Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-w5vf4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-07T17:44:56.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

PART II - OVERVIEW: INTERNATIONAL CRIME

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2019

Edited by
Mangai Natarajan
Mangai Natarajan
Affiliation:
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
International and Transnational Crime and Justice , pp. 317 - 460
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.). (1994). Genocide: Conceptual and historical dimensions. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Andreopoulos, G. J. (2002). On the prevention of genocide: Humanitarian intervention and the role of the United Nations. In Andreopoulos, G. J. (Ed.), Concepts and strategies in international human rights. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Andreopoulos, G. J. (2014). The turn to “protection”: International human rights law/international humanitarian law and the implications of their convergence. In Carey, H. F. & Mitchell, S. M. (Eds.), Understanding international law through moot courts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Cassese, A. (2003). International criminal law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, J.-M. & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary international humanitarian law. Volume I: Rules. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (ICJ). (2007). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) Judgment.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (ICJ). (2015). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) Judgment.Google Scholar
Kaldor, M. (2007). New & old wars: Organized violence in a global era. Second Edition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Meron, T. (1998). War crimes law comes of age. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mettraux, G. (2006). International crimes and the ad hoc tribunals. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’ Keefe, R. (2006). The protection of cultural property in armed conflict. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Tadic, IT-94–1, Appeals Chamber. (1995). Decision on the defense motion for interlocutory appeal on jurisdiction.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98–33-T. (2001). Judgment.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac, and Zoran Vukovic, IT-96–23-T & IT-96–23/1-T. (2001). Judgment.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalic, Zdravko Mucic (aka. “Pavo”), Hazim Delic, and Esad Landzo (aka. “Zenga”). Celebici Case. IT-96–21-A. (2001).Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Mitar Vasiljevic, IT-98–32-T. (2002). Judgment.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, and Hassan Ngeze, ICTR-99–52-T. (2003). Judgment and Sentence.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, IT-01-42-T. (2005, January 31). Judgment.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, IT-01-42-A. (2008, July 17). Public Judgment.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. (2017). Power and principle: The politics of international criminal courts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schabas, W. (2004). An introduction to the international criminal court. Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Situation In The Republic Of Mali. In The Case Of Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, ICC-01/12-01/15. (2016, September 27). Public Judgment and Sentence.Google Scholar
Situation in Darfur, Sudan. The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, ICC-02/05-01/09. Case Information Sheet. (2018, April).Google Scholar
Van Schaack, B. (1999). The definition of crimes against humanity: Resolving the incoherence. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37(3), 787–850.Google Scholar

FURTHER READING

Applebaum, A. (2017). Red famine: Stalin’s war on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Bartov, O. (2003). Germany’s war and the Holocaust: Disputed histories. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bloxham, D. (2001). Genocide on trial: War crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust history and memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellately, R. & Kiernan, B. (Eds.). (2003). The specter of genocide: Mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Greenhill, K. & Krause, P. (2018). Coercion: The power to hurt in international politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hafetz, J. (2018). Punishing atrocities through a fair trial: International criminal law from Nuremberg to the age of global terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heberer, P & Jürgen, M. (Eds.). (2008). Atrocities on trial: Historical perspectives on the politics of prosecuting war crimes. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lincoln, NE: Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Hornstein, S. & Florence, J. (Eds.). (2003). Image and remembrance: Representation and the Holocaust. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lang, B. (2017). Genocide: The act as idea. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Powers, S. (2002). A problem from Hell: America and the age of genocide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Stanton, G. (n.d.) The eight stages of genocide. Retrieved from www.tamilnation.org/indictment/eight_stages_of_genocide.htm.Google Scholar
Sarkin, J. (2009). Colonial genocide and reparations claims in the 21st century: The socio-legal context of claims under international law by the Herero against Germany for genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Anderson, M. B. & Wallace, M. (2013). Opting out of war: Strategies to prevent violent conflict. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Fein, H. (1993). Genocide: A sociological perspective. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Finkel, J. P. (Ed.). (2018). Global approaches to atrocity prevention: Theory, practice, and the state of the field. [Special issue] Genocide Studies and Prevention, 11(3), 4.Google Scholar
Harff, B. & Gurr, T. (1988). Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides: Identification and measurement of cases since 1945. International Studies Quarterly, 32(3), 359–371.Google Scholar
Hinton, A. L. (Ed). (2002). Annihilating difference: The anthropology of genocide. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Irvin-Erickson, D., La Pointe, T., & Hinton, A. L. (2014). Hidden genocides: Power, knowledge, memory. In Hinton, A. L, La Pointe, T., Irvin-Erickson, & D. (Eds.), Hidden genocides: Power, knowledge, memory (pp. 1–18). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Kuper, L. (1981). Genocide: Its political use in the twentieth century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Luck, E. C. (2018). Why the United Nations underperforms at preventing mass atrocities. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 11(3), 32–47.Google Scholar
Manojlovic, B., Ogata, T., & Bartoli, A. (Eds.). (2016). Towards the prevention of genocide. [Special issue] Genocide Studies and Prevention, 9(3), 4–12.Google Scholar
Moix, B. (2016) Turning atrocity prevention inside-out: Community-based approaches to preventing, protecting, and recovering from mass violence. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 9(3), 59–69.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, S. (2012). Genocide is a process, not an event. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 7(1), 16–24.Google Scholar
Rummel, R. J. (1994). Death by government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Scheffer, D. (2006). Genocide and atrocity crimes. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 1(3), 229–250.Google Scholar
Stanton, G. (2016). The ten stages of genocide. Genocide Watch. Retrieved from http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/8-stages-of-genocide/.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2016). Foundations of genocide and mass atrocity prevention. Washington, DC: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Google Scholar

