Aquatic invertebrates

John S. Richardson; Michael J. Jackson

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511549984.018

16 - Aquatic invertebrates

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 December 2009

John S. Richardson and

Michael J. Jackson

Edited by

Martin R. Perrow and

Anthony J. Davy

Show author details

John S. Richardson: Affiliation:
Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
Michael J. Jackson: Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK, and, Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
Martin R. Perrow: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Anthony J. Davy: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia

Book contents

Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Aquatic invertebrates can be found in just about every imaginable freshwater habitat. They bridge the divide from glacial outwash to estuaries, torrential waterfalls to stagnant ponds and from water trapped in the tiny bracts of plants to the largest of our lakes and rivers. Across all of these habitats, invertebrates constitute the bulk of species diversity and account for most of the secondary productivity, as well as performing a multitude of ecological roles. They also create the vital link from primary producers and detrital materials to higher trophic levels. Not surprisingly then, the contribution of restoration activities to the structure and function of aquatic systems will be mediated largely through responses of invertebrates.

Aquatic invertebrates are represented by at least nine phyla in freshwater ecosystems, including the arthropods, molluscs, worms, rotifers and nematodes and many of the family groups are key players in food web structure and function. Various invertebrates may graze on algae, vascular plants and detritus or they may prey upon bacteria, protozoa, other invertebrates, and sometimes even fish or larval amphibians. Others also are parasitic.

Invertebrates influence nutrient cycling and rates of primary production in most aquatic environments. They play an important role in decomposition processes and in altering the transportation rates of organic and inorganic particles in streams (e.g. Wallace & Webster, 1996).

Type: Chapter
Information: Handbook of Ecological Restoration , pp. 300 - 323

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549984.018 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaser, F. H., Jeppesen, E. & S⊘ndergaard, M. (1995). Seasonal dynamics of the mysid Neomysis integer and its predation on the copepod Eurytemora affinis in a shallow hypereutrophic brackish lake. Marine Ecology Progress Series 127, 47–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Anderson, D. H. & Dugger, B. D. (1998). A conceptual basis for evaluating restoration success. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 63, 111–21Google Scholar

Andersson, A., Berggren, H.Cronberg, G. (1978). Effects of planktivorous and benthivorous fish on organisms and water chemistry in eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiologia, 59, 9–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Anderson, N. H., Sedell, J. R.Roberts, L. M. & Triska, F. J. (1978). The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist, 100, 64–82CrossRef Google Scholar

Anthony, J. L. & Downing, J. A. (2001). Exploitation trajectory of a declining fauna: a century of freshwater mussel fisheries in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 2071–2090CrossRef Google Scholar

Ashley, K., Thompson, L. C., Lasenby, D. C., McEachern, L.Smokorowski, K. E. & Sebastian, D. (1997). Restoration of an interior lake ecosystem: the Kootenay Lake fertilization experiment. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 32, 295–323Google Scholar

Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D. & Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish, 2nd Ed, EPA 841-B-99–002. US Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington

Barnes, R. S. K. (1980). The unity and diversity of aquatic systems. In Fundamentals of Aaquatic Ecosystems, eds. R. S. K. Barnes & K. H. Mann, pp. 5–23. Oxford: Blackwell

Benke, A. C. (1998). Production dynamics of riverine chironomids: extremely high biomass turnover rates of primary consumers. Ecology, 79, 899–910CrossRef Google Scholar

Biggs, J., Williams, P., Whitfield, M., Fox, G. & Nicolet, P (2000). Biological Techniques of Still Water Quality Assessment, Phase 3, Method Development, R&D Technical Report no. E110. Bristol, UK: The Environment Agency

Blindow, I., Hargeby, A. & Andersson, G. (1998). Alternative stable states in shallow lakes: what causes a shift? In The structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, Ma. S⊘ndergaard, Mo. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christoffersen, pp. 353–360. New York: Springer-Verlag

Brönmark, C. (1990). How do herbivorous freshwater snails affect macrophytes? a comment. Ecology, 71, 1212–1215CrossRef Google Scholar

