Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T10:57:30.130Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - The Need for Antibiotic Stewardship Programs

An Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2018

By
Emily S. Spivak ,
Lauri A. Hicks  and
Arjun Srinivasan
Edited by
Tamar F. Barlam ,
Melinda M. Neuhauser ,
Pranita D. Tamma  and
Kavita K. Trivedi
Tamar F. Barlam
Affiliation:
Boston Medical Center
Melinda M. Neuhauser
Affiliation:
Department of Veteran Affairs
Pranita D. Tamma
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Kavita K. Trivedi
Affiliation:
Trivedi Consults, LLC.
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Practical Implementation of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program , pp. 1 - 23
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Magill, SS, Edwards, JR, Beldavs, ZG, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial use in US acute care hospitals, May–September 2011. JAMA 2014; 312:1438–1446.Google Scholar
van de Sande-Bruinsma, N, Grundmann, H, Verloo, D, et al. Antimicrobial drug use and resistance in Europe. Emerging Infect Dis 2008; 14:1722–1730.Google Scholar
Fridkin, S, Baggs, J, Fagan, R, et al. Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63:194–200.Google ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats. 2013; 1–114. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/.)Google Scholar
Lessa, FC, Mu, Y, Bamberg, WM, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:825–834.Google Scholar
Kunin, CM, Dierks, JW. A physician-pharmacist voluntary program to improve prescription practices. N Engl J Med 1969; 280:1442–1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunin, CM, Tupasi, T, Craig, WA. Use of antibiotics: a brief exposition of the problem and some tentative solutions. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79:555–560.Google Scholar
McGowan, JE. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5:1033–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamma, PD, Holmes, A, Ashley, ED. Antimicrobial stewardship: another focus for patient safety? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 27:348–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. Policy statement on antimicrobial stewardship by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:322–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/carb_national_strategy.pdf.)Google Scholar
Barrett, FF, Casey, JI, Finland, M. Infections and antibiotic use among patients at Boston City Hospital, February, 1967. N Engl J Med 1968; 278:5–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kislak, JW, Eickhoff, TC, Finland, M. Hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic usage in the Boston City Hospital–January, 1964. N Engl J Med 1964; 271:834–835.Google Scholar
Scheckler, WE, Bennett, JV. Antibiotic usage in seven community hospitals. JAMA 1970; 213:264–267.Google Scholar
Borda, I, Jick, H, Slone, D, Dinan, B, Gilman, B, Chalmers, TC. Studies of drug usage in five Boston hospitals. JAMA 1967; 202:506–510.Google Scholar
Kelesidis, T, Braykov, N, Uslan, DZ, et al. Indications and types of antibiotic agents used in 6 acute care hospitals, 2009–2010: A pragmatic retrospective observational study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:70–79.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network. (Accessed April 26, 2016, at www.cdc.gov/nhsn/acute-care-hospital/aur/.)Google Scholar
Hecker, MT, Aron, DC, Patel, NP, Lehmann, MK, Donskey, CJ. Unnecessary use of antimicrobials in hospitalized patients: current patterns of misuse with an emphasis on the antianaerobic spectrum of activity. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:972–978.Google Scholar
Kollef, MH, Sherman, G, Ward, S, Fraser, VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999; 115:462–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micek, ST, Lloyd, AE, Ritchie, DJ, Reichley, RM, Fraser, VJ, Kollef, MH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1306–1311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, A, Paul, M, Almanasreh, N, et al. Benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment: thirty-day mortality and duration of hospital stay. Am J Med 2006; 119:970–976.Google Scholar
Seaton, RA, Nathwani, D, Burton, P, et al. Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in Scottish hospitals utilising the Glasgow Antimicrobial Audit Tool (GAAT). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:693–699.Google Scholar
