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14 - Economic Integration and Business Crimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Bruce Zagaris
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Summary

Introduction

Economic integration plays an important role with respect to transnational white collar crimes, although for the most part, governments concluding free trade agreements (FTAs) and economic integration agreements have seen that element as an afterthought. Persuading legislatures to overcome nationalist sentiments and limit sovereignty in order to support the negotiation and ratification of FTAs or single markets consumes significant political capital. The decision to include regulatory – let alone criminal and quasi-criminal measures – within an FTA or single market arrangement is not taken lightly.

As a result of political decisions to minimize criminal and enforcement institutions and mechanisms when sovereign states enter into an FTA, common market, or an economic integration arrangement, criminals are often quick to identify and exploit opportunities to enlarge their illicit operations. The lowered barriers allow them to conduct crime transnationally.

In some cases signatories include criminal and enforcement provisions and mechanisms relating to one or two economic sectors in FTAs and single market arrangements. For instance, as noted later, due to intense and successful lobbying by U.S. intellectual property interests, NAFTA provisions cover intellectual property and customs enforcement.

The relationship among economic integration, international criminal and enforcement cooperation, and criminal justice integration is thus ambiguous and complex. Yet, all involve state responses to increases in transnational interactions among nonstate actors and try to mitigate the tensions and frictions that hamper efficient cross-border interactions.

Successful criminal justice systems require three elements: information, evidence, and the accused or convicted person.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
International White Collar Crime
Cases and Materials
 , pp. 515 - 562
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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References

