Excel files containing the full set of numerical values of all variables used in the regressions can be downloaded from the author's home page (www.econ.ecdavis.edu/faculty/fzlinder) or from www.cup.org/0521821746. This includes the 1880–1930 benchmark data as well as the two postwar samples featured in this appendix (the 1962–1981 sample and the 1978–1995 sample).

Here are the names, definitions, sources, and sample means for the variables cited in the tables of this appendix:

Social expenditures as a percent of GDP:

For 1961–1981, all social expenditures come from OECD (1985). The categories are public pension expenditures (apparently including contributory public-sector pensions), with a mean value of 6.58 percent of GDP; welfare, with a mean of 3.90 percent; unemployment compensation, with a mean of 0.60 percent; public health, with a mean of 4.32 percent; and public education, with a mean of 5.10 percent.

For 1978–1995, all social transfers were calculated from the detailed OECD Social Expenditures data base (www.oecd.org) as follows:

Public health expenditures = (occupational injury and disease) + (sickness benefits) + (“health”), with a mean sample value of 6.59 percent of GDP for 1978–1995.

Non-contributory public pensions = (old-age cash benefits - old age civil service pensions - veterans' old age pensions) + (disability cash benefits - disabled civil servant pensions - disabled veterans' pensions) + (services for the elderly and disabled people) + (survivors' benefits - civil service survivors' benefits), with a mean of 8.07 percent.

The public pension support ratio = (pensions/person over 65)/(GDP per capita).