Brönmark, C. & Vermaat, J. E. (1998). Complex fish–snail–epiphyton interactions and their effects on submerged freshwater macrophytes. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, Ma. S⊘ndergaard, Mo. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christoffersen, pp. 47–68. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Brooks, J. L. & Dodson, S. I. (1965). Predation, body size and composition of plankton. Science, 150, 28–35CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Carpenter, S. R., Christensen, D. L., Cole, J. C., Cottingham, K. L., He, X., Knight, S. E., Pace, M. L., Post, D. M., Schindler, D. E. & Voichick, N. (1995). Biological control of eutrophication in lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 784–786CrossRef Google Scholar

Castelle, A. J., Johnson, A. W. & Conolly, C. (1994). Wetland and stream buffer size requirements: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 878–882CrossRef Google Scholar

Cobb, D. G., Galloway, T. D. & Flannagan, J. F. (1992). Effects of discharge and substrate stability on density and species composition of stream insects. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49, 1788–1795CrossRef Google Scholar

Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (2000). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

Cosgrove, P. J. & Hastie, L. C. (2001). Conservation of threatened freshwater pearl mussel populations: river management, mussel translocation and conflict resolution. Biological Conservation, 99, 183–190CrossRef Google Scholar

Claudi, R. & Mackie, G. L. (1994). Practical Manual for Zebra Mussel Monitoring and Control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press

Creed, R. P. (1994). Direct and indirect effects of crayfish grazing in a stream community. Ecology, 75, 2091–2103CrossRef Google Scholar

Crowder, L. B., McCollum, E. W. & Martin, T. H. (1997). Changing perspectives on food web interactions in lake littoral zones. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, Ma. S⊘ndergaard, Mo. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christoffersen, pp. 240–49. New York: Springer-Verlag

Cuffney, T. F., Wallace, J. B. & Lugthart, G. J. (1990). Experimental evidence quantifying the role of benthic invertebrates in organic matter dynamics of headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 23, 281–299CrossRef Google Scholar

Cummins, K. W. (1973). Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 18, 183–206CrossRef Google Scholar

Dahm, C. N., Cummins, K. W., Valett, H. M. & Coleman, R. L. (1995). An ecosystem view of the restoration of the Kissimmee River. Restoration Ecology, 3, 225–238CrossRef Google Scholar

Davies, R. B. (1974a). Tubificids alter profiles of redox potential and pH in profundal lake sediment. Limnology and Oceanography, 19, 342–346CrossRef Google Scholar

Davies, R. B. (1974b). Stratigraphic effects of tubificids in profundal lake sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 19, 466–488CrossRef Google Scholar

Diehl, S. (1995). Direct and indirect effects of omnivory in a littoral lake community. Ecology, 76, 1727–40CrossRef Google Scholar

Diehl, S. & Eklöv, P. (1995). Effects of Piscivore-mediated habitat use on resources, diet and growth of perch. Ecology, 76, 1712–1726CrossRef Google Scholar

Diehl, S. & Kornijów, R. (1998). Influence of submerged macrophytes on trophic interactions among fish and invertebrates. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, Ma. S⊘ndergaard, Mo. S⊘ndergaard, & K. Christoffersen, pp. 24–46. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Dumitru, C., Sprules, W. G. & Yan, N. D. (2001). Impact of Bythotrephes longimanus on zooplankton assemblages of Harp Lake, Canada: an assessment based on predator consumption and prey production. Freshwater Biology, 46, 241–251CrossRef Google Scholar

Dvorák, J. & Best, P. H. (1982). Macroinvertebrate communities associated with the macrophytes of Lake Vechten: structural and functional relationships. Hydrobiologia, 95, 115–126CrossRef Google Scholar

Ebersole, J. L., Liss, W. J. & Frissell, C. A. (1997). Restoration of stream habitats in the western United States: restoration as re-expression of habitat capacity. Environmental Management, 21, 1–14CrossRef Google Scholar

Frissell, C. A. & Nawa, R. K. (1992). Incidence and causes of physical failure of artificial habitat structures in streams of western Oregon and Washington. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12, 182–1972.3.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

George, M (1992). The Land Use, Ecology and Conservation of Broadland. Chichester, UK: Packard Publishing

Gilinsky, E. (1984). The role of fish predation and spatial heterogeneity in determining benthic community structure. Ecology, 65, 455–468CrossRef Google Scholar

Gong, Z., Xie, P. & Wang, S. (2000). Macrozoobenthos in two shallow, mesotrophic Chinese lakes with contrasting sources of primary production. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19, 709–724CrossRef Google Scholar

