Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T13:34:11.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Psychosocial Treatment and the Schizophrenia Spectrum

Roots and Origins

from Part I - The Past

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2022

Meaghan Stacy
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Charlie A. Davidson
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Get access

Summary

The evolution of psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia has tracked larger historical trends in psychology, behavioral science, and mental health policy over more than a century. At times, the communication of ideas and influences of science, practice and policy has been reciprocal and mutually beneficial. At other times, there is a lack of such reciprocity, sometimes with unfortunate consequences. This chapter reviews and summarizes those ideas and influences in our post-modern era, and identifies key landmarks in the progression toward contemporary psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Type
Chapter
Information
Recovering the US Mental Healthcare System
The Past, Present, and Future of Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis
, pp. 27 - 51
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979).Google Scholar
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213, Pub. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990)Google Scholar
Arieti, S. (1955). Interpretation of schizophrenia. New York: R. Brunner.Google Scholar
Austin, N., Liberman, R., King, L., & DeRisi, W. (1976). A comparative evaluation of two day hospitals: Goal attainment scaling in behavior therapy vs. milieu therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968). Reinforcer sampling: A technique for increasing the behavior of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 1320. doi:10.1901/jaba. 1968.1–13Google Scholar
Ayllon, T., & Michael, J. (1959). The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer 1. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2(4), 323334.Google Scholar
Bachrach, L. L. (1978). A conceptual approach to deinstitutionalization. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 29(9), 573578.Google Scholar
Bachrach, L. L. (1983). An overview of deinstitutionalization. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 1983(17), 514. doi:10.1002/yd.23319831703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gediman, H. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics, and normals. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Benner, K. (2018, November). Sessions, in last-minute act, sharply limits use of consent decrees to curb olice abuses. The New York Times.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, B., & Sylvester, E. (1948). A therapeutic milieu. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 18(2), 191206. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1948.tb05078.xGoogle Scholar
Von Bertalanffy, L. (1950). An outline of general system theory. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1, 134165. doi:10.1093/bjps/I.2.134Google Scholar
Bond, G., Dincin, J., Setze, P., & Witheridge, T. (1984). The effectiveness of psychiatric rehabilitation: A summary of research at Thresholds. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 7, 622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braginsky, B. M., Braginsky, D. D., & Ring, K. (1969). Methods of madness: The mental hospital as last resort. New York: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Brenner, H., Roder, V., Hodel, B., Kienzle, N., Reed, D., & Liberman, R. (1994). Integrated psychological therapy for schizophrenic patients. Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar
Cannon, T. D., & Mednick, S. A. (1993). The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: Three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87 (370), 3347. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb05359.x. PMID 8452053Google Scholar
Cerreto, M. C. (2001). Olmstead: The Brown v. Board of Education for Disability Rights – Promises, limits, and issues. Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law, 3, 47.Google Scholar
Croog, S. H. (1956). Patient government—Some aspects of participation and social background on two psychiatric wards. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 19, 203207.Google Scholar
Dain, N., & Carlson, E. T. (1960). Milieu therapy in the nineteenth century: Patient care at the Friend’s Asylum, Frankford, Pennsylvania, 1817–1861. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 131, 277290. doi:10.1097/00005053-196010000-00001Google Scholar
Deutsch, A. (1948). The shame of the states. New York: Harcourt Brace World.Google Scholar
Donaldson v. O’Connor 493 F.2d 507 (1974).Google Scholar
Fairweather, G., Sanders, D., Maynard, H., & Cressler, D. (1969). Community life for the mentally ill: An alternative to institutional care. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Faris, R., & Dunham, H. (1939). Mental disorders in urban areas: An ecological study of Schizophrenia and other psychoses. Oxford, England: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, S. H., & Beard, J. H. (1962). Fountain house: A psychiatric rehabilitation program. Current Psychiatric Therapies, 2, 211218.Google Scholar
