Adams, Douglas. 1979. The hitch-hiker's guide to the galaxy. London: Pan.Google Scholar

Adams, Lin, Toomey, Lori, and Churchill, Elizabeth. 1999. Distributed research teams: meeting asynchronously in virtual space. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/adams.html.Google Scholar

Aijmer, Karin, and Altenberg, Bengt (eds.). 1991. English corpus linguistics. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Angell, David, and Heslop, Brent. 1994. The elements of e-mail style. New York: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Appel, Marie Christine. 1999. Tandem language learning by e-mail: some basic principles and a case study. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 54. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Atwell, Eric. 1999. The language machine. London: British Council.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1984. Computer Mediated Communication as a force in language change. Visible Language 18, 118–41.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1998a. Writing in the age of email: the impact of ideology versus technology. Visible Language 32, 35–53.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1998b. Letters by phone or speech by other means: the linguistics of email. Language and Communication 18, 133–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 2000. Alphabet to email. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballentine.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baym, Nancy K. 1993. Interpreting soap operas and creating community: inside a computer-mediated fan culture. Journal of Folklore Research 30(2/3), 143–76.Google Scholar

Baym, Nancy K. 1995. The performance of humor in computer-mediated com- munication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/baym.html.Google Scholar

Bechar-Israeli, Haya. 1996. From <Bonehead> to <cLoNehEAd>: nicknames, play, and identity on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/bechar.html.Google Scholar

Berners-Lee, Tim. 1999. Weaving the Web. London: Orion Business Books.Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Bolter, Jay David (ed.). 1991. The writing space: the computer, hypertext and the history of writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Borgman, Christine L. 1986. Why are online catalogues hard to use? Lessons learned from information-retrieval studies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 37, 387– 400.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borgman, Christine L. 1996. Why are online catalogues still hard to use?Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47, 493–503.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourbonnais, Jean, and Yergeau, François. 1996. Languages on the Internet. Internet Society Proceedings. http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/a5/a5_3.htm.Google Scholar

Bowers, R. 1995. Web publishing for students of EST. In Warschauer, Mark (ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 363–4.Google Scholar

Branwyn, Gareth. 1997. Jargon watch. San Francisco: HardWired.Google Scholar

Brookes, Terrence A. 1998. Orthography as a fundamental impediment to online information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(8), 731–41.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruckman, Amy. 1993. Gender swapping on the Internet. Proceedings ofINET. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fac/Amy.Bruckman/papers/index.html.Google Scholar

Butcher, Judith. 1992. Copy-editing, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cherny, Lynn. 1999. Conversation and community: chat in a virtual world. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Coates, Jennifer. 1993. Women, men and language, 2nd edn. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Collot, Milena, and Nancy Belmore. 1993. Electronic language: a new variety of English. In Aarts, Jan, Haan, Pieter, and Oostdijk, Nelleke (eds.), English language corpora: design, analysis and explanation. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 41–55.Google Scholar

Collot, Milena, and Nancy Belmore.1996. Electronic language: a new variety of English. In Herring (ed.), 13–28.CrossRef

Condron, Frances. 2000a. Starting points on the Internet. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 13–18.

Condron, Frances.2000b. Fonts and special characters. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 233–5.

Condron, Frances, Fraser, Michael, and Sutherland, Stuart (eds.). 2000. CTI [=Computers in Teaching Initiative] textual studies: guide to digital resources for the humanities. Oxford: University of Oxford, Humanities Computing Unit.Google Scholar

Connery, Brian A. 1996. Authority and egalitarian rhetoric in the virtual coffeehouse. In Porter (ed.), 161–79.

Cotton, Bob, and Garrett, Malcolm. 1999. You ain't seen nothing yet: the future of media and the global expert system. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts.Google Scholar

Cowan, Andrew. 1997. History of MUDs. http://www.mudconnect.com/mud_intro.html.

Crystal, David. 1969. Prosodic systems and intonation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1984. Who cares about English usage?Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997a. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997b. Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997c. A Lexical Filter Internet Enquirer (ALFIE). White paper for AND Classification Data, Rotterdam and Oxford.