FURTHER READING

Bellamy, A. J. & Dunne, T. (Eds.). (2016). The Oxford handbook of the responsibility to protect. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waller, J. (2016). Confronting evil: Engaging our responsibility to prevent genocide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Bantekas, I. & Nash, S. (2007). International criminal law. Third Edition. London: Routledge-Cavendish,Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. C. (2008). International criminal law: Sources, subjects & contents. Third Edition. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
DunlapJr., C. J. (2001). Law and military interventions: Preserving humanitarian values in 21st century conflicts. Humanitarian Challenges in Military Intervention Conference. Washington, DC: Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Engle, K. (2005). Feminism and its (dis) contents: Criminalizing wartime rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina. American Journal of International Law, 99, 779–815.Google Scholar
Ginsburgs, G. (1964) Wars of national liberation and the modern law of nations: The Soviet thesis. Law and Contemporary Problems, 29, 910–942.Google Scholar
International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor. (2006). Open letter from Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo. Retrieved from www2.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/-F596D08D-D810-43A2-99BB-B899B9C5BCD2/277422/OTP_letter_to_senders_re-_Iraq_9_February_2006.pdf.Google Scholar
Jochnick, C. & Normand, R. (1994). The legitimization of violence: A critical history of the laws of war. Harvard International Law Journal, 35(1), 49–96.Google Scholar
Lieber, F. (1983). Lieber’s Code and the law of war. Chicago: Precedent Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar
Meron, T. (1993). Rape as a crime under international humanitarian law. American Journal of International Law, 87(3), 424–428.Google Scholar
Office of the President. (1987, January 29). Message to the Senate transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Retrieved from www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/sp-eeches/1987/012987B.htm.Google Scholar
Provost, R. (2002). International human rights and humanitarian law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seddon, A. Letters to the Confederate Secretary of War, to Ould, denouncing the General Orders, No. 100 (June 24, 1863). Reprinted in Hartigan, R. S. (1983). Lieber's Code and the law of war. Precedent.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

African National Congress (ANC). (1987, December 1–4). The illegitimacy of the Apartheid regime, the right to struggle against it, and the status of the African National Congress. Statement from the ANC Arusha Conference. Retrieved from www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/acrime.html.Google Scholar
Nixon, R. (2013). Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Omond, R. (1985). The Apartheid handbook. Middlesex: Penguin.Google Scholar
Pratt, M. (1991). Arts of the contact zone. Profession, 33–40. Retrieved from www.jstor.org.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/stable/25595469.Google Scholar
Thompson, L. (2000). A history of South Africa. Third Edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR). (1973, November 30). International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201015/volume-1015-I-14861-English.pdf.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

African National Congress (ANC). www.anc1912.org.za.Google Scholar
BBC country profile for South Africa. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1071886.stm.Google Scholar
Center for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. www.csvr.org.za.Google Scholar
Mail & Guardian newspaper. www.mg.co.za.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission. www.justice.gov.za/trc/.Google Scholar