Gore, J. A. (1985). Mechanisms of colonization and habitat enhancement for benthic macroinvertebrates in restored river channels. In The Restoration of Rivers and Streams: Theories and Experience, ed. J. A. Gore, pp. 81–101. Toronto, Canada: Butterworth

Gore, J. A., Crawford, D. J. & Addison, D. S. (1998). An analysis of artificial riffles and enhancement of benthic community diversity by physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM) and direct observation. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 14, 69–773.0.CO;2-D>CrossRef Google Scholar

Graneli, W., (1979a). The influence of Chironomus plumosus larvae on the exchange of dissolved substances between sediments and water. Hydrobiologia, 66, 149–159CrossRef Google Scholar

Graneli, W. (1979b). The influence of Chironomus plumosus larvae on the oxygen uptake of sediment. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 87, 385–403Google Scholar

Hairston, N. G. Jr & Hairston, N. G. Sr (1993). Cause–effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure, and interspecific interactions. American Naturalist, 142, 379–411CrossRef Google Scholar

Hallac, D. E. & Marsden, J. E. (2001). Comparisons of conservation strategies for unionids threatened by zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): periodic cleaning vs. quarantine and translocation. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 20, 200–210CrossRef Google Scholar

Hansson, L. A., Bergman, E. & Cronberg, G. (1998). Size structure and succession in phytoplankton communities: the impact of interactions between herbivory and predation. Oikos 81, 337–345CrossRef Google Scholar

Harley, K. L. S. & Forno, I. W. (1993). Biological control of aquatic weeds by means of arthropods. In Aquatic Weeds: The Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation, eds. A. H. Pieterse & K. J. Murphy, pp.177–186. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Harper, D., Ebrahimnezhad, M. & Cot, F. C. I. (1998). Artificial riffles in river rehabilitation: setting the goals and measuring the successes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 8, 5–163.0.CO;2-G>CrossRef Google Scholar

Harris, S. C., Martin, T. H. & Cummins, K. W. (1995). A model for aquatic invertebrate response to Kissimmee River restoration. Restoration Ecology, 3, 181–194CrossRef Google Scholar

Heard, S. B. & Richardson, J. S. (1995). Shredder-collector facilitation in stream detrital food webs: is there enough evidence? Oikos, 72, 359–366CrossRef Google Scholar

Heines, F., Sweerts, P. J. & Loopik, E. (1994). The micro-environment of chironomid larvae in the littoral and profundal zone of Lake Maarsseveen I, The Netherlands. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 130, 53–67Google Scholar

Helfman, G. S. (1993). Fish behaviour by day, night and twilight. In Behaviour in Teleost Fishes, 2nd edn, ed. T. J. Pitcher, pp. 479–512. London: Chapman & HallCrossRef

Holyoak, M. & Lawler, S. P. (1996). Persistence of an extinction-prone predator–prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics. Ecology, 77, 1867–1879CrossRef Google Scholar

Hrbácek, J., Dvorakova, M., Korinek, V. & Procházková, L. (1961). Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Limnologie, 14, 192–195Google Scholar

Huhta, A., Muotka, T., Juntunen, A. & Yrjönen, M. (1999). Behavioural interactions in stream food webs: the case of drift-feeding fish, predatory invertebrates and grazing mayflies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 917–927CrossRef Google Scholar

Irvine, K., Bales, M. T., Moss, B. & Snook, D. (1993). Trophic relationships in the ecosystem of a shallow, brackish lake – Hickling Broad, Norfolk, with special reference to the role of Neomysis integer Leach. Freshwater Biology, 29, 119–139CrossRef Google Scholar

Jackson, M. J. (1997). Sampling Methods for Studying Macroinvertebrates in the Littoral Vegetation of Shallow Lakes, Broads Authority Research Series no. 17. Norwich, UK: Broads Authority

Jackson, M. J. (1999). The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of the littoral zone of the Norfolk Broads 1977–1995. Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society, 32, 27–56Google Scholar

Jacobsen, D. & Sand-Jensen, K. (1992). Herbivory of invertebrates on submerged macrophytes from Danish freshwaters. Freshwater Biology, 28, 301–308CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnannsson, O. E., Rudstam, L. G. & Lasenby, D. C. (1994). Mysis relicta: assessment of metalimnetic feeding and implications for competition with fish in Lakes Ontario and Michigan. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51, 2591–2602CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnson, R. K., Boström, B. & Bund, W. (1989). Interactions between Chironomus plumosus (L.) and the microbial community in surficial sediments of a shallow, eutrophic lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 34, 993–1003CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnston, N. T., Perrin, C. J., Slaney, P. A. & Ward, B. R. (1990). Increased juvenile salmonid growth by whole-river fertilization. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47, 862–872CrossRef Google Scholar

