Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-07T10:21:57.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Skeleton key or siren song: is coping the answer to balancing work and well-being?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2009

Jaco Pienaar
Affiliation:
North-West University, South Africa
Katharina Naswall
Affiliation:
Stockholms Universitet
Johnny Hellgren
Affiliation:
Stockholms Universitet
Magnus Sverke
Affiliation:
Stockholms Universitet
Get access

Summary

That workplace stress exists and impacts on individual, organizational, and societal health is a commonly known fact. Stress has a significant economic impact on individuals and organizations (Danna and Griffin, 1999). Yet, if people perceive themselves as having the resources they require to meet the challenges they experience, they may suffer fewer negative consequences following exposure to said challenges, be they physiological or psychological (see Ganster and Fusilier, 1989). Coping has been described as an individual's ability to deal with stressful organizational situations, and been considered the variable that, in relation to its effectiveness, determines the degree of negative physiological and psychological consequences experienced (Bhagat et al., 2001; Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). The coping styles that individuals use in responding to experienced challenges are related to specific organizational aspects such as job satisfaction (Bhagat, Allie, and Ford, 1995), and general well-being (Greenglass, 1996). In every industry or profession, prescriptive regulatory systems and guidelines shape the meaning individuals attach to their work (Aneshensel, 1992; Lai, Chan, Ko, and Boey, 2000; Pearlin, 1999). In turn, this meaning may be expected to inform employees’ perceptions of work, influencing how they approach experienced challenges and accept certain coping strategies.

Work represents a unique context regarding the study of stress and coping (Brief and George, 1991), when compared to, for example, coping as found among hospital patients or professional athletes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology 18: 15–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anshel, M. H. and Wells, B. (2000). Personal and situational variables that describe coping with acute stress in competitive sport. Journal of Social Psychology 140: 434–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A., and Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, inter-role conflict, and well-being: the moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior 54: 259–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. American Psychologist 37: 122–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A.(1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. and Wood, R. E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 805–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Zur, H. (1999). The effectiveness of coping meta-strategies: perceived efficiency, emotional correlates and cognitive performance. Personality and Individual Differences 26: 923–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berghuis, J. P. and Stanton, A. L. (2002). Adjustment to a dyadic stressor: a longitudinal study of coping and depressive symptoms in infertile couples over an insemination attempt. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70: 433–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhagat, R. S., Allie, S. M., and Ford, D. L., Jr. (1995). Coping with stressful life events: an empirical analysis. In Crandall, R. and Perrewé, P. L. (eds.), Occupational stress: a handbook (pp. 93–112). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Bhagat, R. S., Ford, D. L., O' Driscoll, M. P., Frey, L., Babakus, E., and Mahanyele, M. (2001). Do South African managers cope differently from American managers? A cross-cultural investigation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 25: 301–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagat, S. R., O'Driscoll, M. P., Babakus, E., Frey, L., Chokkar, J., Ninokumar, B. H., Pate, L. E., Ryder, P. A., Jesus Gonzalez Fernandez, M., Ford, D. L., Jr., and Mahanyele, M. (1994). Organizational stress and coping in seven national contexts: a cross-cultural investigation. In Keita, G. P. and Hurrel, J. J. Jr. (eds.), Job stress in a changing workforce: investigating gender, diversity and family issues (pp. 93–105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billings, A. G. and Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4: 139–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorck, J. P. and Cohen, L. H. (1993). Coping with threats, losses and challenges. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 12: 56–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorck, J. P. and Klewicki, L. I. (1997). The effects of stressor type on projected coping. Journal of Traumatic Stress 10: 481–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brief, A. P. and George, J. M. (1991). Psychological stress and the workplace: a brief comment on Lazarus’ outlook. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6: 15–20.Google Scholar
