Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Chapter
  • Print publication year: 2006
  • Online publication date: January 2010

8 - Thyroid and parathyroid (including thyroglossal disorders)

from Part II - Head and neck
Export citation
Summary

Since the first thyroidectomy was reportedly performed by the Moorish surgeon Albucasis in AD 330, the surgical treatment of thyroid and parathyroid disorders has been approached with trepidation. Even with modern technical advances, many regard pathology in this anatomic location only operable by those with significant experience. This notion is especially true in children. The technical difficulties are more pronounced in younger individuals, and these children must survive a lifetime with the end result of their surgeon's work.

In this chapter, the long-term outcome of surgical diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, including thyroglossal disorders, in children is discussed. Graves' disease, the most common of these disorders, is the first entity considered. Malignancies of the thyroid gland are then considered with a discussion of papillary and follicular carcinoma, followed by a review of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Next, childhood disorders of the parathyroid glands are discussed, with emphasis on hyperparathyroidism. Finally, we consider the management and long term outcome of thyroglossal disorders, including cysts and sinuses.

Graves' disease

Toxic diffuse goiter or Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children. It is more common in girls than boys, with a ratio of approximately 4:1 to 5:1, and the incidence increases throughout childhood with a peak in the adolescent years.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune process mediated by circulating autoantibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor present on the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Recommend this book

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this book to your organisation's collection.

