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Figures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2026

Christina J. Schneider  and
Robert Thomson
Christina J. Schneider
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Robert Thomson
Affiliation:
University of Hong Kong

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Type
Chapter
Information
Promises Made, Promises Kept?
Democratic Politics in a Globalized World
 , pp. xi - xiii
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Figures

  1. 1.1The chain of promissory representation

  2. 4.1Comparing the fulfillment of campaign promises across countries

  3. 4.2The fulfillment of election promises in election programs

  4. 4.3Historical trends in economic globalization

  5. 4.4Economic globalization across countries

  6. 4.5Globalization and the fulfillment of campaign promises

  7. 4.6Predicted probabilities for the effect of globalization on promise fulfillment

  8. 4.7Effect of globalization on promise fulfillment for different party ideologies

  9. 4.8Predicted effect of globalization on the number of campaign promises

  10. 4.9Left–right ideology, globalization, and promises to cut taxes and programs

  11. 4.10Left–right ideology, globalization, and promises to expand taxes and programs

  12. 4.11Globalization positively affects the numbers of expansionary pledges across the political spectrum

  13. 5.1International migration to the United Kingdom

  14. 6.1Unfulfilled promises and change in vote share

  15. 6.2Predicted values for the effect of broken promises on change in vote share

  16. 6.3Marginal effect of broken promises on change in vote share for different levels of globalization

  17. 6.4Political affiliation

  18. 6.5Support for tax incentives

  19. 6.6Main experimental results

  20. 6.7Globalization shock’s limited benefit

  21. 6.8Importance of promise keeping and retrospective sanctioning

  22. 6.9Respondents’ beliefs about promise keeping and retrospective sanctioning

  23. 7.1Citizens’ responses to position shifts (without globalization shocks)

  24. 7.2Citizens’ responses to position shifts (with globalization shocks)

  25. 7.3Globalization and ideological extremity on the general left–right dimension

  26. 7.4Globalization has a negative effect on the extremity of center-right parties’ left–right positions

  27. 7.5Globalization moderates the general left–right positions of rightist parties

  28. 7.6Globalization moderates the socioeconomic left–right positions of rightist parties

  29. 7.7Leftist and rightist parties shift rightward on the nonsocioeconomic left–right dimension as globalization deepens

  30. 8.1Populist rhetoric of mainstream political parties, 1970–2019

  31. 8.2Average mainstream party populism, 1970–2020

  32. 8.3Globalization and political party populism

  33. 8.4Predicted levels of populist rhetoric at different levels of globalization

  34. 8.5Effect of globalization on populist rhetoric for different party ideologies

  35. 9.1Comparing ambiguity across countries, 1960–2019

  36. 9.2Political ambiguity over time

  37. 9.3Political ambiguity by country

  38. 9.4Political ambiguity in the United States by political party

  39. 9.5Main results: globalization and ambiguity in parties’ election appeals

  40. 9.6Predicted levels of ambiguity at different levels of globalization

  41. 9.7Exploring types of trade globalization and ambivalence

  42. 9.8Main results by policy area

  43. 9.9Effect of globalization on ambiguity for different party ideologies

  44. 10.1Voter confidence about the politician’s vote

  45. 10.2Main experimental results

  46. 10.3Is vagueness better than ambivalence?

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