Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R. and Giles, W. H. (2006) The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–86.Google Scholar

Bransford, C. L. and Blizard, R. A. (2016) Viewing psychopathology through a trauma lens. Social Work in Mental Health, 15(1), 80–98.Google Scholar

Bremness, A. and Polzin, W. (2014) Commentary: developmental trauma disorder: a missed opportunity in DSM V. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(2), 142–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Briere, J., Kaltman, S. and Green, B. L. (2008) Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 223–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Briere, J. N. and Lanktree, C. B. (2012) Treating Complex Trauma in Adolescents and Young Adults. London: SAGE.Google Scholar

Briere, J. and Spinazzola, J. (2005) Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 401–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Broadhurst, K., Alrouh, B., Yeend, E., Harwin, J., Shaw, M., Pilling, M., Mason, C. and Kershaw, S. (2015) Connecting events in time to identify a hidden population: birth mothers and their children in recurrent care proceedings in England. British Journal of Social Work, 45(8), 2241–60.Google Scholar

Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J. and Petkova, E. (2009) A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.Google Scholar

Cloitre, M., Garvet, D., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A. and Maercker, A. (2013) Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1).Google Scholar

Cook, A., Spinazzola, J., Ford, J., Lanktree, C., Blaustein, M., Cloitre, M. and van der Kolk, B. (2005) Complex trauma. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 390–8.Google Scholar

Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A. and Costello, E. J. (2007) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577–84.Google Scholar

D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J. and van der Kolk, B. A. (2012) Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200.Google Scholar

Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M. and Giles, W. H. (2005) Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(5), 430–8.Google Scholar

Felitti, V. J. and Anda, R. F. (2010) The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: implications for healthcare. In Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E. and Pain, C. (eds), The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–87.Google Scholar

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P. and Marks, J. S. (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ford, J. D., Courtois, C. A., Steele, K., Hart, O. V. D. and Nijenhuis, E. R. (2005) Treatment of complex posttraumatic self‐dysregulation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 437–47.Google Scholar

Ghosh-Ippen, C., Ford, J., Racusin, R., Acker, M., Bosquet, K., Rogers, C., Ellis, C., Schiffman, J., Ribbe, D., Cone, P., Lukovitz, M. and Edwards, J. (2002) Traumatic Events Screening Inventory – Parent Report Revised. The Child Trauma Research Project of the Early Trauma Network and The National Center for PTSD Dartmouth Child Trauma Research Group, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar

Grant, T., Graham, J. C., Ernst, C. C., Peavy, K. M. and Brown, N. N. (2014) Improving pregnancy outcomes among high-risk mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs: factors associated with subsequent exposed births. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, T., Huggins, J., Graham, J. C., Ernst, C., Whitney, N. and Wilson, D. (2011) Maternal substance abuse and disrupted parenting: distinguishing mothers who keep their children from those who do not. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(11), 2176–85.Google Scholar

Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M. and Kessler, R. C. (2010) Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–23.Google Scholar

Herman, J. L. (1992) Complex PTSD: a syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, V. K. and Lieberman, A. F. (2007) Variations in behavior problems of preschoolers exposed to domestic violence: the role of mothers’ attunement to children’s emotional experiences. Journal of Family Violence, 22(5), 297–308.Google Scholar

Kisiel, C. L., Fehrenbach, T., Torgersen, E., Stolbach, B., McClelland, G., Griffin, G. and Burkman, K. (2014) Constellations of interpersonal trauma and symptoms in child welfare: implications for a developmental trauma framework. Journal of Family Violence, 29(1), 1–14.Google Scholar

Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F. and Stellman, J. M. (2008) Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(1), 49–57.Google Scholar

Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J. and Anda, R. F. (2014) Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: implications for practice and health policy. Social Work in Public Health, 29 (1), 1–16.Google Scholar

Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Crall, J. J. and Halfon, N. (2008) Influence of multiple social risks on children’s health. Pediatrics, 121(2), 337–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Najivatas, L. M. (2002) Seeking Safety: A Treatment Manual for PTSD and Substance Misuse. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTS) (n.d.) How to conduct a comprehensive assessment of complex trauma. Available at: www.nctsn.org/trauma-types/complex-trauma/assessment (accessed 6 January 2017).Google Scholar

Novac, S., Paradis, E., Brown, J. and Morton, H. (2006) A visceral grief: young homeless mothers and loss of child custody. Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto.Google Scholar

Spinazzola, J., Ford, J. D., Zucker, M., van der Kolk, B. A., Silva, S., Smith, S. F. and Blaustein, M. (2005) Survey evaluates complex trauma exposure, outcome and intervention among children and adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 433–9.Google Scholar

Taplin, S. and Mattick, R. P. (2015) The nature and extent of child protection involvement among heroin‐using mothers in treatment: high rates of reports, removals at birth and children in care. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(1), 31–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G. and Putnam, F. W. (2011) The impact of sexual abuse on female development: lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 453–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S. and Spinazzola, J. (2005) Disorders of extreme stress: the empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389–99.Google Scholar

Widom, C. S. (1999) Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1223–9.Google Scholar