Crystal, David.1998. Language play. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1999. Language BLANK literature: from conjunction to preposition. English Today 15, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David.2003a. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.2003b. English as a global language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David.2004. A glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David, and Davy, Derek. 1969. Investigating English style. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Crystal, David, and Davy, Derek.1976. Advanced conversational English. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Crystal, David, and Quirk, Randolph. 1964. Systems of prosodic and paralinguistic features in English. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Cumming, John D. 1995. The Internet and the English language. English Today 11(1), 3–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daniels, Peter T., and Bright, William (eds.). 1996. The world's writing systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Danielson, Peter. 1996. Pseudonyms, mailbots, and virtual letterheads: the evolution of computer-mediated ethics. In Ess, Charles (ed.), Philosophical perspectives on computer-mediated communication. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 67–94.Google Scholar

Davis, Boyd H., and Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1997. Electronic discourse: linguistic individuals in virtual space. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Deegan, Marilyn. 2000. Introduction. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 1–12.

Dery, Mark. 1993. Flame wars. Southern Atlantic Quarterly 92, 559–68.Google Scholar

Dery, Mark.(ed.)1997. Flame wars: the discourse of cyberculture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Dibbell, Julian. 1997. A rape in cyberspace. In Dery (ed.), 237–61.

Donath, Judith, Karahalios, Karrie, and Viégas, Fernanda. 1999. Visualizing conversation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/donath.html.Google Scholar

Dorner, Jane. 1992. Virtual English. English Today 32, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorner, Jane.2000. The Internet: a writer's guide. London: A. and C. Black.Google Scholar

Dudeney, Gavin. 2000. The Internet and the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dunbar, Robin. 1996. Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Durusau, Patrick. 1996. High places in cyberspace. Atlanta: Scholars Press.Google Scholar

Eastment, David. 1999. The Internet and ELT. Oxford: Summertown Publishing.Google Scholar

Economist, The. 1996. Language and electronics: the coming global tongue. 21 December, 37.

Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. 1994. Bards of the Internet. Time, 4 July, 66–7.Google Scholar

Erickson, Jim. 1988. Cyberspeak: the death of diversity. Asiaweek, 3 July, 15.

Erickson, Thomas. 1999. Persistent conversation: an introduction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/ericksonintro.html.Google Scholar

Ferrara, K., Brunner, H., and Whittemore, G.. 1991. Interactive written discourse as an emergent register. Written Communication 8(1), 8–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flynn, Nancy, and Flynn, Tom. 1998. Writing effective e-mail. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.Google Scholar

Foster, Derek. 1996. Community and identity in the electronic village. In Porter (ed.), 23–37.

Gains, J. 1998. Electronic mail – a new style of communication or just a new medium: an investigation into the text features of email. English for Specific Purposes 18(1), 81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilder, George. 2000. Telecosm: how infinite bandwidth will revolutionize our world. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Giles, Howard, Coupland, Justine, and Coupland, Nikolas (eds.). 1991. Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillen, Julia, and Angela Goddard. 2000. Medium management for beginners: the discursive practices of undergraduate and mature novice users of internet relay chat, compared with those of young children using the telephone. Paper presented at the International Association for Dialogue Analysis, Bologna.

Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Goodman, Robert F., and Ben Ze'ev, Aaron (eds.). 1994. Good gossip. Kansas: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar

Graddol, David. 1998. The future of English?London: The British Council.Google Scholar

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: speech acts. New York: Academic Press, 41–58.Google Scholar

Gurak, Laura J. 1997. Persuasion and privacy in cyberspace. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hahn, Harley. 1999. Harley Hahn's guide to Muds. http://www.harley.com/muds.

Hale, Constance, and Scanlon, Jessie. 1999. Wired style: principles of English usage in the digital age. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar

Hall, Edward T. 1959. The silent language. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Halliday, Michael. 1978. Language as social semiotic. London: Arnold.Google Scholar

Hatch, Evelyn. 1992. Discourse and language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Herring, Susan C. (ed.). 1996a. Computer-mediated communication: linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herring, Susan C.1996b. Two variants of an electronic message scheme. In Herring (ed.), 81–106.