FURTHER READING

Barriga, S. & Grover, L. (2011). A historic breakthrough on the crime of aggression. American Journal of International Law, 105, 517–533.Google Scholar
Barriga, S. & Kreß, C. (2012). The travaux préparatoires of the crime of aggression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferencz, B. (1975). Defining international aggression – the search for world peace: A documentary history and analysis. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publishers.Google Scholar
Kreß, C. & Barriga, S. (2016). The crime of aggression – a commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McDougall, C. (2013). The crime of aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Kingdom House of Lords. (2006). R. v. Jones et al., UKHL 16. Retrieved from www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldjudgmt/jd060329/jones.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. (2003). Historical review of developments relating to aggression. Retrieved from www.ods.un.org as Doc. Nr. PCNICC/2002/ WGCA/L.1.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Bradshaw, E. (2015). Blacking out the Gulf: State-corporate environmental crime and the response to the 2010 BP oil spill. In Barak, G. (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of the crimes of the powerful (chapter 25). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chambliss, W. J. (1989). State-organized crime. The American Society of Criminology, 1988 Presidential Address. Criminology, 27(2), 183–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrichs, D. (2015). Crimes of the powerful and the definition of crime. In Barak, G. (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of the crimes of the powerful (chapter 3). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kramer, R. & Michalowski, R. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of state-corporate crime. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Passas, N. (2005) Lawful but awful: “Legal Corporate Crimes”. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 34, 771–786.Google Scholar
Rothe, D. L. & Kauzlarich, D. (2016). Crimes of the powerful: An introduction. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sutherland, E. (1940). White-collar criminality. American Sociological Review, 5(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Schwendinger, H. & Schwendinger, J. (1970). Defenders of order or guardians of human rights? Issues in Criminology, 5, 123–137.Google Scholar
Twyman-Ghoshal, A. (2012). Understanding contemporary maritime piracy. Criminology and Justice Policy Doctoral Dissertations. Paper 7. Retrieved from http://iris.lib.neu.edu/criminology_diss/7/.Google Scholar
Twyman-Ghoshal, A. & Passas, N. (2015). State and corporate drivers of global dysnomie: Horrendous crimes and the law. In Barak, G. (Ed.), The Routledge international handbook of the crimes of the powerful (chapter 6). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

Amnesty International. www.amnesty.org/en/.

Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org.

International State Crime Initiative. http://statecrime.org/about-isci/about-state-crime/.

REFERENCES

Adler, F. (1975). Sisters in crime: The rise of the new criminal. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. & Bennett, R. (1996). Development, gender and crime: The scope of the routine activities approach. Justice Quarterly, 19, 499–513.Google Scholar
Bastick, M., Grimm, K., & Kunz, R., (2007). Sexual violence in armed conflict: A global overview and implications for the security sector. Geneva: DCAF.Google Scholar
Brown, S. E. (2014). Female perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16(3), 448–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.Google Scholar
Harper, R. L., Harper, G. C., & Stockdale, J. E., (2002). The role and sentencing of women in drug trafficking. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 101–104.Google Scholar
Kangaspunta, K. (2008). Women traffickers. UNODC. www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/vf/traffickerworkshop/women%20traffickers.pdf.Google Scholar
Kleemans, E., Kruisbergen, E., & Kouwenberg, R. (2014). Women, brokerage and transnational organized crime. Empirical results from the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor. Trends in Organized Crime, 17(1/2), 16–30.Google Scholar
Natarajan, M. (2008). Women police in a changing society: Back door to equality. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. & Allan, E. (1996). Gender and crime: Toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459–487.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. & Emilie, A. (1996). Gender and crime: toward a gendered theory of female offending. Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations. (2000). Women in the criminal justice system. Retrieved from www.uncjin.org/Documents/congr10/12e.pdf.Google Scholar
Weinberg, L. & Eubank, W. (2011). Women’s involvement in terrorism. Gender Issues, 28(1/2), 22–49.Google Scholar
World Prison Brief. (2017). World female imprisonment list. Retrieved from www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/world_female_prison_4th_edn_v4_web.pdf.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283–294.Google Scholar
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.Google Scholar
Perova, E. & Reynolds, S. A. (2017). Women’s police stations and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 174, 188–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natarajan, M. (Ed). (2007). Domestic violence: The five big questions. International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Penology. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Natarajan, M. (2010). Gendered crime prevention: The role of women police stations in India and Brazil. Individual Expert Report, Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, 12–19, 2010.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: WHO Library.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Global status report on violence prevention 2014 (First Edition, pp. 1–290, Reprint). Geneva: WHO Library.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2010). Handbook on effective police responses to violence against women (E.10.IV.3, pp. 1–95). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
UN Women’s Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence against Women and Girls. (2015, April). Criminal justice system response to domestic violence. Retrieved from www.stopvaw.org/criminal_justice_system_response_to_domestic_violence.Google Scholar
Walker, L. E. (1979). The battered woman. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Details of case stories can be obtained from the following references listed below:

