The questions involved in the heading have engaged the attention of astronomers in the past, but does the photographic method contribute evidence more reliable in character than that formerly available?

Let us consider the evidence which has up to the present time been obtained by photography, remembering that the last dozen years covers the whole interval during which it has been accumulated:–

(A) Eleven years ago photographs of the Great Nebula in Andromeda were taken with the 20-inch reflector and exposures of the plates during intervals up to four hours; and upon some of them were depicted stars to the faintness of 17th to 18th magnitude, and nebulosity to an equal degree of faintness. The films of the plates obtainable in those days were less sensitive than those that have been available during the past five years, and during this period photographs of the nebula with exposures up to four hours have been taken with the 20-inch reflector. No extensions of the nebulosity, however, nor increase in the number of the stars, can be seen on the later rapid plates than were depicted upon the earlier slower ones, though the star-images and the nebulosity have greater density on the later plates.