Herring, Susan C. 1999. Interactional coherence in CMC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/herring.html.Google Scholar

Ihnatko, Andy. 1997. Cyberspeak: an online dictionary. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Iro, Mizuko. 1996. Virtually embodied: the reality of fantasy in a multi-user dungeon. In Porter (ed.), 87–109.

Jackson, Michele H. 1997. Assessing the structure of communication on the World Wide Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/jackson.html.Google Scholar

Johansson, Stig. 1991. Times change, and so do corpora. In Aijmer and Altenberg (eds.), 305–14.

Keegan, Martin. 1997. MUD tree. http://mk.ucant.org/info/classification_muds.html.

Kelm, O. 1995. E-mail discussion groups in foreign language education: grammar follow-up. In Warschauer(ed.), 54–5.

Knowles, Elizabeth. 1997. The Oxford dictionary of new words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Koizumi, Yuiko. 2000. What shall we name the product?Language International 12(2), 26–7.Google Scholar

Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and women's place. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Lamb, Linda, and Peek, Jerry D.. 1995. Using email effectively. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates.Google Scholar

Lawrence, Steve, and Giles, C. Lee. 1999. Accessibility of information on the Web. Nature 400 (6740), 107–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lebert, Marie-France. 1999. Le multilinguisme sur le Web. http://www.cefrio.qc.ca/ceveil.htm.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lan, Li. 2000. Email: a challenge to Standard English?English Today 64, 23–9, 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yongyan, Li. 2000. Surfing emails. English Today 64, 30–4, 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Little, David, and Brammerts, Helmut. 1996. A guide to language learning in tandem via the Internet. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 46. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Little, David, Ushioda, Ema, Christine Appel, Marie, Moran, John, O'Rourke, Breffni, and Schwienhorst, Klaus. 1999. Evaluating tandem language learning by e-mail: report on a bilateral project. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 55. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Mabry, Edward A. 1997. Framing flames: the structure of argumentative messages on the net. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/mabry.html.Google Scholar

McCormick, N.B., and McCormick, J.W.. 1992. Computer friends and foes: content of undergraduates' electronic mail. Computers in Human Behavior 8, 379–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLaughlin, M. L., K. K. Osborne, and C. B. Smith. 1994. Standards of conduct on Usenet. In Jones, Steven G. (ed.), Cybersociety: computer-mediated communication and community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 90–111.Google Scholar

McLuhan, Marshall. 1962. The Gutenberg galaxy: the making of typographic man. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement I to Ogden, C.K. and Richards, I.A., The meaning of meaning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 296–336.Google Scholar

Maricic, Ibolya. 2005. Face in cyberspace. Växjö: Växjö University Press.Google Scholar

Marvin, Lee-Ellen. 1996. Spoof, spam, lurk and lag: the aesthetics of text-based virtual realities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/marvin.html.Google Scholar

Masterson, Julie J., Wynne, Michael K., Kuster, Judith M., and Stierwall, Julie A. G.. 1999. New and emerging technologies: going where we've never gone before. ASHA [American Speech–Language–Hearing Association], May/June, 16–20.Google ScholarPubMed

Maynor, Nancy. 1994. The language of electronic mail: written speech? In Montgomery, Michael B. and Little, Greta D. (eds.), Centennial usage studies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 48–54.Google Scholar

Millard, William B. 1996. I flamed Freud: a case study in teletextual incendiarism. In Porter (ed.), 145–59.

Miller, George A. 1969. The psychology of communication. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar

Milroy, James, and Milroy, Lesley. 1991. Authority in language, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Murray, Denise E. 1989. When the medium determines turns: turn-taking in computer conversation. In Coleman, Hywel (ed.), Working with language: a multidisciplinary consideration of language use in work contexts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 319–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Naughton, John. 1999. A brief history of the future: the origins of the Internet. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Paccagnella, Luciano 1997. Getting the seats of your pants dirty: strategies for ethnographic research on virtual communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1). http//www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/paccagnella.html.Google Scholar

Paolillo, John. 1999. The virtual speech community: social network and language variation on IRC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/paolillo.html.Google Scholar

Peters, Pam. 1998. Langscape: surveying contemporary English usage. English Today 53, 3–5.