Pediatric Surgery and Urology
  • Online ISBN: 9780511545757
  • Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545757
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×
REFERENCES
Becker, D. V. & Hurley, J. R. Current status of radioiodine (131I) treatment of hyperthyroidism. In Nuclear Medicine Annual. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 265–290.
Becker, D. V.Choice of therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311:464–466.
Foley, T. P. & Charron, M.Radioiodine treatment of juvenile Graves' disease. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 1997; 105:61–65.
Rivkees, S. A.The use of radioactive iodine in the management of hyperthyroidism in children. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocrinol. Metab. Disord. 2001; 1:255–264.
Rivkees, S. A., Sklar, C., & Freemark, M.The management of Graves' disease in children, with special emphasis on radioiodine treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998; 83:3767–3776.
Csaky, G., Balazs, G., Bako, G.et al. Late results of thyroid surgery for hyperthyroidism performed in childhood. Prog. Pediatr. Surg. 1991; 26:31–40.
Rauh, V., Kujath, H. P., Reimers, C.et al. Indications, surgical treatment and after-care in juvenile hyperthyroidism. Prog. Pediatr. Surg. 1991; 26:28–30.
Bergman, P., Auldist, A. W., & Cameron, F.Review of the outcome of management of Graves' disease in children and adolescents. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2001; 37:176–182.
Viswanathan, K., Gierlowski, T. C., Schneider, A. B.et al. Childhood thyroid cancer. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1994; 148:260–265.
Nikiforov, Y. & Gnepp, D. R.Pediatric thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl disaster. Cancer 1994; 74:748–766.
Smith, M. B., Xue, H., Strong, L.et al. Forty-year experience with second malignancies after treatment of childhood cancer: analysis of outcome following the development of the second malignancy. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1993; 28:1342–1349.
Bongarzone, I., Butti, M. G., Coronelli, S.et al. Frequent activation of ret protooncogene by fusion with a new activating gene in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1994; 54:2979.
Lemoine, N. R., Mayall, E. S., Wyllie, F. S.et al. Activated ras mutations in human thyroid cancers. Cancer Res. 1988; 48:4459.
Gorlin, J. B. & Sallan, S. E.Thyroid cancer in childhood. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1990; 19:649–662.
Harness, J. K., Thompson, N. W., McLeod, M. K.et al. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults. World J. Surg. 1992; 16:547–554.
Vassilopoulou-Sellin, R., Klein, M. J., Smith, T. H.et al. Pulmonary metastases in children and young adults with differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer 1993; 71:1348–1352.
Schlumberger, M., DeVathaire, F., Travagli, J. P.et al. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in childhood: long term follow-up in 72 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987; 65:1088–1094.
Ceccarelli, C., Pacini, F., Lippi, F.et al. Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. Surgery 1988; 104:1143–1148.
Quaglia, M. P., Corbally, M. T., Heller, G.et al. Recurrence and morbidity in differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. Surgery 1988; 104:1149–1156.
Zimmerman, D., Hay, I. D., Gough, I. R.et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adults: long term follow up of 1039 patients conservatively treated at one institution during three decades. Surgery 1988; 104:1157–1166.
Samuel, A. M. & Sharma, S. M.Differentiated thyroid carcinomas in children and adolescents. Cancer 1991; 67:2186–2190.
Danese, D., Gardini, A., Farsetti, A.et al. Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1997; 156:190–194.
Newman, K. D., Black, T., Heller, G.et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer: determinants of disease progression in patients <21 years of age at diagnosis. Ann. Surg. 1998; 227:533–541.
Giuffrida, D., Scollo, C., Pellegriti, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2002; 25:18–24.
Roy van Zuidewijn, D. B. W., Songun, I., Kievit, J.et al. Complications of thyroid surgery. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 1995; 2:56–60.
Olson, J. A., DeBenedetti, M. K., Baumann, D. S., & Wells, S. A.Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy: results of long term follow up. Ann. Surg. 1996; 223:472–480.
Skinner, M. A., Norton, J. A., Moley, J. F., DeBenedetti, M. K., & Wells, S. A.Heterotopic autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue in children undergoing total thyroidectomy. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1997; 32:510–513.
Vassilopoulou-Sellin, R., Goepfer, H., Raney, B., & Schultz, P. N.Differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents: clinical outcome and mortality after long-term follow-up. Head Neck 1998; 20:549–555.
Grauer, A., Raue, F., & Gagel, R. F.Changing concepts in the management of hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1990; 19: 613–635.
O'Riordain, D. S., O'Brien, T., Crotty, T. B.et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIb: more than an endocrine disorder. Surgery 1995; 118:936–942.
Wells, S. A., Chi, D. D., Toshima, K.et al. Predictive DNA testing and prophylactic thyroidectomy in patients at risk for multiple endocrine neoplasia IIa. Ann. Surg. 1994; 220:237–250.
Howe, J. R., Norton, J. A., & Wells, S. A.Prevalence of pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a: results of long-term follow-up. Surgery 1993; 114:1070–1077.
Telander, R. L., Zimmerman, D., Sizemore, G. W.et al. Medullary carcinoma in children. Arch. Surg. 1989; 124:841–843.
Barry, R., Pelser, H. H., Nel, C. J. C.et al. Early thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma in children and young adults with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a (MEN2a) syndrome. S. Africa Med. J. 1991; 80:90–92.
Skinner, M. A., DeBenedetti, M. K., Moley, J. F.et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children with multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2a and 2b. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1996; 31:177–182.
Kahraman, T., Groot, J. W. B., Rouwe, C.et al. Acceptable age for prophylactic surgery in children with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 29:331–335.
Mallette, L. E.Regulation of blood calcium in humans. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1989; 18:601–610.
Allen, D. B., Friedman, A. L., & Hendricks, S. A.Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in children. AJDC 1986; 140:819–821.
Ross, A. J., Cooper, A., Attie, M. F.et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in infancy. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1986; 21:493–499.
Palmer, F. J., Nelson, J. C., & Bucchus, H.The chloride–phosphate ratio in hypercalcemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1974; 80:200–204.
Serpell, J. W., Campbell, P. R., & Young, A. E.Preoperative localization of parathyroid tumours does not reduce operating time. Br. J. Surg. 1991; 78:589–590.
Wei, J. P. & Burke, G. J.Cost utility of routine imaging with Tc-99m-sestamibi in primary hyperparathyroidism before initial surgery. Am. Surg. 1997; 63:1097–1100.
Pattou, F., Torres, G., Mondragon-Sanchez, A.et al. Correlation of parathyroid scanning and anatomy in 261 unselected patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1999; 126:1123–1131.
Kulczycka, H., Kaminski, W., Woziewicz, B.et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in infants: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Klin. Pediat. 1991; 203:116–118.
Ross, A. J.Parathyroid surgery in children. Prog. Pediatr. Surg. 1991; 6:48–59.
Sosa, J. A. & Udelsman, R.Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 12:125–134.
Cady, B.Neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism. Surg. Clin. North Am. 1973; 53:301–306.
Saxe, A., Baier, R., Tesluk, H.et al. The role of the pathologist in the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1985; 161:101–105.
Wells, S. A., Ross, A. J., Dale, J. K.et al. Transplantation of the parathyroid glands: current status. Surg. Clin. North Am. 1979; 59:167–177.
Allo, M., Thompson, N. W., Harness, J. K.et al. Primary hyperparathyroidism in children, adolescents, and young adults. World J. Surg. 1982; 6:771–776.
Hsu, S. C. & Levine, M. A.Primary hyperparathyroidism in children and adolescents: the Johns Hopkins Children's Center experience 1984–2001. J. Bone Min. Res. 2002; 17:N44–N50.
Sistrunk, W. E.The surgical treatment of cysts of the thyroglossal tract. Ann. Surg. 1920; 71:121–122.
Maddalozzo, J., Venkatesan, T. K., & Gupta, P.Complications associated with the Sistrunk procedure. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:119–123.
Hoffman, M. A. & Schuster, S. R.Thyroglossal duct remnants in infants and children: reevaluation of histopathology and methods from resection. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1988; 97:483–486.
Nicollas, R., Guelfucci, B., Roman, S., & Triglia, J. M.Congenital cysts and fistulas of the neck. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2000; 55:117–124.
Marianowski, R., Ait Amer, J. L., Morisseau-Durand, M. P., Manach, Y., & Rassi, S.Risk factors for thyroglossal duct remnants after Sistrunk procedure in a pediatric population. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67:19–23.
Cancel
Confirm
×