Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword by D. M. Engelman
- Foreword by Pierre Joliot
- Preface
- Introduction: Molecular biophysics at the beginning of the twenty-first century: from ensemble measurements to single-molecule detection
- Part A Biological macromolecules and physical tools
- Part B Mass spectrometry
- Part C Thermodynamics
- Part D Hydrodynamics
- Chapter D1 Biological macromolecules as hydrodynamic particles
- Chapter D2 Fundamental theory
- Chapter D3 Macromolecular diffusion
- Chapter D4 Analytical ultracentrifugation
- Chapter D5 Electrophoresis
- Chapter D6 Electric birefringence
- Chapter D7 Flow birefringence
- Chapter D8 Fluorescence depolarisation
- Chapter D9 Viscosity
- Chapter D10 Dynamic light scattering
- Chapter D11 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
- Part E Optical spectroscopy
- Part F Optical microscopy
- Part G X-ray and neutron diffraction
- Part H Electron diffraction
- Part I Molecular dynamics
- Part J Nuclear magnetic resonance
- References
- Index of eminent scientists
- Subject Index
- References
Chapter D5 - Electrophoresis
from Part D - Hydrodynamics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 November 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword by D. M. Engelman
- Foreword by Pierre Joliot
- Preface
- Introduction: Molecular biophysics at the beginning of the twenty-first century: from ensemble measurements to single-molecule detection
- Part A Biological macromolecules and physical tools
- Part B Mass spectrometry
- Part C Thermodynamics
- Part D Hydrodynamics
- Chapter D1 Biological macromolecules as hydrodynamic particles
- Chapter D2 Fundamental theory
- Chapter D3 Macromolecular diffusion
- Chapter D4 Analytical ultracentrifugation
- Chapter D5 Electrophoresis
- Chapter D6 Electric birefringence
- Chapter D7 Flow birefringence
- Chapter D8 Fluorescence depolarisation
- Chapter D9 Viscosity
- Chapter D10 Dynamic light scattering
- Chapter D11 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
- Part E Optical spectroscopy
- Part F Optical microscopy
- Part G X-ray and neutron diffraction
- Part H Electron diffraction
- Part I Molecular dynamics
- Part J Nuclear magnetic resonance
- References
- Index of eminent scientists
- Subject Index
- References
Summary
Historical review
1920s
M. Smoluchowski and E.Hückel were the first to elaborate the theory of electrophoresis for thin and thick double layers. D. C. Henry provided a theory for the electrophoresis of spherical polyions that was valid for double layers of arbitrary thickness. In the Henry model, charge distribution within the sphere is assumed to be spherically symmetric, and ion relaxation is ignored. In the 1950s a number of investigators (J. Th. G. Oberbeek, F. Booth, P. H. Wiersma) studied the effect of ion relaxation on the electrophoretic mobility of spheres containing a centrosymmetric charge distribution.
1930
A. Tiselius presented a new technique for studying the electrophoretic properties of proteins. He showed that sharp electrophoretic moving boundaries of ionised molecules could be obtained in U-shaped quartz glass tubes and that the protein boundary could be detected with UV light. A. Tiselius described moving boundaries corresponding to albumin, α-, β-, and γ-globulin in serum.
1940s
T. Wieland and E. Fischer proposed the use of filter paper as a supporting medium for electrophoresis. Simplicity of construction, relative cheapness and compactness, and the requirement of much less than 1mg of protein for analytical or diagnostic purposes popularised paper electrophoresis.
1950s
O. Smithies obtained good resolution of proteins using starch gels. Electrophoresis with molecular sieving of a gel gave a much higher resolution than electrophoresis in free solution. In this decade, many materials (like strips of cellulose acetate, agarose) were introduced as supports for electrophoresis.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Methods in Molecular BiophysicsStructure, Dynamics, Function, pp. 388 - 413Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2007
References
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(1993). A short history of electrophoretic methods. Electrophoresis, 14, 1243–1249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1980). Biophysical Chemistry. Part II. Technique for the Study of Biological Structure and Function.San Francisco. A. W. H. Freeman and Co.Google Scholar
, , and (1998). Principles of Instrumental Analysis, fifth edition. Philadelphia: Sounders College Publishing.Google Scholar
(2000). Electrophoretic techniques. In Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, Ch. 12, eds. and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1995). Electrophoretic methods. In: Introduction to Biophysical Methods for Protein and Nucleic Acid Research, eds. and . San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(1978). The molecular theory polyelectrolyte solutions with applications to the electrostatic properties of polynucleotides. Q. Rev. Biophys., 11, 179–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001). Boundary element modelling of biomolecular transport. Biophys. Chem., 93, 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1996). Insights into a new analytical electrophoresis apparatus. J. Pharm. Sci., 85, 1331–1335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997). The free solution mobility of DNA. Biopolymers, 42, 687–703.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1969). The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Biol. Chem., 244, 4406–4412.Google ScholarPubMed
(1975). High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of protein. J. Biol. Chem., 250, 4007–4021.Google Scholar
, and (1999). 2D protein electrophoresis: can it be perfected?. Curr. Opin. Biotech., 10, 16–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1992). Free solution capillary electrophoresis. In Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory and Practice, eds. and . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, , and (1995). Capillary electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. Annu. Rev. Biophys Biomol. Struct., 24, 579–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2002). How analytical chemists saved the human genome project. Anal. Chem., 74, 23A–26A.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2002). A prototype two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Anal. Chem., 74, 1772–1778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2003). Microsecond electrophoresis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 3853–3857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1997). Capillary electrochromatography. Anal. Chem. News, 69, 461A–467A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2002). A critical appraisal of capillary electrochromatography. Anal. Chem., 74, 200A–207A.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed