At this point, we return to the job of designing the robot. We have part of its brain designed, and we have seen how it would reason in a few simple problems of hypothesis testing and estimation. In every problem it has solved thus far, the results have either amounted to the same thing as, or were usually demonstrably superior to, those offered in the ‘orthodox’ statistical literature. But it is still not a very versatile reasoning machine, because it has only one means by which it can translate raw information into numerical values of probabilities, the principle of indifference (2.95). Consistency requires it to recognize the relevance of prior information, and so in almost every problem it is faced at the onset with the problem of assigning initial probabilities, whether they are called technically prior probabilities or sampling probabilities. It can use indifference for this if it can break the situation up into mutually exclusive, exhaustive possibilities in such a way that no one of them is preferred to any other by the evidence. But often there will be prior information that does not change the set of possibilities but does give a reason for preferring one possibility to another. What do we do in this case?

Orthodoxy evades this problem by simply ignoring prior information for fixed parameters, and maintaining the fiction that sampling probabilities are known frequencies.