Brough, P., O'Driscoll, M. O., and Kalliath, T. (2005). Confirmatory factor analysis of the cybernetic coping scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 78: 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S. and Gaines, J. G. (1987). Optimism, pessimism and post-partum depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 11: 449–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, C. S. and Scheier, M. F. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research 16: 201–28.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., and Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 267–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C. and Cheung, M. W. L. (2005). Cognitive processes underlying coping flexibility: differentiation and integration. Journal of Personality 73: 859–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S. W. and Heppner, P. P. (1997). A psychometric study of three coping measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement 57: 906–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, T. and Ferguson, E. (1991). Individual differences, stress and coping. In Cooper, C. L. and Payne, R. (eds.), Personality and stress: individual differences in the stress process. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. C. and Downey, G. (1991). Social factors and psychopathology: stress, social support and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology 42: 401–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coyne, J. C. and Smith, D. A. F. (1991). Couples coping with a myocardial infarction: a contextual perspective on wives’ distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 404–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danna, K. and Griffin, R. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management 25: 357–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, A. L. and Livingstone, H. A. (2001). Chronic and acute stressors among military personnel: do coping styles buffer their negative impact on health?Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 6: 348–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeFrank, R. S. and Ivancevich, J. M. (1998). Stress on the job: an executive update. Academy of Management Executives 12: 55–66.Google Scholar
DeLongis, A. and O'Brien, T. (1990). An interpersonal framework for stress and coping: an application to the families of Alzheimer's patients. In Stephens, M. A. P., Crowther, J. H., Hobfoll, S. E., and Tennenbaum, D. L. (eds.), Stress and coping in later life families (pp. 221–39). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Dewe, P., Cox, T., and Ferguson, E. (1993). Individual strategies for coping with stress and work: a review. Work and Stress 7: 5–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewe, P. and Guest, D. (1990). Methods of coping with stress at work: a conceptual analysis and empirical study of measurement issues. Journal of Organizational Behavior 11: 135–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J. R. and Baglioni, A. J., Jr. (1993). Empirical versus theoretical approaches to the measurement of coping: a comparison using the ways of coping questionnaire and the cybernetic coping scale. In Dewe, P., Cox, T., and Leiter, M. (eds.), Coping and health in organizations (pp. 29–50). London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Endler, N. S. and Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS): manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Evans, B. J., Coman, G. J., Stanley, R. O., and Burrows, G. D. (1993). Police officers’ coping strategies: an Australian police survey. Stress Medicine 9: 237–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, E. (2001). Personality and coping traits: a joint factor analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology 6: 311–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleishman, J. A. (1984). Personality characteristics and coping patterns. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 25: 229–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21: 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R. S.(1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 466–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forsythe, C. J. and Compas, B. E. (1987). Interaction of cognitive appraisals of stressful events and coping: testing the goodness of fit hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 11: 473–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gall, T. L., Charbonneau, C., Clarke, N. H., Grant, K., Joseph, A., and Shouldice, L. (2005). Understanding the nature and role of spirituality in relation to coping and health: a conceptual framework. Canadian Psychology 46: 88–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganster, D. C. and Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. T. (eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 235–80). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Ganzevoort, R. R. (1998). Religious coping reconsidered, part one: an integrated approach. Journal of Psychology and Theology 26: 260–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnefski, N., Baan, N., and Kraaij, V. (2005). Psychological distress and cognitive emotion regulation strategies among farmers who fell victim to the foot-and-mouth crisis. Personality and Individual Differences 38: 1317–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianakos, I. (2000). Gender roles and coping with work stress. Sex Roles 42: 1059–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenglass, E. R. (1993). The contribution of social support to coping strategies. Applied Psychology: An International Review 42: 323–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenglass, E. R.(1995). Gender, work stress, and coping: theoretical implications. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 10: 121–34.Google Scholar