Peters, Pam.2004. The Cambridge guide to English usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pinto, D. 1996. What does ‘schMOOze’ mean? Non-native speaker interactions on the Internet. In Warschauer (ed.), 165–84.

Porter, David. 1996a. Introduction. In Porter (ed.), xi–xviii.

Porter, David(ed). 1996b. Internet culture. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Pring, Roger. 1999. www.type: effective typographic design for the world wide web. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Pullum, Geoffrey K., and McCawley, James D. (eds.). 1991. The great Eskimo vocabulary hoax. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Rheingold, Howard. 1993. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Sanderson, David. 1993. Smileys. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates.Google Scholar

Sebeok, Thomas A., Hayes, Alfred S., and Bateson, Mary Catherine (eds.). 1964. Approaches to semiotics. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Selinker, L. 1972. Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics 10, 201–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shea, Virginia. 1994. Netiquette. Albion Books.Google Scholar

Slater, Lydia. 2000. Quite e-vil: the mobile phone whisperers. The Sunday Times, 30 January, 10.

Specter, Michael. 1996. World, Wide, Web: 3 English words. The New York Times, 14 April, 4–5.

Standage, Tom. 1999. The Victorian Internet. New Haven: Phoenix Press.Google Scholar

Stivale, Charles J. 1996. Spam: heteroglossia and harassment in cyberspace. In Porter (ed.), 133–44.

Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Sutherland, Kathryn (ed.). 1997. Electronic text: investigations in method and theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tannen, Deborah. 1990. You just don't understand: women and men in conversation. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar

Tannen, Deborah, and Saville-Troike, Muriel (eds.). 1985. Perspectives on silence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Tella, Seppo. 1992. Boys, girls and e-mail: a case study in Finnish senior secondary schools. Research Report 110. University of Helsinki: Department of Teacher Education.Google Scholar

Thomas, David. 2000. Modern netiquette. Daily Mail, 17 July, 11.Google Scholar

Thomas, Ned. 2000. How much IT can minority languages afford? Editorial, Contact 16(3), 2.Google Scholar

Thompson, P.A. and Ahn, D.. 1992. To be or not to be: an exploration of E-prime, copula deletion and flaming in electronic mail. Et Cetera: A Review of General Semantics 49, 146–64.Google Scholar

Twyman, Michael. 1982. The graphic presentation of language. Information Design Journal 3, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vehovar, Vasja, Batagelj, Zenel, and Lozar, Katja. 1999. Language as a barrier. Internet Society Proceedings. http://www.isoc.org/inet99/proceedings/3i/3i_3.htm.Google Scholar

Wallace, Patricia. 1999. The psychology of the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walther, J.B. 1996. Computer-Mediated Communication: impersonal, interpersonal and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research 23(1), 3–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watshaner, Mark (ed.). 1995. Telecollaboration in foreign language learning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar

Warschauer, Mark, and Healey, Deborah. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language Teaching 31(2), 57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werry, Christopher C. 1996. Linguistic and interactional features of Internet Relay Chat. In Herring (ed.), 47–63.

Wilbur, Shawn T. 1996. An archaeology of cyberspaces: virtuality, community, identity. In Porter (ed.), 5–22.