Case 1. Hildebrand, J. (2002, January 31). “Honour” killing in Sweden silences courageous voice on ethnic integration. Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2002/jan/31/guardianweekly.guardianweekly1.

Case 2. Singh, A. (2011, September 3). Manoj-Babli honour killing. The Times of India. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manoj-Babli-honour-killing-SC-allows-plea-against-acquittal-of-accused/articleshow/9844060.cms.

Case 3. Government of Canada. (2016, December 30). Preliminary examination of so-called “honour killings” in Canada. US Department of Justice. Retrieved from www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/hk-ch/p2.html.

Case 4. Ali, A. (2015, April 30). Honor killings in America. The Atlantic. Retrieved from

www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/honor-killings-in-america/391760/.

Case 5. Ansari, A. & Saifi, S. (2016, June 2). Pakistani woman dies after being set on fire for rejecting marriage proposal. CNN. Retrieved from www.cnn.com/2016/06/01/asia/pakistan-woman-fire-death/index.html.

Begum, P. (2016). Should “forced marriage” be criminalised? London: Howard League for Penal Reform.Google Scholar
Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64, 151–167.Google Scholar
Chesler, P. (2010). Are honour killings simply domestic violence? Middle East Quarterly, 16(2), 61–69.Google Scholar
Cohen, E. L. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.Google Scholar
Cornish, B. D & Clarke, V.G. R. (1986). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Curtis, R., Delgado, S., Misshula, E., Henninger, A., Alsabahi, L., Hanna, E., Robbins-Stathas, L., Begum, P., & Marcus, A. (2014). A comparative approach to estimating the annual number of honor killings in the United States among people from North African, Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian (MENASA) countries. New York: AHA Foundation.Google Scholar
Doğan, R. (2016). The dynamics of honor killings and the perpetrators’ experiences. Homicide Studies, 20(1), 53–79.Google Scholar
Gill, A. K., Strange, C., & Roberts, K. (2014). Honour killing and violence. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hayes, B. E. Mills, C. E, Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2018). Are honor killings unique? A comparison of honor killings, domestic violence homicides, and hate homicides by far-right extremists. Homicide Studies, 22(1), 70–93.Google Scholar
Helba, C., Bernstein, M., Leonard, M., & Bauer, E. (2015). Report on exploratory study into honor violence measurement methods. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Hindelang, M. J., Gottfredson, M. R., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. (1969 [1998]). A control theory of delinquency. In F. P. Williams & Marilyn D. McShane (Eds.), Criminology theory: Selected classic readings (pp. 289–305). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.Google Scholar
Keskinen, S. (2009). “Honour-related violence” and Nordic nation-building. In Keskinen, S., Tuori, S., Imi, S., & Mulinari, D. (Eds.), Complying with colonialism: Gender, race and ethnicity in the nordic region (pp. 257–272). Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Mulvihill, N., Gangoli, G., Gill, A. K., & Hester, M. (2018). The experience of interactional justice for victims of “honour”-based violence and abuse reporting to the police in England and Wales. Policing and Society. doi:10.1080/10439463.2018.1427745.Google Scholar
Natarajan, M. (2014). Differences between intentional and non-intentional burn injuries in India: Implications for prevention. Burns, 40, 1033–1039.Google Scholar
Netherlands Report. (n.d). Retrieved from www.government.nl/topics/honour-based-violence/question-and-answer/what-forms-of-honour-based-violence-are-there.Google Scholar
Payton, J. (2014). “Honor,” collectivity, and agnation: emerging risk factors in “honor”-based violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(16), 2863–2883.Google Scholar
Sellin, T. (1938). Culture conflict and crime. American Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 97–103.Google Scholar
Srivastava, R. (2018). India’s child marriage numbers drop sharply, driving down global rate. UNICEF. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/article/us-india-gender-child-marriage/indias-child-marriage-numbers-drop-sharply-driving-down-global-rate-unicef-idUSKBN1GI03F.Google Scholar
Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of criminology. Fourth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Sykes, G. M. & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664–670.Google Scholar
Tahirih Justice Center. (2011). Forced marriage in immigrant communities in the United States 2011 National Survey Results. Retrieved from www.tahirih.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/REPORT.Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2000). Annual report UNFPA. Retrieved from www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/annual_report00_eng.pdf.Google Scholar
Weis, K. & Borges, S. S. (1973). Victimology and rape: The case of the legitimate victim. Issues in Criminology, 8(2), 71–115.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (Eds.), Advances in applied developmental psychology: Child abuse, child development, and social policy (pp. 7–74). Norwood, NY: Ablex.Google Scholar