Fromm-Reichmann, F. (1948). Notes on the development of treatment of schizophrenics by psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 11(3), 263273.Google Scholar
Fuller, D.A., Sinclair, E., Geller, J., Quanbeck, C., & Snook, J. (2016). Going, going, gone: Trends and consequences of eliminating state psychiatric beds. Treatment Advocacy Center: Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Gelfand, D. M., Gelfand, S., & Dobson, W. R. (1967). Unprogrammed reinforcement of patients’ behavior in a mental hospital. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(3), 201207.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, S. (1968). The evolution of a patient government. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 19(10), 329330.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (2001). Family and twin strategies as a head start in defining prodomes and endophenotypes for hypothetical early-interventions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 51(1), 93102. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00245-6Google Scholar
Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Keshavan, M. S., Kohler, C., & Walker, E. (2017). Prevention of schizophrenia. In Evans, D. L., Foa, E. B., Gur, R. E., Hendin, H., O’Brien, C. P., Romer, D., Seligman, M. E. P., & Walsh, B. T. (Eds.), Treating and preventing adolescent mental health disorders: What we know and what we don’t know: A research agenda for improving the mental health of our youth., 2nd ed. (pp. 157180). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halderman v. Pennhurst State School & Hospital, 446 F. Supp. 1295, 1306 (E.D. Pa. 1977)Google Scholar
Harrison, A. (2019). Mind fixers: Psychiatry’s troubled search for the biology of mental illness. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Heller v. Doe by Doe, 509 U.S. 312 (1993)Google Scholar
Hogarty, G., Anderson, C., Reiss, D., Kornblith, S., Greenewald, D., Javno, C., & Madonia, M. (1986). Family psycho-education, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy: I. One-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 633642.Google Scholar
Hogarty, G., Kornblith, S., Greenwald, D., & DiBarry, A. (1995). Personal therapy: A disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(3), 379393.Google Scholar
Hogarty, G. E., & Flesher, S. (1999). Practice principles of cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 693708.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. (1958). Social class and mental illness. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, R. W., & Solomon, H. C. (1950). Patient government: A new form of group therapy. Digest of Neurology & Psychiatry, 18, 207218.Google Scholar
Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)Google Scholar
Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. (1961). Action for mental health: Final report of the Joint Commission on Mental illness and Health. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Jones, M. (1953). The therapeutic community. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Jones, M. (1975). Community care for chronic mental patients: The need for a reassessment. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 26(2), 9498.Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … & Heinssen, R. K. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, R. (1974). The cross-over phenomenon: Three studies of the effect of training and information on process schizophrenic reaction time. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346 (1997)Google Scholar
Kern, R., Horan, W., Glynn, S., Reddy, L., Holden, J., Granholm, E., … & Spaulding, W. (2014). Psychosocial rehabilitation and psychotherapy approaches. In Janicak, P., Marder, S., Tandon, R. and Goldman, M. (eds.) Schizophrenia: Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment (Chapter 14). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Kim, K., Becker-Cohen, M., & Serakos, M. (2015). The Processing and treatment of mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: A scan of practice and background analysis. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Research Report.Google Scholar
Klein, D. (1980). Psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia, or psychosocial help for people with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6(1), 122130.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. (1977). Better but not well: Social and ethical issues in the deinstitutionalization of the mentall ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 3, 617631.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. (1978). The evolution of a scientific nosology. In Shershow, J. (Ed.), Schizophrenia: Research and practice (pp. 99121). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M. M. (2015). Schizophrenia and its treatment: Where is the progress? Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Lake v. Cameron, 364 F.2d 657 (1966)Google Scholar
Laing, R. (1960). The divided self. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F.Supp. 1078 (1972)Google Scholar
Lindsley, O. R. (1956). Operant conditioning methods applied to research in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatric Research Reports, 5, 118139.Google Scholar
Manasse, G. O., & des Jardins, L. (1983). Highlights of a survey of patient governments and councils in VA medical centers. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 34(2), 168169.Google Scholar