Kumar, A, Ellis, P, Arabi, Y, et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 2009; 136:1237–1248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciccolini, M, Spoorenberg, V, Geerlings, SE, Prins, JM, Grundmann, H. Using an index-based approach to assess the population-level appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2015; 70:286–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parta, M, Goebel, M, Thomas, J, Matloobi, M, Stager, C, Musher, DM. Impact of an assay that enables rapid determination of staphylococcus species and their drug susceptibility on the treatment of patients with positive blood culture results. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:1043–1048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casaroto, E, Marra, AR, Camargo, TZS, et al. Agreement on the prescription of antimicrobial drugs. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:248.Google Scholar
Vlahovic-Palcevski, V, Francetic, I, Palcevski, G, Novak, S, Abram, M, Bergman, U. Antimicrobial use at a university hospital: appropriate or misused? A qualitative study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 45:169–174.Google Scholar
Osowicki, J, Gwee, A, Noronha, J, et al. Australia-wide point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in neonatal units: How much and how good? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e185–90.Google Scholar
Osowicki, J, Gwee, A, Noronha, J, et al. Australia-wide point prevalence survey of the use and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing for children in hospital. Med J Aust 2014; 201:657–662.Google Scholar
Peron, EP, Hirsch, AA, Jury, LA, Jump, RLP, Donskey, CJ. Another setting for stewardship: high rate of unnecessary antimicrobial use in a veterans affairs long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:289–290.Google Scholar
van Buul, LW, Veenhuizen, RB, Achterberg, WP, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in Dutch nursing homes: How appropriate is it? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015; 16:229–237.Google Scholar
Cooke, DM, Salter, AJ, Phillips, I. The impact of antibiotic policy on prescribing in a London teaching hospital: a one-day prevalence survey as an indicator of antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 11:447–453.Google Scholar
Raveh, D, Levy, Y, Schlesinger, Y, Greenberg, A, Rudensky, B, Yinnon, AM. Longitudinal surveillance of antibiotic use in the hospital. QJM 2001; 94:141–152.Google Scholar
James, RS, McIntosh, KA, Luu, SB, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in Victorian hospitals: a statewide survey to identify current gaps. Med J Aust 2013; 199:692–695.Google Scholar
James, R, Upjohn, L, Cotta, M, et al. Measuring antimicrobial prescribing quality in Australian hospitals: development and evaluation of a national antimicrobial prescribing survey tool. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2015; 70:1912–1918.Google Scholar
Zarb, P, Goossens, H. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): Value of a point-prevalence survey of antimicrobial use across Europe. Drugs 2011; 71:745–755.Google Scholar
Antimicrobial prescribing practice in Australian hospitals. Sydney: 2015. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Antimicrobial-prescribing-practice-in-Aust-hospitals-NAPS-2014-Results.pdf.)Google Scholar
Stolley, PD, Becker, MH, McEvilla, JD, Lasagna, L, Gainor, M, Sloane, LM. Drug prescribing and use in an American community. Ann Intern Med 1972; 76:537–540.Google Scholar
Suda, KJ, Hicks, LA, Roberts, RM, Hunkler, RJ, Danziger, LH. A national evaluation of antibiotic expenditures by healthcare setting in the United States. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68(3):715–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Office-related antibiotic prescribing for persons aged ≤ 14 years–United States, 1993–1994 to 2007–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60:1153–1156.Google Scholar
Shapiro, DJ, Hicks, LA, Pavia, AT, Hersh, AL. Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007–09. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2014; 69:234–240.Google Scholar
Hicks, LA, Taylor, TH, Hunkler, RJ. U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1461–1462.Google Scholar
Jones, BE, Sauer, B, Jones, MM, et al. Variation in outpatient antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in the veteran population: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:73–80.Google Scholar
Barnett, ML, Linder, JA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute bronchitis in the United States, 1996–2010. JAMA 2014; 311:2020–2022.Google Scholar
Hicks, LA, Bartoces, MG, Roberts, RM, et al. US outpatient antibiotic prescribing variation according to geography, patient population, and provider specialty in 2011. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60(9):1308-1316.Google Scholar
Sanchez, GV, Roberts, RM, Albert, AP, Johnson, DD, Hicks, LA. Effects of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary care providers on antibiotic selection, United States. Emerging Infect Dis 2014; 20:2041–2047.Google Scholar