Jones, J. I., Moss, B., Eaton, J. W. & Johnstone, O. Y. (2000). Do submerged aquatic plants influence periphyton community composition for the benefit of invertebrate mutualists? Freshwater Biology, 43, 591–604CrossRef Google Scholar

Jones, J. I., Johnstone O. Y., Eaton J. W. & Moss, B. (in press). The influence of nutrient loading, dissolved inorganic carbon and higher trophic levels on the interaction between submerged plants and periphyton. Journal of Ecology

Karr, J. R. & Chu, E. W. (1999). Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring. Washington, DC: Island Press

Kohler, S. L. (1992). Competition and the structure of a benthic stream community. Ecological Monographs, 62, 165–188CrossRef Google Scholar

Kornijow, R., Gulati, R. D. & Ozimek, T., (1995). Food preferences of freshwater invertebrates: comparing fresh and decomposed angiosperm and a filamentous alga. Freshwater Biology, 33, 205–212CrossRef Google Scholar

Lake, P. S. (2000). Disturbance, patchiness, and diversity in streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19, 573–592CrossRef Google Scholar

Lampert, W. H. (1993). Ultimate causes of diel vertical migration of zooplankton: new evidence for the predator-avoidance hypothesis. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 39, 79–88Google Scholar

Lancaster, J. (1999). Small-scale movements of lotic macroinvertebrates with variations in flow. Freshwater Biology, 41, 605–619CrossRef Google Scholar

Lancaster, J. & Hildrew, A. G. (1993). Flow refugia and the microdistribution of lotic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12, 385–393CrossRef Google Scholar

Lauridsen, T. L. & Buenk, I. (1996). Diel changes in the horizontal distribution of zooplankton in the littoral zone of two shallow lowland lakes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 137, 161–176Google Scholar

Lauridsen, T. L., Pedersen, L. J., Jeppesen, E. & S⊘ndergaard, M. (1997). The importance of macrophyte bed size for composition and horizontal migration of cladocerans in a shallow lake. Journal of Plankton Research, 18, 2283–2294CrossRef Google Scholar

Lawler, S. P. (1993). Species richness, species composition and population dynamics of protists in experimental microcosms. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 711–719CrossRef Google Scholar

Leibold, M. A. (1989). Resource edibility and the effects of predators and productivity on the outcome of trophic interactions. American Naturalist, 134, 922–949CrossRef Google Scholar

Lemly, A. D. & Hilderbrand, R. H. (2000). Influence of large woody debris on stream insect communities and benthic detritus. Hydrobiologia, 421, 179–185CrossRef Google Scholar

Levinton, J. S. (1995). Bioturbators as ecosystem engineers: control of the sediment fabric, inter-individual interactions, and material fluxes. In Linking Species and Ecosystems, eds. C. G. Jones & J. H. Lawton. London: pp. 29–36. Chapman & HallCrossRef

Lingdell, P.-E. & Engblom, E. (1995). Liming restores the benthic invertebrate community to ‘pristine’ state. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 955–960CrossRef Google Scholar

Lodge, D. M. & Kelly, P. (1985). Habitat disturbance and the stability of freshwater gastropod populations. Oecologia, 68, 111–117CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Martin, T. H., Crowder, L. B., Dumas, C. F. & Burkholder, J. M. (1992). Indirect effects of fish on macrophytes in Bays Mountain Lake: evidence for a littoral trophic cascade. Oecologia, 89, 476–481CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mason, C. F. (1977). Populations and production of benthic animals in two contrasting shallow lakes in Norfolk. Journal of Animal Ecology, 46, 147–172CrossRef Google Scholar

May, R. M. (1972). Will large complex systems be stable? Nature, 238, 413–414CrossRef Google Scholar

Means, J. L. & Hinchee, R. E. (eds.) (2000). Wetlands and Remediation: An International Conference, Salt Lake City, OH: Utah. Columbus, Batelle Press