Fallon, B., Filippelli, J., Black, T., Trocme, N., & Esposito, T. (2017). How can data drive policy and practice in child welfare? Making the link in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 1223.Google Scholar
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., & Mercy, J. A. (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 156–165.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 149–166.Google Scholar
Fry, D., McCoy, A., & Swales, D. (2012). The consequences of maltreatment on children’s lives: A systematic review of data from the East Asia and Pacific Region. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 13(4), 209–233.Google Scholar
Herrenkohl., T. I., Leeb, R. T., & Higgins, D. (2016). The public health model of child maltreatment prevention. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 17(4), 363–365.Google Scholar
Hurren, E., Stewart, A., & Dennison, S. (2017). New methods to address old challenges: The use of administrative data for longitudinal replication studies of child maltreatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 1066.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC). (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Malvaso, C. G., Delfabbro, P. H., & Day, A. (2016). Risk factors that influence the maltreatment-offending association: A systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 1–15.Google Scholar
Manly, J. T. (2005). Advances in research definitions of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 425–439.Google Scholar
Mikton, C. & Butchart, A. (2009). Child maltreatment prevention: A systematic review of reviews. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 353–361.Google Scholar
National Research Council (NRC). (1993). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Scott, D., Lonne, B., & Higgins, D. (2016). Public health models for preventing child maltreatment: Applications from the field of injury prevention. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 17(4), 408–419.Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24, 37–50.Google Scholar
Thornberry, T. P., Knight, K. E., & Lovegrove, P. J. (2012). Does maltreatment beget maltreatment? A systematic review of the intergenerational literature. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 13(3), 135–152.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160–166.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & DuMont, K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Real or detection bias? Science, 347(6229), 1480–1485.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. www.ispcan.org/.

UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner – Convention on the Rights of the Child. www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx.

WHO. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment.

REFERENCES

Coalition for the International Criminal Court. (2015–2016). Balancing redress in eastern Congo. The Global Justice Monitor, 47, 10.Google Scholar
Drumbl, M. A. (2012). Reimagining child soldiers in international law and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Criminal Court (ICC) Office of the Prosecutor. (2016). Policy on children. The Hague: International Criminal Court.Google Scholar
Leveau, F. (2013). Liability of child soldiers under international criminal law. Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy, 4(1), 36–66.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2009). Progress for children: A report card on child protection. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2014). Ending violence against children: Six strategies for action | #ENDviolence. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2017). A child is a child: Protecting children on the move from violence, abuse, and exploitation. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2018). Gender-based violence in emergencies. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. (2006). Rights of the child. New York: United Nations Organization.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. (2017). Children and armed conflict – report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations Organization.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Clark, R. S. (1994). The United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Program: Formulation of standards and efforts at their implementation (Vol. 20). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Podgor, E. S., Clark, R. S., & Dervan, L.E. (2016). International criminal law: Cases and materials, fourth edition. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. (2006). Compendium of United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from www.unodc.org/pdf/compendium/compendium_2006_cover.pdf.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme (ISPAC). ispac.cnpds.org.

International Scientific and Professional Advisory Council of the UN

Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. www.ohchr.org.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. www.unodc.org.