D’Costa, VM, King, CE, Kalan, L, et al. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 2011; 477:457–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhullar, K, Waglechner, N, Pawlowski, A, et al. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e34953.Google Scholar
Mulvey, MR, Simor, AE. Antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: how concerned should we be? CMAJ 2009; 180:408–415.Google Scholar
Clatworthy, AE, Pierson, E, Hung, DT. Targeting virulence: a new paradigm for antimicrobial therapy. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:541–548.Google Scholar
Zaoutis, TE, Goyal, M, Chu, JH, et al. Risk factors for and outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in children. Pediatrics 2005; 115:942–949.Google Scholar
Patel, G, Huprikar, S, Factor, SH, Jenkins, SG, Calfee, DP. Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:1099–1106.Google Scholar
Spellberg, B, Guidos, R, Gilbert, D, et al. The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:155–164.Google Scholar
Thomas, C, Stevenson, M, Riley, TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:1339–1350.Google Scholar
Stevens, V, Dumyati, G, Fine, LS, Fisher, SG, van Wijngaarden, E. Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 53:42–48.Google Scholar
Bartlett, JG. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145:758–764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redelings, MD, Sorvillo, F, Mascola, L. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999–2004. Emerging Infect Dis 2007; 13:1417–1419.Google Scholar
Khanna, S, Pardi, DS, Aronson, SL, et al. The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study. Amer J Gastroenterology 2012; 107:89–95.Google Scholar
Shehab, N, Patel, PR, Srinivasan, A, Budnitz, DS. Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 47:735–743.Google Scholar
Lin, RY, Nuruzzaman, F, Shah, SN. Incidence and impact of adverse effects to antibiotics in hospitalized adults with pneumonia. J Hosp Med 2009; 4:E7–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dellit, TH, Owens, RC, McGowan, JE, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44:159–177.Google Scholar
Kaki, R, Elligsen, M, Walker, S, Simor, A, Palmay, L, Daneman, N. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011; 66:1223–1230.Google Scholar
Davey, P, Brown, E, Charani, E, et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 4:CD003543.Google Scholar
Wagner, B, Filice, GA, Drekonja, D, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship programs in inpatient hospital settings: a systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:1209–1228.Google Scholar
Lautenbach, E, LaRosa, LA, Marr, AM, Nachamkin, I, Bilker, WB, Fishman, NO. Changes in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in response to antimicrobial formulary interventions: impact of progressive restrictions on use of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 36:440–446.Google Scholar
Rüttimann, S, Keck, B, Hartmeier, C, Maetzel, A, Bucher, HC. Long-term antibiotic cost savings from a comprehensive intervention program in a medical department of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004; 38:348–356.Google Scholar
Kisuule, F, Wright, S, Barreto, J, Zenilman, J. Improving antibiotic utilization among hospitalists: a pilot academic detailing project with a public health approach. J Hosp Med 2008; 3:64–70.Google Scholar
Camins, BC, King, MD, Wells, JB, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial utilization program on antimicrobial use at a large teaching hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:931–938.Google Scholar
White, AC, Atmar, RL, Wilson, J, Cate, TR, Stager, CE, Greenberg, SB. Effects of requiring prior authorization for selected antimicrobials: expenditures, susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997; 25:230–239.Google Scholar
Fishman, N. Antimicrobial stewardship. Am J Med 2006; 119:S53–61– discussion S62–70.Google Scholar
Gentry, CA, Greenfield, RA, Slater, LN, Wack, M, Huycke, MM. Outcomes of an antimicrobial control program in a teaching hospital. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (AJHP) 2000; 57:268–274.Google Scholar
LaRocco, A. Concurrent antibiotic review programs–a role for infectious diseases specialists at small community hospitals. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 37:742–743.Google Scholar
Bantar, C, Sartori, B, Vesco, E, et al. A hospital wide intervention program to optimize the quality of antibiotic use: impact on prescribing practice, antibiotic consumption, cost savings, and bacterial resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 37:180–186.Google Scholar