Witmer, Diane F., and Katzman, Sandra Lee. 1997. On-line smiles: does gender make a difference in the use of graphic accents?Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/witmer1.html.Google Scholar

Yates, Simeon J. 1996. Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing: a corpus based study. In Herring (ed.), 30–46.CrossRef

Adams, Douglas. 1979. The hitch-hiker's guide to the galaxy. London: Pan.Google Scholar

Adams, Lin, Toomey, Lori, and Churchill, Elizabeth. 1999. Distributed research teams: meeting asynchronously in virtual space. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/adams.html.Google Scholar

Aijmer, Karin, and Altenberg, Bengt (eds.). 1991. English corpus linguistics. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Angell, David, and Heslop, Brent. 1994. The elements of e-mail style. New York: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Appel, Marie Christine. 1999. Tandem language learning by e-mail: some basic principles and a case study. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 54. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Atwell, Eric. 1999. The language machine. London: British Council.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1984. Computer Mediated Communication as a force in language change. Visible Language 18, 118–41.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1998a. Writing in the age of email: the impact of ideology versus technology. Visible Language 32, 35–53.Google Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 1998b. Letters by phone or speech by other means: the linguistics of email. Language and Communication 18, 133–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baron, Naomi S. 2000. Alphabet to email. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballentine.Google Scholar

Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baym, Nancy K. 1993. Interpreting soap operas and creating community: inside a computer-mediated fan culture. Journal of Folklore Research 30(2/3), 143–76.Google Scholar

Baym, Nancy K. 1995. The performance of humor in computer-mediated com- munication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/baym.html.Google Scholar

Bechar-Israeli, Haya. 1996. From <Bonehead> to <cLoNehEAd>: nicknames, play, and identity on Internet Relay Chat. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/bechar.html.Google Scholar

Berners-Lee, Tim. 1999. Weaving the Web. London: Orion Business Books.Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Bolter, Jay David (ed.). 1991. The writing space: the computer, hypertext and the history of writing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Borgman, Christine L. 1986. Why are online catalogues hard to use? Lessons learned from information-retrieval studies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 37, 387– 400.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borgman, Christine L. 1996. Why are online catalogues still hard to use?Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47, 493–503.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourbonnais, Jean, and Yergeau, François. 1996. Languages on the Internet. Internet Society Proceedings. http://www.isoc.org/inet96/proceedings/a5/a5_3.htm.Google Scholar

Bowers, R. 1995. Web publishing for students of EST. In Warschauer, Mark (ed.), Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 363–4.Google Scholar

Branwyn, Gareth. 1997. Jargon watch. San Francisco: HardWired.Google Scholar

Brookes, Terrence A. 1998. Orthography as a fundamental impediment to online information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(8), 731–41.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruckman, Amy. 1993. Gender swapping on the Internet. Proceedings ofINET. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fac/Amy.Bruckman/papers/index.html.Google Scholar

Butcher, Judith. 1992. Copy-editing, 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cherny, Lynn. 1999. Conversation and community: chat in a virtual world. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar

Coates, Jennifer. 1993. Women, men and language, 2nd edn. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Collot, Milena, and Nancy Belmore. 1993. Electronic language: a new variety of English. In Aarts, Jan, Haan, Pieter, and Oostdijk, Nelleke (eds.), English language corpora: design, analysis and explanation. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 41–55.Google Scholar

Collot, Milena, and Nancy Belmore.1996. Electronic language: a new variety of English. In Herring (ed.), 13–28.CrossRef

Condron, Frances. 2000a. Starting points on the Internet. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 13–18.

Condron, Frances.2000b. Fonts and special characters. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 233–5.

Condron, Frances, Fraser, Michael, and Sutherland, Stuart (eds.). 2000. CTI [=Computers in Teaching Initiative] textual studies: guide to digital resources for the humanities. Oxford: University of Oxford, Humanities Computing Unit.Google Scholar

Connery, Brian A. 1996. Authority and egalitarian rhetoric in the virtual coffeehouse. In Porter (ed.), 161–79.

Cotton, Bob, and Garrett, Malcolm. 1999. You ain't seen nothing yet: the future of media and the global expert system. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts.Google Scholar

Cowan, Andrew. 1997. History of MUDs. http://www.mudconnect.com/mud_intro.html.

Crystal, David. 1969. Prosodic systems and intonation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1984. Who cares about English usage?Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997a. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997b. Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1997c. A Lexical Filter Internet Enquirer (ALFIE). White paper for AND Classification Data, Rotterdam and Oxford.