Meijer, M.-L., Jeppensen, E., Donk, E., Moss, B., Scheffer, M., Lammense, E., Nes, E., Berkum, J. A., Jong, G. J., Faafeng, B. A. & Jensen, J. P. (1994a). Long-term responses to fish-stock reduction in small shallow lakes: interpretation of five-year results of four biomanipulation cases in The Netherlands and Denmark. Hydrobiologia, 275/276, 457–466CrossRef Google Scholar

Meijer, M.-L., Nes, E. H., Lammens, E. H. R. R. & Gulati, R. D. (1994b). The consequences of a drastic fish-stock reduction in the large and shallow Lake Wolderwijd, The Netherlands: can we understand what happened? Hydrobiologia, 276, 31–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Merritt, R. W., Wallace, J. R., Higgins, M. J., Alexander, M. K., Berg, M. B., Morgan, W. T., Cummins, K. W. & Vandeneeden, B. (1996). Procedures for the functional analysis of invertebrate communities of the Kissimmee River-floodplain ecosystem. Florida Scientist, 59, 216–274Google Scholar

Minshall, G. W. & Winger, P. V. (1968). The effect of reduction in stream flow on invertebrate drift. Ecology, 49, 580–582CrossRef Google Scholar

Morin, P. J. (2000). Community Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell

Moss, B. (1983). The Norfolk Broadland: experiments in the restoration of a complex wetland. Biological Review, 58, 521–561CrossRef Google Scholar

Moss, B., Stansfield, J. H., Irvine, K., Perrow, M. R. & Phillips, G. L. (1996). Progressive restoration of a shallow lake: a 12-year experiment in isolation, sediment removal and biomanipulation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 71–86CrossRef Google Scholar

Naeem, S. (1998). Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conservation Biology, 12, 39–45CrossRef Google Scholar

Nalepa, T. F. & Schloesser, D. W. (eds.) (1993). Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press

Newbold, J. D., Erman, D. C. & Roby, K. B. (1980). Effects of logging on macroinvertebrates in streams with and without buffer strips. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 1076–1085CrossRef Google Scholar

Nyström, P. & Strand, J. A. (1996) Grazing by a native and an exotic crayfish on aquatic macrophytes. Freshwater Biology, 36, 673–682CrossRef Google Scholar

Nyström, P., Brönmark, C. & Granéli, W. (1996). Patterns in benthic food webs: a role for omnivorous crayfish? Freshwater Biology, 36, 631–646CrossRef Google Scholar

O'Brien, W. J., Kettle, D. & Riessen, H. (1979). Helmets and invisible armour: structures reducing predation from tactile and visual planktivores. Ecology, 60, 287–294CrossRef Google Scholar

Ogilvie, S. C. & Mitchell, S. F. (1995). A model of mussel filtration in a shallow New Zealand lake with reference to eutrophication control. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 133, 471–482Google Scholar

Ormerod, S. J., Weatherley, N. S., Merrett, W. J., Gee, A. S. & Whitehead, P. G. (1990). Restoring acidified streams in upland Wales: a modelling comparison of the chemical and biological effects of liming and reduced sulphate deposition. Environmental Pollution, 64, 67–86CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Palmer, M. A., Covich, A. P., Finlay, B. J., Gibert, J., Hyde, K. D., Johnson, R. K., Kairesalo, T., Lake, S., Lovell, C. R., Naiman, R. J., Ricci, C., Sabater, F. & Strayer, D. (1997). Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in freshwater sediments. Ambio, 26, 571–577Google Scholar

Parsons, T. R. (1980). Zooplankton production. In Fundamentals of aquatic ecosystems, eds. R. S. K. Barnes & K. H. Mann, pp. 46–66. Oxford: Blackwell

Peckarsky, B. L. (1996). Alternative predator avoidance syndromes of stream-dwelling mayfly larvae. Ecology, 77, 1888–1905CrossRef Google Scholar

Pomeroy, L. R. (1980). Detritus and its role as a food source. In Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecosystems, eds. R. S. K. Barnes & K. H. Mann, pp. 84–102. Oxford: Blackwell

Power, M. E. (1992). Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs. Ecology, 73, 1675–1688CrossRef Google Scholar

Pringle, C. M., Blake, G. A., Covich, A. P., Buzby, K. M. & Finley, A. (1993). Effects of omnivorous shrimp in a montane tropical stream: sediment removal, disturbance of sessile invertebrates and enhancement of understory algal biomass. Oecologia, 93, 1–11CrossRef Google Scholar