Carling, P, Fung, T, Killion, A, Terrin, N, Barza, M. Favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24:699–706.Google Scholar
Standiford, HC, Chan, S, Tripoli, M, Weekes, E, Forrest, GN. Antimicrobial stewardship at a large tertiary care academic medical center: cost analysis before, during, and after a 7-year program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:338–345.Google Scholar
Arnold, SR, Straus, SE. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.Google Scholar
Ranji, SR, Steinman, MA, Shojania, KG, Gonzales, R. Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Med Care 2008; 46:847–862.Google Scholar
Drekonja, DM, Filice, GA, Greer, N, et al. antimicrobial stewardship in outpatient settings: a systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 36:142–152.Google Scholar
Gonzales, R. A cluster randomized trial of decision support strategies for reducing antibiotic use in acute bronchitis. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173:267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rattinger, GB, Mullins, CD, Zuckerman, IH, et al. A sustainable strategy to prevent misuse of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e51147.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC, Irwin, A, Coombs, L, et al. Effects of clinical pathways for common outpatient infections on antibiotic prescribing. Am J Med 2013; 126:327–335.e12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chao, JH, Kunkov, S, Reyes, LB, Lichten, S, Crain, EF. Comparison of two approaches to observation therapy for acute otitis media in the emergency department. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1352–6.Google Scholar
Little, P, Moore, MV, Turner, S, et al. Effectiveness of five different approaches in management of urinary tract infection: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010; 340:c199.Google Scholar
Little, P, Moore, M, Kelly, J, et al. Delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies for respiratory tract infections in primary care: Pragmatic, factorial, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2014; 348:g1606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meeker, D, Knight, TK, Friedberg, MW, et al. Nudging guideline-concordant antibiotic prescribing: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:425–431.Google Scholar
McGowan, JE. Antimicrobial stewardship–the state of the art in 2011: focus on outcome and methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:331–337.Google Scholar
Schulz, LT, Fox, BC, Polk, RE. Can the antibiogram be used to assess microbiologic outcomes after antimicrobial stewardship interventions? A critical review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32:668–676.Google Scholar
Schechner, V, Temkin, E, Harbarth, S, Carmeli, Y, Schwaber, MJ. Epidemiological interpretation of studies examining the effect of antibiotic usage on resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:289–307.Google Scholar
Singh, N, Rogers, P, Atwood, CW, Wagener, MM, Yu, VL. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:505–511.Google Scholar
Cohen, SH MD, Gerding, DN MD, Johnson, S MD, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:431–455.Google Scholar
Surawicz, CM, Brandt, LJ, Binion, DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Amer J Gastroenterology 2013; 108:478–98–quiz 499.Google Scholar
Debast, SB, Vaessen, N, Choudry, A, Wiegers-Ligtvoet, EAJ, van den Berg, RJ, Kuijper, EJ. Successful combat of an outbreak due to Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 and recognition of specific risk factors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2009; 15:427–434.Google Scholar
Valiquette, L, Cossette, B, Garant, M-P, Diab, H, Pépin, J. Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 45 Suppl 2:S112–21.Google Scholar
Dean, NC, Bateman, KA, Donnelly, SM, Silver, MP, Snow, GL, Hale, D. Improved clinical outcomes with utilization of a community-acquired pneumonia guideline. Chest 2006; 130:794–799.Google Scholar
Lahey, T, Shah, R, Gittzus, J, Schwartzman, J, Kirkland, K. Infectious diseases consultation lowers mortality from Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Medicine 2009; 88:263–267.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC, Price, CS, Sabel, AL, Mehler, PS, Burman, WJ. Impact of routine infectious diseases service consultation on the evaluation, management, and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008; 46:1000–1008.Google Scholar
Evans, RS, Pestotnik, SL, Classen, DC, et al. A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:232–238.Google Scholar
Bond, CAC, Raehl, CL. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacist-managed aminoglycoside or vancomycin therapy. AJHP 2005; 62:1596–1605.Google Scholar
Unger, NR, Gauthier, TP, Cheung, LW. Penicillin skin testing: potential implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 33:856–867.Google Scholar