Crystal, David.1998. Language play. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.1999. Language BLANK literature: from conjunction to preposition. English Today 15, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David.2003a. The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crystal, David.2003b. English as a global language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David.2004. A glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressGoogle Scholar

Crystal, David, and Davy, Derek. 1969. Investigating English style. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Crystal, David, and Davy, Derek.1976. Advanced conversational English. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Crystal, David, and Quirk, Randolph. 1964. Systems of prosodic and paralinguistic features in English. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Cumming, John D. 1995. The Internet and the English language. English Today 11(1), 3–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daniels, Peter T., and Bright, William (eds.). 1996. The world's writing systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Danielson, Peter. 1996. Pseudonyms, mailbots, and virtual letterheads: the evolution of computer-mediated ethics. In Ess, Charles (ed.), Philosophical perspectives on computer-mediated communication. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 67–94.Google Scholar

Davis, Boyd H., and Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1997. Electronic discourse: linguistic individuals in virtual space. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Deegan, Marilyn. 2000. Introduction. In Condron, Fraser, and Sutherland (eds.), 1–12.

Dery, Mark. 1993. Flame wars. Southern Atlantic Quarterly 92, 559–68.Google Scholar

Dery, Mark.(ed.)1997. Flame wars: the discourse of cyberculture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Dibbell, Julian. 1997. A rape in cyberspace. In Dery (ed.), 237–61.

Donath, Judith, Karahalios, Karrie, and Viégas, Fernanda. 1999. Visualizing conversation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/donath.html.Google Scholar

Dorner, Jane. 1992. Virtual English. English Today 32, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dorner, Jane.2000. The Internet: a writer's guide. London: A. and C. Black.Google Scholar

Dudeney, Gavin. 2000. The Internet and the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dunbar, Robin. 1996. Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Durusau, Patrick. 1996. High places in cyberspace. Atlanta: Scholars Press.Google Scholar

Eastment, David. 1999. The Internet and ELT. Oxford: Summertown Publishing.Google Scholar

Economist, The. 1996. Language and electronics: the coming global tongue. 21 December, 37.

Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. 1994. Bards of the Internet. Time, 4 July, 66–7.Google Scholar

Erickson, Jim. 1988. Cyberspeak: the death of diversity. Asiaweek, 3 July, 15.

Erickson, Thomas. 1999. Persistent conversation: an introduction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/ericksonintro.html.Google Scholar

Ferrara, K., Brunner, H., and Whittemore, G.. 1991. Interactive written discourse as an emergent register. Written Communication 8(1), 8–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flynn, Nancy, and Flynn, Tom. 1998. Writing effective e-mail. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.Google Scholar

Foster, Derek. 1996. Community and identity in the electronic village. In Porter (ed.), 23–37.

Gains, J. 1998. Electronic mail – a new style of communication or just a new medium: an investigation into the text features of email. English for Specific Purposes 18(1), 81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilder, George. 2000. Telecosm: how infinite bandwidth will revolutionize our world. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Giles, Howard, Coupland, Justine, and Coupland, Nikolas (eds.). 1991. Contexts of accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillen, Julia, and Angela Goddard. 2000. Medium management for beginners: the discursive practices of undergraduate and mature novice users of internet relay chat, compared with those of young children using the telephone. Paper presented at the International Association for Dialogue Analysis, Bologna.

Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Goodman, Robert F., and Ben Ze'ev, Aaron (eds.). 1994. Good gossip. Kansas: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar

Graddol, David. 1998. The future of English?London: The British Council.Google Scholar

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Cole, Peter and Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: speech acts. New York: Academic Press, 41–58.Google Scholar

Gurak, Laura J. 1997. Persuasion and privacy in cyberspace. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hahn, Harley. 1999. Harley Hahn's guide to Muds. http://www.harley.com/muds.

Hale, Constance, and Scanlon, Jessie. 1999. Wired style: principles of English usage in the digital age. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar

Hall, Edward T. 1959. The silent language. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Halliday, Michael. 1978. Language as social semiotic. London: Arnold.Google Scholar

Hatch, Evelyn. 1992. Discourse and language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Herring, Susan C. (ed.). 1996a. Computer-mediated communication: linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herring, Susan C.1996b. Two variants of an electronic message scheme. In Herring (ed.), 81–106.

