Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-09T19:38:52.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2023

By
Wolfgang Gaebel  and
Eva Salveridou-Hof
Edited by
Peter Tyrer
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Emeritus, Imperial College London
Get access

Summary

The launch (2018) and approval (2019) of the 11th Revision of the ICD (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) provided a major opportunity to bring the ICD classification of Mental, Behavioural, or Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MBND) into line with current empirical evidence and clinical practice. It is expected to enhance the global applicability and clinical utility of ICD improving evidence-based interventions.

This chapter represents an overview of essential and associated features required to diagnose schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders, to examine diagnostic boundaries from normality to pathology, and provide differential diagnosis with other disorders together with common comorbidities. Additionally, the key changes and advantages of ICD-11 classification of mental disorders compared to ICD-10 and DSM-5 are provided.

Type
Chapter
Information
Making Sense of the ICD-11
For Mental Health Professionals
 , pp. 25 - 38
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Vyas, N.S., Patel, N.H., Puri, B.K. (2011). Neurobiology and phenotypic expression in early onset schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry, 5(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00253.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Linscott, R.J. (2012). Introduction: the extended psychosis phenotype-relationship with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis. Schizophr Bull, 38(2), 227–230. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1899). Psychiatrie. 6 Auflage. Leipzig, Austria: Barth. English translation by Metoui, H., Ayed, S. (1990). Psychiatry, A Textbook for Students and Physicians. Canton, MA: Science History Publications.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1909). Psychiatrie. 8 Auflage. Leipzig, Austria: Barth. English translation and adaptation by Barclay, R.M., Robertson, G.M. (1919). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Huntington, NY: Krieger Publishing. Reprinted 1971.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Berlin, Leipzig and Vienna: F. Deuticke.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A. (2011). Diagnosis and revision of the classification systems. In Gaebel, W. (Ed.), Schizophrenia: Current Science and Clinical Practice, pp. 1–30. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470978672.ch1Google Scholar
Schneider, K. (1950). Klinische Psychopathologie. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme. English translation by Hamilton, M.W., Anderson, E.W. (1959). Clinical Psychopathology, 8th ed. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Nordgaard, J., Arnfred, S.M., Handest, P., Parnas, J. (2008). The diagnostic status of first-rank symptoms. Schizophr Bull, 34, 137–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tandon, R., Nasrallah, H. A., Keshavan, M. S. (2009). Schizophrenia,‘just the facts’ 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res, 110(1-3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W. (2012). Status of psychotic disorders in ICD-11. Schizophr Bull, 38(5), 895–898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromet, E.J., Naz, B., Fochtmann, L.J., Carlson, G.A., Tanenberg-Karant, M. (2005). Long-term diagnostic stability and outcome in recent first-episode cohort studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 31, 639–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Heaton, R.K. (2004).). Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr Res. 72, 41–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, G.M., First, M.B., Kogan, C.S., et al. (2019). Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. World Psychiatry, 18(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2021). International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. (icd.who.int)Google Scholar
Global Clinical Practice Network. (2021). (gcp.network)Google Scholar
Kilbourne, A.M., Morden, N.E., Austin, K., et al. (2009). Excess heart-disease-related mortality in a national study of patients with mental disorders: identifying modifiable risk factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 31, 555–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdullah, H.M., Azeb Shahul, H., Hwang, M.Y., Ferrando, S. (2020). Comorbidity in schizophrenia: conceptual issues and clinical management. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ), 18(4), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20200026Google ScholarPubMed
Hwang, M.Y., Nasrallah, H.A. (2009). Preface. Psychiatr Clin N Am, 32(4), xiii–xv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.10.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, C.U., Rubio, J.M., Inczedy-Farkas, G., et al. (2017). Efficacy of 42 pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(7), 675–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vancampfort, D., Correll, C.U., Galling, B., et al. (2016). Diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and large scale meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siris, S.G. (2001). Suicide and schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol, 15(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/026988110101500209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management [NICE Clinical Guideline GC178].Google Scholar
First, M.B., Gaebel, W., Maj, M., et al. (2021). An organization- and category-level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansson, L.B., Parnas, J. (2007). Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr Bull, 33, 1178–1200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, L.B., Goldman, H.H., Srihari, V.H., Kane, J.M. (2018). Transforming the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States: the RAISE initiative. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 14, 237–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marneros, A., Tsuang, M.T. (2007). Affective and Schizoaffective Disorders. Similarities and Differences. New York: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75353-4Google Scholar
Reed, G.M., Sharan, P., Rebello, T.J., et al. (2018). The ICD-11 developmental field study of reliability of diagnoses of high-burden mental disorders: results among adult patients in mental health settings of 13 countries. World Psychiatry, 17(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chmielewski, M., Clark, L.A., Bagby, R.M., Watson, D. (2015). Method matters: understanding diagnostic reliability in DSM-IV and DSM-5. J Abnorm Psychol, 124(3), 764–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W., Riesbeck, M., Zielasek, J., et al. (2018). [Web-based field studies on diagnostic classification and code assignment of mental disorders: comparison of ICD-11 and ICD-10]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 86(3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-100508Google ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W., Stricker, J., Riesbeck, M., et al. (2020). Accuracy of diagnostic classification and clinical utility assessment of ICD-11 compared to ICD-10 in 10 mental disorders: findings from a web-based field study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 270(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01076-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D.J., Szatmari, P., Gaebel, W., et al. (2020). Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies. BMC Med, 18, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1495-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaebel, W., Salveridou-Hof, E. (2022). Reinventing schizophrenia: updating the construct – primary schizophrenia 2021 – the road ahead. Schizophr Res, 242, 27–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×