Reeders, H. H. & Bij de Vaate, A. (1990). Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) a new perspective for water quality management. Hydrobiologia, 200/201, 437–450CrossRef Google Scholar

Rempel, L. L., Richardson, J. S. & Healey, M. C. (2000). Macroinvertebrate community structure along gradients of hydraulic and sedimentary conditions in a large gravel-bed river. Freshwater Biology, 45, 57–73CrossRef Google Scholar

Reynoldson, T. B., Bailey, R. C., Day, K. E. & Norris, R. H. (1995). Biological guidelines for freshwater sediment based on Benthic Assessment of Sediment (the BEAST) using a multivariate approach for predicting biological state. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20, 198–219CrossRef Google Scholar

Reynoldson, T. B., Norris, R. H., Resh, V. H., Day, K. E. & Rosenberg, D. M. (1997). The reference-condition: a comparison of multimetric and multivariate approaches to assess water-quality impairment using benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 16, 833–852CrossRef Google Scholar

Ricciardi, A., Neves, R. J. & Rasmussen, J. B. (1998). Impending extinctions of North American freshwater mussels (Unionoida) following the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 613–619CrossRef Google Scholar

Richardson, J. S. (1991). Seasonal food limitation of detritivores in a montane stream: an experimental test. Ecology, 72, 873–887CrossRef Google Scholar

Richardson, J. S. (1993). Limits to productivity in streams: evidence from studies of macroinvertebrates. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 118, 9–15Google Scholar

Richardson, J. S. & Mackay, R. J. (1991). Lake outlets and the distribution of filter feeders: an assessment of hypotheses. Oikos, 62, 370–380CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosenberg, D. M. & Resh, V. H. (eds.) (1993). Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New York: Chapman & Hall

Scheffer, M. (1998). Ecology of Shallow Lakes. London Chapman & Hall

Scheffer, M. & Jeppesen, E. (1998). Alternative stable states. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, Ma. S⊘ndergaard, Mo. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christoffersen, pp. 397–406. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Scheffer, M., Hosper, S. H., Meijer, M.-L., Moss, B. & Jeppesen, E. (1993) Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 275–279CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schutten, J. (2000). Predicting the hydraulic forces on submerged macrophytes from current velocity, biomass and morphologyOecologia, 123, 445–452CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shapiro, J. (1990). Biomanipulation: the next phase – making it stable. Hydrobiologia, 200/201, 13–27CrossRef Google Scholar

Shapiro, J., Lamarra, V. & Lynch, M. (1975). Biomanipulation: an ecosystem approach to lake restoration. In Proc oding of the Symp. osium on Water Quality Management through Biological Control, eds. P. L. Brezonik & J. L. Fox, pp. 85–89. Gainsville, FL: University of Florida Press

Smith, D. G. (1985). Recent range expansion of the freshwater mussel, Anodonta implicata, and its relationship to clupeid fish restoration in the Connecticut River system. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology, 4, 105–108CrossRef Google Scholar

Soluk, D. A. & Richardson, J. S. (1997). The role of stoneflies in enhancing growth of trout: a test of the importance of predator–predator facilitation within a stream community. Oikos, 80, 214–219CrossRef Google Scholar

Stansfield, J. H., Perrow, M. R., Tench, L. D., Jowitt, A. J. D. & Taylor, A. A. L. (1997). Submerged macrophytes as refuges for grazing cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure. Hydrobiologia, 342/343, 229–240CrossRef Google Scholar

Starnes, L. B. (1985). Aquatic community response to techniques utilized to reclaim eastern US coal surface mine-impacted streams. In The Restoration of Rivers and Streams: Theories and Experience, ed. J. A. Gore, pp. 193–222. Toronto, Canada: Butterworth

Statzner, B., Arens, M.-L., Champagne, J.-Y., Morel, R. & Herouin, E. (1999). Silk-producing stream insects and gravel erosion: significant biological effects on critical shear stress. Water Resources Research, 35, 3495–3506CrossRef Google Scholar

Statzner, B., Fiévet, E., Champagne, J.-Y., Morel, R., & Herouin, E. (2000). Crayfish as geomorphic agents and ecosystem engineers: biological behavior affects sand and gravel erosion in experimental streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 45, 1030–1040CrossRef Google Scholar