REFERENCES

Bassiouni, M. C. (2014). Crimes against humanity: Historical evolution and contemporary application. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Browne-Marshall, G. (2013). Race, law, and American society: 1607 to present. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cabanes, B. (2014). The Great War and the origins of humanitarianism: 1918–1924. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, E. & Pert, A. (2015). International humanitarian law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hauck, P. & Peterke, S. (2016). International law and transnational organized crime. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kittichaisaree, K. (2018). The obligation to extradite or prosecute. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mertus, J. (2018). The United Nations and human rights: A guide for a new era. Third Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nollkaemper, A. (2012). National courts and the international rule of law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

WEBSITE

United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Home.aspx?lang=en.

REFERENCES

Bradley, C. A. (2002, May). US announces intent not to ratify International Criminal Court treaty. The American Society of International Law Insights. Retrieved from www.asil.org/insights/insigh87.htm.Google Scholar
Clark, R. (2005). Challenges confronting the assembly of states parties of the International Criminal Court. In Vetere, E. & David, P. (Eds.), Victims of crime and abuse of power: Festschrift in honour of Irene Melup (p. 141). Bangkok: 11th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.Google Scholar
Kress, C. (2003). Symposium. The procedural law of the International Criminal Court in outline: Anatomy of a unique compromise. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1(3), 603–617.Google Scholar
Pillay, N. (2008). Gender justice at the ICC. Plenary Speech at the John Jays’ Eighth International Conference, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Sadat, L. (2002). The International Criminal Court and the transformation of international law: Justice for the new millennium. New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Wouters, J., Verhoeven, S., & Demeyere, B. (2008). The International Criminal Court’s Office of the Prosecutor: Navigating between independence and accountability? International Criminal Law Review, 8(1/2), 273–317.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

REFERENCES

Hagan, J. & Rymond-Richmond, W. (2009). Darfur and the crime of genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun (“Ahmad Harun”) and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (“Ali Kushayb”) (Pre-Trial Chamber I), ICC-02/05-01/07-3, International Criminal Court (ICC) (2007, April 27). Available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc279858.PDF.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun (“Ahmad Harun”) and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (“Ali Kushayb”) (Pre-Trial Chamber I), ICC-02/05-01/07-2, International Criminal Court (ICC) (2007, April 28). Available at www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2007_02902.PDF.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Pre-Trial Chamber I), ICC-02/05-01/09-1, International Criminal Court (ICC) (2009, March 4). Available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc639078.pdf.Google Scholar
Prosecutor v. Bahr Idriss Abu Garda (Pre-Trial Chamber I), ICC-02/05-02/09-15-AnxA, International Criminal Court (ICC) (2009, May 7). Available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc689342.pdf.Google Scholar
Prunier, G. (2005). Darfur: The ambiguous genocide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Totten, S. & Markusen, E. (2006). Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the atrocities in the Sudan. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

REFERENCE

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UNODC). (1999). Handbook on justice for victims on the use and application of the United Nations Declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. U.N. Doc. E/CN.15/1998/1.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Bassiouni, M. C. (2014). Crimes against humanity: Historical evolution and contemporary application. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Browne-Marshall, G. (2013). Race, law, and American society: 1607 to present. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bull, C. (2008). No entry without strategy: Building the rule of law under UN transitional administration. New York: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Cabanes, B. (2014) The Great War and the origins of humanitarianism: 1918–1924. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, E. & Pert, A. (2015). International humanitarian law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jalloh, C. C. (2015) The Sierra Leone Special Court and its legacy: The impact for Africa and international criminal law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mertus, J. (2018). The United Nations and human rights: A guide for a new era. Third Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nollkaemper, A. (2012). National courts and the international rule of law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Solis, G. (2016) The law of armed conflict. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
von Lingen, K. (2018). Transcultural justice at the Tokyo Tribunal: the Allied struggle for justice, 1946–48. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

East Timor Hybrid Court. www.eastwestcenter.org/stored/pdfs/api061.pdf.

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. www.icty.org.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. www.ictr.org.

www.sc-sl.org.

Special Tribunal for Lebanon. stl-tsl.org.

United Nations Treaty Collection. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Home.aspx?lang=en.

