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9 - Measuring techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2015

Alison Lewis ,
Marcelo Seckler ,
Herman Kramer  and
Gerda van Rosmalen
Alison Lewis
Affiliation:
University of Cape Town
Marcelo Seckler
Affiliation:
Universidade de São Paulo
Herman Kramer
Affiliation:
Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
Gerda van Rosmalen
Affiliation:
Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
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Summary

Why this chapter is important

Industrial crystallizers may be seen as devices that create a certain level of supersaturation as the driving force for the generation of the product crystals. Measurement of the supersaturation is therefore of paramount importance to control crystallization processes, as it determines the mechanisms and the rates of elementary crystallization processes such as nucleation, crystal growth and agglomeration. These elementary processes eventually lead to the formation of crystals of a wide spectrum of sizes. The so-called crystal size distribution (CSD), or more generally particle size distribution (PSD), is also a very important product characteristic that not only determines the performance of the crystalline product, but also the efficiency of the downstream processes like filtration and drying, as well as product stability during storage, as explained in Chapter 2.

In this chapter, you will learn various techniques used to measure the supersaturation and the CSD/PSD. In addition, you will have the knowledge to select the most convenient measuring technique according to a given measuring objective and crystallization system. With these tools, you will be able to understand and improve the process as well as the product quality of an industrial crystallization process.

Sampling and dilution procedures

Process measurements can be classified according to the sampling procedure: (a) inline, with a probe inserted in the process; (b) online, recirculating a side stream between the process and the instrument; (c) offline, in a laboratory. In the latter two procedures, a suspension sample must be withdrawn from the crystallizer, diluted and sometimes separated into solids and pure liquid. For the solids characterization, careful attention has to be paid to these procedures; otherwise the measurements are drastically affected (Allen, 2003, Gerla, 1995, Jager, 1990).

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Chapter
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Industrial Crystallization
Fundamentals and Applications
 , pp. 192 - 209
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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