Herring, Susan C. 1999. Interactional coherence in CMC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/herring.html.Google Scholar

Ihnatko, Andy. 1997. Cyberspeak: an online dictionary. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Iro, Mizuko. 1996. Virtually embodied: the reality of fantasy in a multi-user dungeon. In Porter (ed.), 87–109.

Jackson, Michele H. 1997. Assessing the structure of communication on the World Wide Web. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/jackson.html.Google Scholar

Johansson, Stig. 1991. Times change, and so do corpora. In Aijmer and Altenberg (eds.), 305–14.

Keegan, Martin. 1997. MUD tree. http://mk.ucant.org/info/classification_muds.html.

Kelm, O. 1995. E-mail discussion groups in foreign language education: grammar follow-up. In Warschauer(ed.), 54–5.

Knowles, Elizabeth. 1997. The Oxford dictionary of new words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Koizumi, Yuiko. 2000. What shall we name the product?Language International 12(2), 26–7.Google Scholar

Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and women's place. New York: Harper.Google Scholar

Lamb, Linda, and Peek, Jerry D.. 1995. Using email effectively. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates.Google Scholar

Lawrence, Steve, and Giles, C. Lee. 1999. Accessibility of information on the Web. Nature 400 (6740), 107–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lebert, Marie-France. 1999. Le multilinguisme sur le Web. http://www.cefrio.qc.ca/ceveil.htm.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lan, Li. 2000. Email: a challenge to Standard English?English Today 64, 23–9, 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yongyan, Li. 2000. Surfing emails. English Today 64, 30–4, 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Little, David, and Brammerts, Helmut. 1996. A guide to language learning in tandem via the Internet. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 46. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Little, David, Ushioda, Ema, Christine Appel, Marie, Moran, John, O'Rourke, Breffni, and Schwienhorst, Klaus. 1999. Evaluating tandem language learning by e-mail: report on a bilateral project. Centre for Language and Communication Studies Occasional Paper 55. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar

Mabry, Edward A. 1997. Framing flames: the structure of argumentative messages on the net. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/mabry.html.Google Scholar

McCormick, N.B., and McCormick, J.W.. 1992. Computer friends and foes: content of undergraduates' electronic mail. Computers in Human Behavior 8, 379–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLaughlin, M. L., K. K. Osborne, and C. B. Smith. 1994. Standards of conduct on Usenet. In Jones, Steven G. (ed.), Cybersociety: computer-mediated communication and community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 90–111.Google Scholar

McLuhan, Marshall. 1962. The Gutenberg galaxy: the making of typographic man. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement I to Ogden, C.K. and Richards, I.A., The meaning of meaning. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 296–336.Google Scholar

Maricic, Ibolya. 2005. Face in cyberspace. Växjö: Växjö University Press.Google Scholar

Marvin, Lee-Ellen. 1996. Spoof, spam, lurk and lag: the aesthetics of text-based virtual realities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1(2). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/issue2/marvin.html.Google Scholar

Masterson, Julie J., Wynne, Michael K., Kuster, Judith M., and Stierwall, Julie A. G.. 1999. New and emerging technologies: going where we've never gone before. ASHA [American Speech–Language–Hearing Association], May/June, 16–20.Google ScholarPubMed

Maynor, Nancy. 1994. The language of electronic mail: written speech? In Montgomery, Michael B. and Little, Greta D. (eds.), Centennial usage studies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 48–54.Google Scholar

Millard, William B. 1996. I flamed Freud: a case study in teletextual incendiarism. In Porter (ed.), 145–59.