REFERENCES

Alston, P. & Goodman, R. (2013). International human rights: The successor to international human rights in context. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayefsky, A. F. (2002). How to complain to the UN human rights treaty system. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
Boyle, K. (2004). Council of Europe, OSCE, and European Union. In Hannum, H. (Ed.), Guide to international human rights practice. Fourth Edition (pp. 143–170). Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
Buergenthal, S. T. D. & Stewart, D. P. (2009). International human rights in a nutshell. Fourth Edition. St. Paul, MN: West.Google Scholar
European Court of Human Rights. (2018). European Court of Human Rights: Overview, 1959–2017. Retrieved from www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Overview_19592017_ENG.pdf.Google Scholar
Fasulo, L. (2009). An insider’s guide to the UN. Second Edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hanhimäki, J. M. (2008). The United Nations: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelemen, M. (2018, June 20). U.S. pulls out of U.N. Human Rights Council. National Public Radio. Retrieved from www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621726939/u-s-pulls-out-of-u-n-human-rights-council.Google Scholar
Lewis-Anthony, S. & Scheinin, M. (2004). Treaty-based procedures for making human rights complaints within the UN system. In Hannum, H. (Ed.), Guide to international human rights practice. Fourth Edition (pp. 43–64). Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, N. (2009, May 13). U.S. joins rights panel after a vote at the U.N. The New York Times, p. A5.Google Scholar
Ramcharan, B. G. (2007). Norms and machinery. In Weiss, T. G. & Daws, S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook on the United Nations (pp. 439–462). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shelton, D. (2004). The Inter-American human rights system. In Hannum, H. (Ed.), Guide to international human rights practice. Fourth Edition (pp. 127–142). Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights.

African Union. https://au.int/en/history/oau-and-au.

European Court of Human Rights, information documents.

www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=court&c=#newComponent_1346149514608_pointer.

Organization of American States human rights webpage. www.oas.org/en/topics/human_rights.asp.

UN Human Rights Council. www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/AboutCouncil.aspx.

REFERENCES

Bassiouni, C. (Ed.). (2002). Post-conflict justice. New York: Transnational Publishers.Google Scholar
Boraine, A., Levy, J., & Scheffer, R. (Eds.). (1997). Dealing with the past: Truth and reconciliation in South Africa. Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in South Africa (idasa).Google Scholar
Bloomfield, D., Barnes, T., & Huyse, L. (Eds.). (2003). Reconciliation after violent conflict: A handbook. Stockholm: International Idea.Google Scholar
Hayner, P. (2011). Unspeakable truths: Confronting state terror and atrocity. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Huyse, L. (1995). Justice after transition: On the choices successor elites make in dealing with the past. In N. Kritz (Ed.), Transitional justice: How emerging democracies reckon with former regimes, vol. I: General considerations (3 vols. in total, pp. 337–349). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Parmentier, S. (2016). Transitional justice. In Schabas, W. (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to international criminal law (pp. 52–72). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parmentier, S. (2001). The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Towards restorative justice in the field of human rights. In Fattah, E. & Parmentier, S. (Eds.), Victim policies and criminal justice on the road to restorative justice (pp. 401–428). Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Parmentier, S. & Aciru, M. (2016). The whole truth and nothing but the truth? On the role of truth commissions in facing the past. In Malcontent, P. (Ed.), Facing the past: Amending historical injustices through instruments of transitional justice (pp. 225–246). Cambridge/Antwerp: Intersentia Publishers.Google Scholar
Potgieter, E. (2017). SA Reconciliation Barometer Survey. 2017 report. Cape Town: Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.Google Scholar
Ross, J. (2003). The dynamics of political crime. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Sarkin, J. (2004). Carrots and sticks: The TRC and the South African amnesty process. Antwerp/Oxford: Intersentia/Hart.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (1998). Report 1, 110–114 (7 Vols in total). Cape Town: Juta & Co.Google Scholar
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. (1998 and 2003). Report. (5, 6, 7 Vols.). Cape Town: Juta & Co.Google Scholar
Villa-Vicencio, C. & Verwoerd, W. (Eds.). (2000). Looking back, reaching forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. (2001). The politics of truth and reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the post-Apartheid state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. www.csvr.org.za.

International Centre for Transitional Justice. www.ictj.org.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. www.idea.int.

Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School, and European Centre for Common Ground. www.truthcommission.org.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission. www.doj.gov.za/trc.

United States Institute of Peace. www.usip.org/library/truth.html.

REFERENCES

Commission for Historical Clarification (HCCG). (1999). Guatemala, memory of silence: Conclusions and recommendations. Guatemala: Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos de las Naciones Unidas (UNOPS).Google Scholar
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (CEH). (1999). Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio (Vols. 1–12). Guatemala: Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos de las Naciones Unidas (UNOPS).Google Scholar
Daly, E. (2008). Truth skepticism: An inquiry into the value of truth in times of transition. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2(1), 23–41.Google Scholar
Esparza, M., Feierstein, D., & Huttenbach, H. (Eds.). (2009). State violence and genocide in Latin America: The Cold War years. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grandin, G. (2005). The instruction of great catastrophe: Truth commissions, national history, and state formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala. The American Historical Review. Retrieved from www.history-cooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.1/grandin.html.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Barberet, R. (2014). Women, crime and criminal justice: A global enquiry. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cakmak, C. (2009). Transnational activism in world politics and effectiveness of a loosely organized principled global network: The case of the NGO Coalition for an International Criminal Court. The International Journal of Human Rights, 12, 373–393.Google Scholar
Smith, J. (2004). Transnational processes and movements. In Snow, D, Soule, S., & Kries, H. (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wapner, P. (2008). Civil society. In Weiss, T. G & Daws, S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook on the United Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

Amnesty International. www.amnesty.org.

Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC). www.coalitionfortheicc.org.

The Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations. www.ngocongo.org.

Criminologists without Borders. www.criminologistswithoutborders.org.

Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org.

International Rescue Committee. www.rescue.org.

New York Alliance of NGOs on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. www.cpcjalliance.org.

NGO Branch, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://csonet.org/.

Penal Reform International. www.penalreform.org.

Promundo. https://promundoglobal.org.

Save the Children. www.savethechildren.net/.

Soroptimist. www.soroptimist.org/.

Transparency International. www.transparency.org/.

Women Living Under Muslim Laws. www.wluml.org.

World Society of Victimology. www.worldsocietyofvictimology.org.

REFERENCES

Arthur, P. (2009). How “transitions” reshaped human rights: A conceptual history of transitional justice. Human Rights Quarterly, 32(2), 321–367.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. (2002). Setting standards for restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology, 42, 563–577.Google Scholar
Clamp, K. (2014). Restorative justice in transition. Oxon/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clamp, K. (2016). Restorative justice in transitional settings. Oxon/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clamp, K. & Doak, J. (2012) More than words: Restorative justice concepts in transitional justice settings. International Criminal Law Review, 12(3), 339–360.Google Scholar
Daly, K. (2012) Victimisation and justice: Concepts, contexts, and assessment of justice mechanisms, paper presented at the 14th International Symposium of the World Society of Victimology, The Hague, May.Google Scholar
Findlay, M. (2000). Decolonising restoration and justice in transitional cultures. In Strang, H. & Bathwater, J. (Eds.), Restorative justice: Philosophy to practice. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited.Google Scholar
Froestad, J. & Shearing, C. (2007). Conflict resolution in South Africa: A case study. In Johnstone, G. & Van Ness, D. (Eds.), Handbook of restorative justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.Mani, R. (2014). Integral justice for victims. In I. Vanfraechem, A. Pemberton, & F. Ndahinda (Eds.), Justice for victims: Perspectives on rights, transition and reconciliation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Millar, G. (2011). Local evaluations of justice through truth telling in Sierra Leone: Postwar needs and transitional justice. Human Rights Review, 12(4), 515–535.Google Scholar
Pells, K. (2009) We’ve got used to the genocide; it’s daily life that’s the problem. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 21(3), 339–346.Google Scholar
Robins, S. (2011). Towards victim-centred transitional justice: Understanding the needs of families of the disappeared in post conflict Nepal. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 5(1), 75–98.Google Scholar
Vinck, P. & Pham, P. (2008). Ownership and participation in transitional justice mechanisms: A sustainable human development perspective from Eastern DRC. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 2(3), 398–411.Google Scholar

WEBSITES

International Centre for Transitional Justice. www.ictj.org/search-results?search=re.

John Braithwaite: War, Crime and Regulation. http://johnbraithwaite.com/?s=restorative+justice.

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×