Introduction

One of the primary ways in which languages differ from one another is in the order of constituents, or, as it is most commonly termed, their word order. When people refer to the word order of a language, they often are referring specifically to the order of subject, object, and verb with respect to each other, but word order refers more generally to the order of any set of elements, either at the clause level or within phrases, such as the order of elements within a noun phrase. When examining the word order of a language, there are two kinds of questions one can ask. The first question is simply that of what the order of elements is in the language. The second question is that of how the word order in the language conforms to cross-linguistic universals and tendencies. Our discussion in this chapter will interweave these two kinds of questions.

Some basic word order correlations

Verb-final languages

We will begin by examining a few of the word order characteristics of three verb-final languages, languages in which the verb normally follows the subject and object. Consider first Lezgian, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken in the Caucasus mountains, in an area straddling the border between Azerbaijan and Russia (Haspelmath (1993)). The example in (1) illustrates the verb-final order in Lezgian.