Miller, George A. 1969. The psychology of communication. Baltimore: Penguin.Google Scholar

Milroy, James, and Milroy, Lesley. 1991. Authority in language, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Murray, Denise E. 1989. When the medium determines turns: turn-taking in computer conversation. In Coleman, Hywel (ed.), Working with language: a multidisciplinary consideration of language use in work contexts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 319–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Naughton, John. 1999. A brief history of the future: the origins of the Internet. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Paccagnella, Luciano 1997. Getting the seats of your pants dirty: strategies for ethnographic research on virtual communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(1). http//www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/paccagnella.html.Google Scholar

Paolillo, John. 1999. The virtual speech community: social network and language variation on IRC. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol4/issue4/paolillo.html.Google Scholar

Peters, Pam. 1998. Langscape: surveying contemporary English usage. English Today 53, 3–5.

Peters, Pam.2004. The Cambridge guide to English usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pinto, D. 1996. What does ‘schMOOze’ mean? Non-native speaker interactions on the Internet. In Warschauer (ed.), 165–84.

Porter, David. 1996a. Introduction. In Porter (ed.), xi–xviii.

Porter, David(ed). 1996b. Internet culture. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Pring, Roger. 1999. www.type: effective typographic design for the world wide web. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Pullum, Geoffrey K., and McCawley, James D. (eds.). 1991. The great Eskimo vocabulary hoax. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Rheingold, Howard. 1993. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Sanderson, David. 1993. Smileys. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly and Associates.Google Scholar

Sebeok, Thomas A., Hayes, Alfred S., and Bateson, Mary Catherine (eds.). 1964. Approaches to semiotics. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar

Selinker, L. 1972. Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics 10, 201–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shea, Virginia. 1994. Netiquette. Albion Books.Google Scholar

Slater, Lydia. 2000. Quite e-vil: the mobile phone whisperers. The Sunday Times, 30 January, 10.

Specter, Michael. 1996. World, Wide, Web: 3 English words. The New York Times, 14 April, 4–5.

Standage, Tom. 1999. The Victorian Internet. New Haven: Phoenix Press.Google Scholar

Stivale, Charles J. 1996. Spam: heteroglossia and harassment in cyberspace. In Porter (ed.), 133–44.

Stubbs, Michael. 1983. Discourse analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Sutherland, Kathryn (ed.). 1997. Electronic text: investigations in method and theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tannen, Deborah. 1990. You just don't understand: women and men in conversation. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar

Tannen, Deborah, and Saville-Troike, Muriel (eds.). 1985. Perspectives on silence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Tella, Seppo. 1992. Boys, girls and e-mail: a case study in Finnish senior secondary schools. Research Report 110. University of Helsinki: Department of Teacher Education.Google Scholar

Thomas, David. 2000. Modern netiquette. Daily Mail, 17 July, 11.Google Scholar

Thomas, Ned. 2000. How much IT can minority languages afford? Editorial, Contact 16(3), 2.Google Scholar

Thompson, P.A. and Ahn, D.. 1992. To be or not to be: an exploration of E-prime, copula deletion and flaming in electronic mail. Et Cetera: A Review of General Semantics 49, 146–64.Google Scholar

Twyman, Michael. 1982. The graphic presentation of language. Information Design Journal 3, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vehovar, Vasja, Batagelj, Zenel, and Lozar, Katja. 1999. Language as a barrier. Internet Society Proceedings. http://www.isoc.org/inet99/proceedings/3i/3i_3.htm.Google Scholar

Wallace, Patricia. 1999. The psychology of the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walther, J.B. 1996. Computer-Mediated Communication: impersonal, interpersonal and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research 23(1), 3–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watshaner, Mark (ed.). 1995. Telecollaboration in foreign language learning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar

Warschauer, Mark, and Healey, Deborah. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language Teaching 31(2), 57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werry, Christopher C. 1996. Linguistic and interactional features of Internet Relay Chat. In Herring (ed.), 47–63.

Wilbur, Shawn T. 1996. An archaeology of cyberspaces: virtuality, community, identity. In Porter (ed.), 5–22.

Witmer, Diane F., and Katzman, Sandra Lee. 1997. On-line smiles: does gender make a difference in the use of graphic accents?Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2(4). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue4/witmer1.html.Google Scholar

Yates, Simeon J. 1996. Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing: a corpus based study. In Herring (ed.), 30–46.CrossRef