Part III examines the normative and institutional dimensions of modes of reconciliation and conflict management in multinational democracies. In chapter 11, Allen Patten explores two claims made by proponents of the liberal idea of citizenship: (1) that a shared national identity is one of the most important conditions of citizenship (2) that citizens of a state should have a single national identity. Patten's primary concern is whether nation-building projects within multinational societies represent a threat to this liberal ideal of citizenship. Although Patten concludes that nation-building and national-independence projects do contradict the liberal idea of citizenship by conflicting with ‘the right to equal recognition of identity in the public sphere’, he does point to an alternative way in which the demands of nationalist movements can be accommodated without compromising liberal principles of citizenship. Patten makes the case that a right to equal recognition of identity in the public sphere is one of the entitlements that should be recognized in a liberal theory of citizenship. This principle of equal recognition can conflict with nation-building and national-independence projects because such projects may not provide equal recognition of identity in the public sphere of the new state. From this principle of equal recognition, Patten formulates a new liberal theory of citizenship that is more fitting for the demands of a multinational society than the instrumental nationalist theory of citizenship articulated by classical liberals such as J. S. Mill.