Greenglass, E. R.(1996). Anger suppression, cynical distrust, and hostility: Implications for coronary heart disease. In Brebner, J. M. T., Greenglass, E., Laungani, P., and O'Roark, A. M. (eds.), Stress and emotion (vol. 16, pp. 205–25). Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J., and Headey, B. (1995). Police stress and well-being: integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 68: 133–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaney, C. A., House, J. S., Israel, B. A., and Mero, R. P. (1997). The relationship of organizational and social coping resources to employee coping behaviour: a longitudinal analysis. Work and Stress 9: 416–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. and Vaux, A. (1993). Social support: resources and context. In Goldberger, L. and Breznitz, S. (eds.), Handbook of stress: theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 685–705). New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., and Cooper, C. L. (1997). Do resources bolster coping and does coping buffer stress? An organizational study with longitudinal aspect and control for negative affectivity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2: 118–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., Cooper, C. L., and Jemal, H. (1996). Health behaviours reported as coping strategies: a factor analytical study. British Journal of Health Psychology 1: 263–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, R. L. and Byosiere, P. H. (1992). Stress in organizations. In Dunette, M. and Hough, L. M. (eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (vol. 3, pp. 571–650). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Kallasmaa, T. and Pulver, A. (2000). The structure and properties of the Estonian COPE inventory. Personality and Individual Differences 29: 881–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koeske, G. F., Kirk, S. A., and Koeske, R. D. (1993). Coping with job stress: which strategies work best?Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 66: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalski, K. C. and Crocker, P. R. E. (2001). Development and validation of the Coping Function Questionnaire for adolescents in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 23: 136–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, G., Chan, K. B., Ko, Y. C., and Boey, K. W. (2000). Institutional context and stress appraisal: the experience of life insurance agents in Singapore. African and Asian Studies 35: 209–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latack, J. C. (1986). Coping with work stress: measures and future directions for scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology 71: 377–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Psychological stress in the workplace. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6: 1–13.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S.(1996). The role of coping in the emotions and how coping changes over the life course. In Magai, C. and McFadden, S. H. (eds.), Handbook of emotion, adult development, and aging (pp. 289–306). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. and Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and environment. London: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, J. and Chatters, L. (1998). Research on religion and mental health: an overview of empirical findings and theoretical issues. In Koenig, H. G. (ed.), Handbook of religion and mental health (pp. 33–50). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Locke, E. A. and Taylor, M. S. (1990). Stress, coping, and the meaning of work. In Brief, A. and Nord, W. R. (eds.), Meanings of occupational work (pp. 135–70). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. (1984). Situational determinants of coping responses: loss, threat, and challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46: 919–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R.(1989). Age differences and changes in the use of coping mechanisms. Journal of Gerontology 44: 161–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. (1986). Personality, coping and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality 84: 385–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, T. B. and DeLongis, A. (1996). The interactional context of problem-, emotion-, and relationship-focused coping: the role of the big five personality factors. Journal of Personality 64: 775–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osipow, S. H. and Spokane, A. R. (1984). Measuring occupational stress, strain and coping. Applied Social Psychology Annual 5: 67–86.Google Scholar
Oxlad, M., Miller-Lewis, L., and Wade, T. D. (2004). The measurement of coping responses: validity of the Billings and Moos Coping Checklist. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57: 477–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Oxman, T. E., Freeman, D. H., and Manheimer, E. D. (1995). Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosomatic Medicine 57: 5–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, G. L. and Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology 1: 115–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, K. R. (1986). Coping in stressful episodes: the role of individual differences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1277–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkes, K. R.(1990). Coping, negative affectivity and the work environment: additive and interactive predictors of mental health. Journal of Applied Psychology 75: 399–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. T. (2000). Demographic factors as predictors of coping strategies among police officers. Psychological Reports 87: 275–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearlin, L. I. (1999). Stress and mental health. A conceptual overview. In Horwitz, A. V. and Scheid, T. L. (eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health (pp. 161–75). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phelps, S. B. and Jarvis, P. A. (1994). Coping in adolescence: empirical evidence for a theoretically based approach to coping. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 23: 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pienaar, J. and Rothmann, S. (2003). Coping strategies in the South African Police Service. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology 29: 81–90.Google Scholar