Strayer, D. L., Caraco, N. F., Cole, J. J., Findlay, S. & Pace, M. L. (1999). Transformation of freshwater ecosystems by bivalves. BioScience, 49, 19–27CrossRef Google Scholar

Stich, H. B. & Lampert, W. (1981). Predator evasion as an explanation of diurnal vertical migration of zooplankton. Nature, 293, 396–398CrossRef Google Scholar

Swanson, F. J., Johnson, S. L., Gregory, S. V. & Acker, S. A. (1998). Flood disturbance in a forested mountain landscape. BioScience, 48, 681–689CrossRef Google Scholar

Timms, R. M. & Moss, B. (1984). Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland system. Limnology and Oceanography, 29, 472–786CrossRef Google Scholar

Toth, L. A. (1993). The ecological basis of the Kissimmee River restoration plan. Florida Scientist, 56, 25–51Google Scholar

Toth, L. A. & Anderson, D. H. (1998). Developing expectations for ecosystem restoration. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 63, 122–134Google Scholar

Underwood, G. J. C. (1991). Growth enhancement of the macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum in the presence of the snail Planorbis planorbis: the effect of grazing and chemical conditioning. Freshwater Biology, 26, 325–334CrossRef Google Scholar

Underwood, G. J. C., Thomas, J. D. & Baker, J. H. (1992). An experimental investigation of interactions in snail–macrophyte–epiphyte systems. Oecologia, 91, 587–595CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Berg, M. S., Coops, H., Noordhuis, R., Schie, J. & Simons, J. (1997). Macroinvertebrate communities in relation to submerged vegetation in two Chara-dominated lakes. Hydrobiologia, 342/343, 143–150CrossRef Google Scholar

Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R. & Cushing, C. E. (1980). The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130–137CrossRef Google Scholar

Vaughn, C. C. & Taylor, C. M. (1999). Impoundments and the decline of freshwater mussels: a case study of an extinction gradient. Conservation Biology, 13, 912–920CrossRef Google Scholar

Wallace, J. B. & Webster, J. R. (1996). The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 115–139CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wallace, J. B., Cuffney, T. F., Webster, J. R., Lugthart, J. G., Chung, K., & Goldowitz, G. S. (1991). Export of fine particles from headwater streams: effects of season, extreme discharges, and invertebrate manipulation. Limnology and Oceanography, 36, 670–682CrossRef Google Scholar

Wallace, J. B., Whiles, M. R., Webster, J. R., Cuffney, T. F., Lugthart, G. J. & Chung, K. (1993). Dynamics of inorganic particles in headwater streams: linkages with invertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12, 112–125CrossRef Google Scholar

Wallace, J. B., Webster, J. R. & Meyer, J. L. (1995). Influence of log additions on physical and biotic characteristics of a mountain stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52, 2120–2137CrossRef Google Scholar

Wallace, J. B., Eggert, S. L., Meyer, J. L. & Webster, J. R. (1999). Effects of resource limitation on a detrital-based ecosystem. Ecological Monographs, 69, 409–442CrossRef Google Scholar

Wright, J. F. (1995). Development and use of a system for predicting the macroinvertebrate fauna in flowing waters. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20, 181–197CrossRef Google Scholar

Wooton, R. J. (1998). Ecology of Teleost Fishes. London: Chapman & Hall

Wootton, J. T., Parker, M. S. & Power, M. E. (1996). Effects of disturbance on river food webs. Science, 273, 1558–1561CrossRef Google Scholar

Wotton, R. S. (1987). Lake outlet blackflies: the dynamics of filter feeders at very high population densities. Holarctic Ecology, 10, 65–72Google Scholar

Wotton, R. S. & Malmqvist, B. (2001). Feces in aquatic ecosystems. BioScience, 51, 537–544CrossRef Google Scholar

Wotton, R. S., Malmqvist, B., Muotka, T. & Larsson, K. (1998). Fecal pellets from a dense aggregation of suspension-feeders in a stream: an example of ecosystem engineering. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 719–725CrossRef Google Scholar

Zanetell, B. A. & Peckarsky, B. L. (1996). Stoneflies as ecological engineers: hungry predators reduce fine sediments in stream beds. Freshwater Biology, 36, 569–577CrossRef Google Scholar

Zedler, J. B. (ed.) (2001). Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press

Book contents

16 - Aquatic invertebrates

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive