 1956, 268
Zimmermann, Arthur, 160
Zionism, 132
Zollverein (Customs Union), 38
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