Roth, S. and Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist 41: 813–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotondo, D. M., Carlson, D. S., and Kincaid, J. F. (2003). Coping with multiple dimensions of work–family conflict. Personnel Review 32: 275–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 80: 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotter, J. B.(1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43: 56–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaubroeck, J., Jones, J. R., and Xie, J. L. (2001). Individual differences in utilizing control to cope with job demands: effects of susceptibility to infection disease. Journal of Applied Psychology 86: 265–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheier, M. F. and Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology 4: 219–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheier, M. F., Magovern, G. J., Abbott, R. A., Matthews, K. L., Owens, J. F., Lefebvre, R. C., and Carver, C. S. (1989). Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: the beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 1024–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuler, R. S. (1985). Integrative transactional process model of coping with stress in organizations. In Beehr, T. and Bhagat, R. (eds.), Human stress and cognition in organizations: an integrated perspective (pp. 347–74). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Schwarzer, R. and Fuchs, R. (1996). Self-efficacy and health behaviors. In Conner, M. and Norman, P. (eds.), Predicting health behavior: research and practice with social cognition models (pp. 163–96). Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Siu, O., Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L., Lu, L., and Yu, S. (2002). Managerial stress in Greater China: the direct and moderator effects of coping strategies and work locus of control. Applied Psychology: An International Review 51: 608–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, D. L., Swan, S. C., Raghavan, C., Connell, C. M., and Klein, I. (2003). The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employees. Work and Stress 17: 241–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, P. E. and O'Connell, B. J. (1994). The contribution of personality traits, negative affectivity, locus of control and Type A to the subsequent reports of job stressors and strains. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 67: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., and Ellis, A. P. (1994). Coping through emotional approach: problems of conceptualization and confounding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66: 350–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., and Danoff-Burg, S. (2000). Coping through emotional approach: scale construction and validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78: 1150–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, A. L., Parsa, A., and Austenfeld, J. L. (2002). The adaptive potential of coping through emotional approach. In Snyder, C. R. and Lopez, S. J. (eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 148–58). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Suls, J., David, J. P., and Harvey, J. H. (1996). Personality and coping: three generations of research. Journal of Personality 64: 711–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulsky, L. and Smith, C. (2005). Workstress. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Terry, D. J., Callan, V. J., and Sartori, G. (1996). Employee adjustment to an organizational merger: stress, coping and inter-group differences. Stress Medicine 12: 105–22.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, D. J. and Hynes, G. J. (1998). Adjustment to a low-control situation: re-examining the role of coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 1078–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thongsukmag, J. (2003). Fear in the workplace: the relationship among sex, self-efficacy, and coping strategies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church, VA.
Violanti, J. M. (1992). Coping strategies among police recruits in a high-stress training environment. Journal of Social Psychology 132: 717–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Violanti, J. M., Marshall, J. R., and Howe, B. (1985). Stress, coping, and alcohol use: the police connection. Journal of Police Science and Administration 13: 106–10.Google Scholar
Vitaliano, P., DeWolfe, D. J., Maiuro, R. D., Russo, J., and Katon, W. (1990). Appraised changeability of a stressor as a modifier of the relationship between coping and depression: a test of the hypothesis of fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 582–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. and Hubbard, B. (1996). Adaptational style and dispositional structure: coping in the context of the Five-Factor model. Journal of Personality 64: 737–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, R. E. and Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision-making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 407–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeidner, M. and Ben-Zur, H. (1994). Individual differences in anxiety, coping, and post-traumatic stress in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War. Personality and Individual Differences 16: 459–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeidner, M. and Hammer, A. L. (1992). Coping with missile attack: resources, strategies, and outcomes. Journal of Personality 60: 709–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×