Preface

The clinical use of botulinum neurotoxin comes into its third decade of existence with many new off-label indications for a host of different medical conditions. Originally used specifically for strabismus, blepharospasm and spasmodic torticollis, botulinum neurotoxin is now commonly employed in diverse disciplines by many specialists. Its unique properties requires local application for efficacy . . . and while this is relatively simple in some locations such as the skin and superficial muscles of the face, it is much more complicated in others, at times requiring ultrasound guidance or endoscopic assistance. Not all neurotoxins are the same and, therefore, an in-depth understanding of their pharmacological actions, limitations and complications is required.

This book tries to answer many of the questions posed above with the contributions from a team of international experts. As in the first edition, the emphasis in this book is on technique, so it is richly endowed with illustrations concerning accurate access techniques to help physicians to become familiar and fully competent.