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Part I - The Basic Stuff

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2017

Donald W. McRobbie
Affiliation:
South Australian Medical Imaging, Adelaide, Australia
Elizabeth A. Moore
Affiliation:
Philips Research Laboratories, The Netherlands
Martin J. Graves
Affiliation:
Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge UK
Martin R. Prince
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University
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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

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References

Further Reading

American College of Radiology Expert panel on MR Safety (2013) ‘ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013’. JMRI 37:501530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Society for Testing and Materials (2013) ‘Standard practice for marking medical devices and other items for safety in the magnetic resonance environment’. www.astm.org/Standards/F2503.htm [accessed 10 December 2013].Google Scholar
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Further Reading

Bushong, SC and Clarke, G (2014) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical and Biological Principles, 4th edn. St. Louis, MI: Mosby, chapter 7.Google Scholar
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Further Reading

Brown, MA and Semelka, RC (1999) ‘MR imaging abbreviations, definitions and descriptions: a review’. Radiology 213:647662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elster, AD and Burdette, JH (2001) Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd edn. London: Mosby-Yearbook, chapters 5 and 12. Also on the web at http://mri-q.com [accessed 23 March 2015].Google Scholar
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Further Reading

Brown, MA and Semelka, RC (2010) MRI: Basic Principles and Applications, 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, chapter 5.Google Scholar
Elster, AD and Burdette, JH (2001) Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd edn. London: Mosby-Yearbook, chapter 4. Also on the web at http://mri-q.com [accessed 23 March 2015].Google Scholar
Hashemi, RH and Bradley, WG Jr (2010) MRI: The Basics, 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, chapters 12 and 13.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Brown, MA and Semelka, RC (2010) MRI: Basic Principles and Applications, 4th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, chapter 6.Google Scholar
Elster, AD and Burdette, JH (2001) Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd edn. London: Mosby-Yearbook, chapter 4. Also on the web at http://mri-q.com [accessed 23 March 2015].Google Scholar
Hashemi, RH and Bradley, WG Jr (2010) MRI The Basics, 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, chapter 17.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Brown, RW, Cheng, YCN, Haacke, EM, Thompson, MR and Venkatesan, R (2014) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, various chapters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, AD and Burdette, JH (2001) Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd edn. London: Mosby-Yearbook, chapter 4. Also on the web at http://mri-q.com [accessed 23 March 2015].Google Scholar
McRobbie, D and Semple, S (eds) (in preparation) Quality Control and Artefacts in MRI. York: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Available via www.ipem.ac.uk.Google Scholar
MR Technology Information Portal, artefacts section: www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=art [accessed 8 May 2015].Google Scholar

Further Reading

Bracewell, RN (1999) The Fourier Transform and its Applications, 3rd edn. London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Brown, RW, Cheng, YCN, Haacke, EM, Thompson, MR and Venkatesan, R (2014) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, chapters 9, 10 and 11.Google Scholar
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Mansfield, P and Maudsley, AA (1977) ‘Medical imaging by NMR’. Br J Radiol 50:188194.Google Scholar
Twieg, DB (1983) ‘The k-trajectory formulation of the NMR imaging process with applications in analysis and synthesis of imaging methods’. Med Phys 10:610623.Google Scholar
A good explanation of spatial frequencies can be found at http://7e.biopsychology.com/av10.04.html [accessed 22 March 2015].Google Scholar

Further Reading

Abragam, A (1983) The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, chapters I, II and III.Google Scholar
Bernstein, MA, King, KF and Zhou, XJ (2004) Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences. London: Elsevier Academic Press, chapters 4 and 6.Google Scholar
Brown, RW, Cheng, YCN, Haacke, EM, Thompson, MR and Venkatesan, R (2014) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, chapters 2–6 and 8.Google Scholar
Elster, AD and Burdette, JH (2001) Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2nd edn. London: Mosby-Yearbook, chapter 2. Also on the web at http://mri-q.com [accessed 23 March 2015].Google Scholar
Farrar, TC and Becker, ED (1971) Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR: Introduction to Theory and Methods. New York: Academic Press, chapters 1, 2 and 4.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Brown, RW, Cheng, YCN, Haacke, EM, Thompson, MR and Venkatesan, R (2014) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, chapter 27.Google Scholar
Jianming, J (1998) Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Vlaardingerbroek, MT and den Boer, JA (2003) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Theory and Practice 3rd edn. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
ISMRM members should also browse the ‘MR Systems Engineering’ educational sessions for past annual meetings: for example www.ismrm.org/13/WK09.htm [accessed 28 March 2016].Google Scholar
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The ACR accreditation documents are available to download or purchase from www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Accreditation/MRI [accessed 12 December 2014].Google Scholar
Of particular interest are the ACR phantoms:Google Scholar
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European Communities Research Project (1995) ‘Quality assessment in in-vivo NMR spectroscopy: results of a concerted research project for the European Economic Community I–IV’. Magn Reson Imaging 13: 117158.Google Scholar
McRobbie, D and Semple, S (eds) (in preparation) ‘Quality control and artefacts in MRI’.Google Scholar
International Electrotechnical Commission (2016) Magnetic Resonance Equipment for Medical Imaging – Part 1: Determination of Essential Image Quality Parameters. Geneva: Commission Electrotechnique Internationale.Google Scholar
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NEMA Standards, ‘Determination of two-dimensional geometric distortion in diagnostic magnetic resonance images’. Publication MS 2-2008. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Determination-of-Two-Dimensional-Geometric-Distortion-in-Diagnostic-Magnetic-Resonance-Images.aspxGoogle Scholar
NEMA Standards, ‘Determination of image uniformity in diagnostic magnetic resonance images’. Publication MS 3-2008. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Determination-of-Image-Uniformity-in-Diagnostic-Magnetic-Resonance-Images.aspxGoogle Scholar
NEMA Standards, ‘Determination of slice thickness in magnetic resonance imaging’. Publication MS5-2003. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Determination-of-Slice-Thickness-in-Diagnostic-Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging.aspxGoogle Scholar
NEMA Standards, ‘Determination of signal-to-noise ratio and image uniformity for single-channel non-volume coils in diagnostic MR imaging’. Publication MS 6-2008. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Determination-of-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio-and-Image-Uniformity-for-Single-Channel-Non-Volume-Coils-in-Diagnostic-Magnetic.aspxGoogle Scholar
NEMA Standards, ‘Characterisation of phased array coils for diagnostic magnetic resonance images’. Publication MS 9-2008. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Characterisation-of-Phased-Array-Coils-for-Diagnostic-Magnetic-Resonance-Images.aspxGoogle Scholar
NEMA Standards, ‘Quantification and mapping of geometric distortion for special applications’. Publication MS 12-2006. www.nema.org/Standards/Pages/Quantification-and-Mapping-of-Geometric-Distortion-for-Special-Applications.aspxGoogle Scholar

Further Reading

Bodurka, J, Ye, F, Petridou, N, Murphy, K and Bandettini, PA (2007) ‘Mapping the MRI voxel volume in which thermal noise matches physiological noise: implications for fMRI’. Neuroimage 34: 542549.Google Scholar
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McRobbie, DW (1996) ‘The absolute signal-to-noise ratio in MRI acceptance testing’. Br J Radiol 69:10451048.Google Scholar
McRobbie, D and Semple, S (eds) (in preparation) Quality Control and Artefacts in MRI. York: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. www.ipem.ac.uk.Google Scholar
Box ‘National and International Standards’ for details of ACR, IPEM and NEMA standards.Google Scholar

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