Charneski, L, Deshpande, G, Smith, SW. Impact of an antimicrobial allergy label in the medical record on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31:742–747.Google Scholar
Classen, DC, Evans, RS, Pestotnik, SL, Horn, SD, Menlove, RL, Burke, JP. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:281–286.Google Scholar
Bratzler, DW, Dellinger, EP, Olsen, KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:195–283.Google Scholar
Bond, CAC, Raehl, CL. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacist-managed antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:1935–1942.Google Scholar
Spivak, ES, Kendall, B, Orlando, P, et al. Evaluation of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy at a veterans affairs hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 36:1103–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, SM, Shrestha, NK, Rehm, SJ. Transitioning antimicrobial stewardship beyond the hospital: the Cleveland Clinic’s community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy (CoPAT) program. J Hosp Med 2011; 6 Suppl 1:S24–S30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knackstedt, ED, Stockmann, C, Davis, CR, Thorell, EA, Pavia, AT, Hersh, AL. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in pediatrics: An opportunity to expand antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 36:222–224.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Accessed April 26, 2016, at www.cdc.gov/getsmart/.)Google Scholar
Sanchez, GV, Fleming-Dutra, KE, Hicks, LA. Minimizing antibiotic misuse through evidence-based management of outpatient acute respiratory infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6673.Google Scholar
Harris, AM, Hicks, LA, Qaseem, A, High value care task force of the american college of physicians and for the centers for disease control and prevention. appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164(6):425-434.Google Scholar
Hersh, AL, Jackson, MA, Hicks, LA, American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Principles of judicious antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in pediatrics. Pediatrics 2013; 132:1146–1154.Google Scholar
Marr, JJ, Moffet, HL, Kunin, CM. Guidelines for improving the use of antimicrobial agents in hospitals: a statement by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:869–876.Google Scholar
Shlaes, DM, Gerding, DN, John, JF, et al. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997; 25:584–599.Google Scholar
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Spellberg, B, Blaser, M, et al. Combating antimicrobial resistance: Policy recommendations to save lives. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 52 Suppl 5:S397–428.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, SE, Hermsen, ED, Rybak, MJ, et al. Guidance for the knowledge and skills required for antimicrobial stewardship leaders. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014; 35:1444–1451.Google Scholar
Barlam, TF, Cosgrove, SE, Abbo, LM, et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62(10):1197–1202.Google Scholar
California Senate Bill No. 739. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.dhcs.ca.gov/provgovpart/initiatives/nqi/Documents/SB739.pdf.)Google Scholar
Trivedi, KK, Rosenberg, J. The state of antimicrobial stewardship programs in California. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:379–384.Google Scholar
California Senate Bill No. 1311. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB1311.Google Scholar
Pollack, LA, Srinivasan, A. Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014; 59 Suppl 3:S97–100.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Accessed April 26, 2016, at www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/pdfs/core-elements-antibiotic-stewardship.pdf.)Google Scholar
Sanchez, GV, Fleming-Dutra, KE, Roberts, RM, Hicks, LA. Core elements of outpatient antibiotic stewardship. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016; 65:1–12.Google Scholar
Obama, BH. Presidential Executive Order. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/18/executive-order-combating-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria.)Google Scholar
Report to the President on Combating Antibiotic Resistance. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_carb_report_sept2014.pdf.)Google Scholar
The Joint Commission. Prepublication Standards – New Antimicrobial Stewardship Standard. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.jointcommission.org/prepublication_standards_antimicrobial_stewardship_standard/.)Google Scholar
The World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: a global report on surveillance. 2014. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/.)Google Scholar
