In a short time the Spanish conquered the three powerful empires of the American hemisphere, those of Peru, Mexico, and Bogotá, but the hundred and ninety years that have elapsed since the beginning of this conquest have not sufficed to end it with the subjugation of the Araucanians. Nor has the vast expenditure of fifty million pesos and more than 25,000 recruits, nor the effusion of blood that has been spilled done so, even though in the past century the King declared this war to be equal to those of Spain, Flanders, and Italy. Today the Araucanians possess the fairest portion of Chile from the Bio Bio River to the Straits of Chiloé, a hundred and fifty leagues stretching between the Cordillera and the sea. In the whole of this area the Spanish hold nothing but the fortified towns of Arauco and Valdivia: the Indians live in independence and enjoyment of their coveted liberty.

What faculty or genius did the Araucanians possess which enabled them to succeed so brilliantly where other indigenous American cultures had failed? The Araucanians, under this external pressure [Spanish intrusion] turned inward upon themselves and developed their own corresponding [political and religious] forms to a point of equal resistive strength.

This is old business, walking slowly over the land and the kuel with an appreciation of their needs and of their immediacy to the human senses and form, with knowledge of the history that lies in them and the history that they tell, and in anticipation of the history yet to come.[…]