Andreas, Peter, Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide (Cornell Univ. Press 2000).Google Scholar
Boullanger, Hervé, La Criminalité Économique en Europe (Economic Crime in Europe) (2002).
Caribbean Security in the Age of Terror 497 (Griffith, Ivelaw ed., 2004).
The Challenge of Integration: Europe and the Americas (Smith, Peter H. ed., North-South Center 1993).
La Criminalite Economique et Financiere en Europe (Economic and Financial Crime in Europe (Ponsaers, Paul & Ruggiero, Vincenzo eds., L'Harmattan 2002).
Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd, Drugs and Security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under Siege (Penn. State Press 1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Christopher, Fennell, Phil, Jörg, Nico, & Swart, BertCriminal Justice in Europe: A Comparative Study (Clarendon Press 1995).Google Scholar
Policing across National Boundaries (Anderson, Malcolm & Boer, Monica eds., Pinter Publishers 1994).
Strategies of the EU and the US in Combating Transnational Organised Crime (Ruyver, Brice, Vermuelen, Gert, & Beken, Tom Vander eds., Institute for International Research on Criminal Prolicy, University of Ghent, Maklu, Antwerpen-Appeldoorn 2000).
Strategies and Security in U.S.-Mexican Relations Beyond the Cold War (John Bailey & Dergio Aguayo Quezada eds., Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at U. of California, San Diego 1996).
Nadelmman, Ethan, Harmonization of Criminal Justice Systems, in The Challenge of Integration: Europe and the Americas 247 (Smith, Peter H. ed., North-South Center 1993).Google Scholar
Warner, David P., Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Organization of American States: A Focus on REMJA, 37 U. Miami Inter-Am. L.Rev. 387, 387–420 (2006).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Addendum: Revenge of the Tequila; Crime Gathers Momentum in U.S.-Mexico Relations, 3 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 85–99 (1996).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, International Criminal and Enforcement Cooperation in the Americas in a Post-NAFTA Transition Period with Special Attention to Investing in Mexico, 62 pp., Investing in Mexico, American Conference Instit., Mar. 9–10, 1995, and Mar. 15, 1996, 3 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 1–84 (1996).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, The Amparo Process in Mexico 6 U.S.-Mex. L.J. 61–69 (1998).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Some Positive Aspects of U.S.-Mexico National Security and International Enforcement: Subnational Cooperation and The Arizona-Sonora Experiment in, Public Security and Democratic Governance: Challenges to Mexico and the United States (Georgetown University Press 2001).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Association of Caribbean Commissioners of Police Strengthen Regional Law Enforcement Standards and Cooperation, 22 Int'l Enforcement L. Rep. 164 (Apr. 2006).
Zagaris, Bruce, Developments in the Institutional Architecture and Framework of International Criminal and Enforcement Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, 37 U. Miami Inter-Am. L.Rev.421–516 (2006).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Aguilar, Alvaro, Enforcement of Intellectual Property Protection between Mexico and the U.S.: Dynamic Entertainment and a Precursor of Criminal Enforcement for Western Hemispheric Integration?, 5 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 41–124 (Aug. 1994).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Koenig, Lisa Stacy, Facilitating Futures Trading across the Rio Grande: The Commodity Futures MOU between Mexico and the U.S. (w.), 3 Latin Am. L. & Bus. Rep. 28–32 (Oct. 1995).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Peralta, Julia Padierna, Mexico-United States Extradition and Alternatives: From Fugitive Slaves to Drug Traffickers–150 Years and beyond the Rio Grande's Winding Courses, 12 Am.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol'cy 519–627 (1997).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Potter, Leslie S., Toward a Common U.S.-Mexican Cultural Heritage: The Need for a Regional Americas Initiative in the Recovery and Return of Stolen Cultural Property, 5 Transnat'l Law. 627–90 (Fall 1992).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Resnick, J., The Mexico-U.S. Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Treaty: Another Step toward the Harmonization of International Law Enforcement, 14 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 1–96 (1997).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Soldevila, Juan, Tax Eagles Soar across the Rio Grande: Tax Enforcement Cooperation Increases between Mexico and the United States, 2 Mex. Trade & L. Rep. 1119 (Nov. 1994).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Walsh, Maureen T, The United States-Mexico Treaty on the Execution of Penal Sanctions: The Case for Reevaluating the Treaty and Its Policies in View of NAFTA and Other Developments, 2 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 385–450 (Fall 1995).Google Scholar
International and European Criminal Law: Essential Texts on International and European Criminal Law (Gert Vermeulen ed., 1st ed., Oct. 2000, Maklu, Antwerpen-Appeldoorn) (principal policy documents and multilateral legal instruments on international and European criminal law, with a special focus on initiatives aimed at combating international or organized crime).
Council of Europe, http://legal.coe.int.
Organization of American States, http://www.oas.org/juridco.
European Union, http://europa.eu.int.
Andreas, Peter, Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide (Cornell Univ. Press 2000).Google Scholar
Boullanger, Hervé, La Criminalité Économique en Europe (Economic Crime in Europe) (2002).
Caribbean Security in the Age of Terror 497 (Griffith, Ivelaw ed., 2004).
The Challenge of Integration: Europe and the Americas (Smith, Peter H. ed., North-South Center 1993).
La Criminalite Economique et Financiere en Europe (Economic and Financial Crime in Europe (Ponsaers, Paul & Ruggiero, Vincenzo eds., L'Harmattan 2002).
Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd, Drugs and Security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under Siege (Penn. State Press 1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, Christopher, Fennell, Phil, Jörg, Nico, & Swart, BertCriminal Justice in Europe: A Comparative Study (Clarendon Press 1995).Google Scholar
Policing across National Boundaries (Anderson, Malcolm & Boer, Monica eds., Pinter Publishers 1994).
Strategies of the EU and the US in Combating Transnational Organised Crime (Ruyver, Brice, Vermuelen, Gert, & Beken, Tom Vander eds., Institute for International Research on Criminal Prolicy, University of Ghent, Maklu, Antwerpen-Appeldoorn 2000).
Strategies and Security in U.S.-Mexican Relations Beyond the Cold War (John Bailey & Dergio Aguayo Quezada eds., Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies at U. of California, San Diego 1996).
Nadelmman, Ethan, Harmonization of Criminal Justice Systems, in The Challenge of Integration: Europe and the Americas 247 (Smith, Peter H. ed., North-South Center 1993).Google Scholar
Warner, David P., Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Organization of American States: A Focus on REMJA, 37 U. Miami Inter-Am. L.Rev. 387, 387–420 (2006).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Addendum: Revenge of the Tequila; Crime Gathers Momentum in U.S.-Mexico Relations, 3 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 85–99 (1996).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, International Criminal and Enforcement Cooperation in the Americas in a Post-NAFTA Transition Period with Special Attention to Investing in Mexico, 62 pp., Investing in Mexico, American Conference Instit., Mar. 9–10, 1995, and Mar. 15, 1996, 3 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 1–84 (1996).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, The Amparo Process in Mexico 6 U.S.-Mex. L.J. 61–69 (1998).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Some Positive Aspects of U.S.-Mexico National Security and International Enforcement: Subnational Cooperation and The Arizona-Sonora Experiment in, Public Security and Democratic Governance: Challenges to Mexico and the United States (Georgetown University Press 2001).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce, Association of Caribbean Commissioners of Police Strengthen Regional Law Enforcement Standards and Cooperation, 22 Int'l Enforcement L. Rep. 164 (Apr. 2006).
Zagaris, Bruce, Developments in the Institutional Architecture and Framework of International Criminal and Enforcement Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, 37 U. Miami Inter-Am. L.Rev.421–516 (2006).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Aguilar, Alvaro, Enforcement of Intellectual Property Protection between Mexico and the U.S.: Dynamic Entertainment and a Precursor of Criminal Enforcement for Western Hemispheric Integration?, 5 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 41–124 (Aug. 1994).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Koenig, Lisa Stacy, Facilitating Futures Trading across the Rio Grande: The Commodity Futures MOU between Mexico and the U.S. (w.), 3 Latin Am. L. & Bus. Rep. 28–32 (Oct. 1995).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Peralta, Julia Padierna, Mexico-United States Extradition and Alternatives: From Fugitive Slaves to Drug Traffickers–150 Years and beyond the Rio Grande's Winding Courses, 12 Am.U. J. Int'l L. & Pol'cy 519–627 (1997).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Potter, Leslie S., Toward a Common U.S.-Mexican Cultural Heritage: The Need for a Regional Americas Initiative in the Recovery and Return of Stolen Cultural Property, 5 Transnat'l Law. 627–90 (Fall 1992).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Resnick, J., The Mexico-U.S. Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Treaty: Another Step toward the Harmonization of International Law Enforcement, 14 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 1–96 (1997).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Soldevila, Juan, Tax Eagles Soar across the Rio Grande: Tax Enforcement Cooperation Increases between Mexico and the United States, 2 Mex. Trade & L. Rep. 1119 (Nov. 1994).Google Scholar
Zagaris, Bruce & Walsh, Maureen T, The United States-Mexico Treaty on the Execution of Penal Sanctions: The Case for Reevaluating the Treaty and Its Policies in View of NAFTA and Other Developments, 2 S.W. J.L. Trade Am. 385–450 (Fall 1995).Google Scholar
International and European Criminal Law: Essential Texts on International and European Criminal Law (Gert Vermeulen ed., 1st ed., Oct. 2000, Maklu, Antwerpen-Appeldoorn) (principal policy documents and multilateral legal instruments on international and European criminal law, with a special focus on initiatives aimed at combating international or organized crime).
Council of Europe, http://legal.coe.int.
Organization of American States, http://www.oas.org/juridco.
European Union, http://europa.eu.int.

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