The World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/publications/global-action-plan/en/.)Google Scholar
The United Nations General Assembly. Draft political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on antimicrobial resistance. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.un.org/pga/71/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2016/09/DGACM_GAEAD_ESCAB-AMR-Draft-Political-Declaration-1616108E.pdf.)Google Scholar
MaronDF, Smith TJ, Nachman, KE. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey. Global Health 2013; 9: 48.Google Scholar
The Food and Drug Administration. Veterinary Feed Directive. (Accessed Nov 20, 2016, at www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/06/03/2015–13393/veterinary-feed-directive.)Google Scholar
Fridkin, SK, Srinivasan, A. Implementing a strategy for monitoring inpatient antimicrobial use among hospitals in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014; 58(3): 401–406.Google Scholar
Collins, CD, Miller, DE, Kenney, RM, et al. The state of antimicrobial stewardship in Michigan: Results of a statewide survey on antimicrobial stewardship efforts in acute care hospitals. Hospital Pharmacy 2015; 50:180–184.Google Scholar
Stenehjem, E, Hersh, AL, Sheng, X, et al. Antibiotic use in small community hospitals. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016; 63:1273–1280.Google Scholar
Trivedi, KK, Kuper, K. Hospital antimicrobial stewardship in the non university setting. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2014; 28:281–289.Google Scholar
Chou, AF, Graber, CJ, Jones, M, et al. Characteristics of antimicrobial stewardship programs at veterans affairs hospitals: results of a nationwide survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37(6):647–654.Google Scholar
Pollack, LA, van Santen, KL, Weiner, LM, Dudeck, MA, Edwards, JR, Srinivasan, A. Antibiotic stewardship programs in U.S. acute care hospitals: findings from the 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Annual Hospital Survey. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016; 63(4):443–449.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Accessed Apr 26, 2016, at www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/nursing-home-care.htm.)Google Scholar
Rhee, SM, Stone, ND. Antimicrobial stewardship in long-term care facilities. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2014; 28:237–246.Google Scholar
Malani, AN, Brennan, BM, Collins, CD, Finks, J, Pogue, JM, Kaye, KS. Antimicrobial stewardship practices in Michigan long-term care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:236–237.Google Scholar
Doernberg, SB, Dudas, V, Trivedi, KK. Implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program targeting residents with urinary tract infections in three community long-term care facilities: a quasi-experimental study using time-series analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4:54.Google Scholar
Van Schooneveld, T, Miller, H, Sayles, H, Watkins, K, Smith, PW. Survey of antimicrobial stewardship practices in Nebraska long-term care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32:732–734.Google Scholar
Ashwood, JS, Reid, RO, Setodji, CM, Weber, E, Gaynor, M, Mehrotra, A. Trends in retail clinic use among the commercially insured. Am J Manag Care 2011; 17:e443–448.Google Scholar
Laws, M, Scott, MK. The emergence of retail-based clinics in the United States: Early observations. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27:1293–1298.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, A, Paone, S, Martich, GD, Albert, SM, Shevchik, GJ. A comparison of care at e-visits and physician office visits for sinusitis and urinary tract infection. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173:72–74.Google Scholar
Tice, AD, Rehm, SJ, Dalovisio, JR, et al. Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. IDSA guidelines. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2004; 38:1651–1672.Google Scholar
Lane, MA, Marschall, J, Beekmann, SE, et al. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy practices among adult infectious disease physicians. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:839–844.Google Scholar
Shrestha, NK, Bhaskaran, A, Scalera, NM, Schmitt, SK, Rehm, SJ, Gordon, SM. Contribution of infectious disease consultation toward the care of inpatients being considered for community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy. J Hosp Med 2012; 7:365–369.Google Scholar
Madigan, T, Banerjee, R. Characteristics and outcomes of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy at an academic children’s hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:346–349.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×