Marmor, J., & Pumpian-Mindlin, E. (1950). Toward an integrative conception of mental disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 111, 1929. doi:10.1097/00005053-195011110-00002Google Scholar
May, P. R. A., & Tuma, A. H. (1965). Treatment of schizophrenia: An experimental study of five treatment methods. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 111(475), 503510. doi:10.1192/bjp.111.475.503Google Scholar
Medalia, A., Aluma, M., Tryon, W., & Merriam, A. E. (1998). Effectiveness of attention training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 147152. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033306Google Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827838.Google Scholar
Meichenbaum, D. (1969). The effects of instructions and reinforcement on thinking and language behavior of schizophrenics. Behavior Research and Therapy, 7, 101114.Google Scholar
Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., Slobogin, C., Otto, R. K., Mossman, D., & Condie, L. O. (2017). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers. Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Moreno, J. L. (1969). Psychodrama volume 3: Action therapy and principles of practice. New York: Beacon House.Google Scholar
Mosher, L. (1999). Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: A personal and professional review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 142149.Google Scholar
Murray, E. J., & Cohen, M. (1959). Mental illness, milieu therapy, and social organization in ward groups. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(1), 4854. doi:10.1037/h0049173Google Scholar
New York State Ass’n for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Rockefeller, 357 F. Supp. 752, 764 (1975)Google Scholar
O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975)Google Scholar
Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel Zimring, 527 U.S. 581 (1999)Google Scholar
Pasamanick, B. (1962). Review of Action for mental health: Final report of the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32(3), 539550. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1962.tb00305.xGoogle Scholar
Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu vs. social learning programs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pinals, D.A., & Fuller, D. (2017). Beyond beds: The vital role of a full continuum of psychiatric care. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center:Google Scholar
Prigatano, G. P., Fordyce, D. J., Zeiner, H. K., Roueche, J. R., Pepping, M., & Wood, B. C. (1984). Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 47(5), 505513. doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.5.505Google Scholar
Redl, F. (1959). The concept of a ‘therapeutic milieu’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29(4), 721736. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1959.tb00243.Google Scholar
Roder, V., & Medalia, A. (Eds.). (2010). Neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia patients: Basic concepts and treatment. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. (Ed.). (1967). The therapeutic relationship and its impact: A study of psychotherapy with schizophrenics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Rouse v. Cameron, 373 F.2d 451 (1966)Google Scholar
Smith, D. S., & Hawthorne, M. E. (1949). Psychiatric rehabilitation: A follow-up study of 200 cases. Naval Medical Bulletin, 49, 655669.Google Scholar
Spaulding, W., Montague, E., Avila, A., & Sullivan, M. (2016). The idea of recovery. In Singh, N., Barber, J. & Van Sant, S. (Eds.), Handbook of recovery in inpatient psychiatry (pp. 338). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Spaulding, W., Reed, D., Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. (1999). Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 657676.Google Scholar
Spaulding, W., & Sullivan, M. (2016). Treatment of cognition in the schizophenia spectrum: The context of psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(suppl.1), s53s61.Google Scholar
Spaulding, W., & Sullivan, M. (2017). Psychotherapy and the schizophrenia spectrum. In Consoli, A., Beutler, L. & Bongar, B. (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and Practice (2nd edition) (Chapter 25). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spaulding, W., Sullivan, M., & Poland, J. (2003). Treatment and rehabilitation of severe mental illness. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 604 (1967)Google Scholar
Stein, L. I., & Test, M. A. (1985). The evolution of the Training in Community Living model. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 26, 716. doi:10.1002/yd.23319852603CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. W W Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Szaz, T. (1961). The myth of mental illness. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Tarasenko, M., Sullivan, M., Ritchie, A. J., & Spaulding, W. D. (2013). Effects of eliminating psychiatric rehabilitation from the secure levels of a mental-health service system. Psychological Services, 10, 442451.Google Scholar
Teplin, L. A. (2000). Keeping the peace: Police discretion and mentally ill persons. National Institute of Justice Journal, 244, 815.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Entsminger, K., Geller, J., Stanley, J., & Jaffe, D. J. (2015). The shortage of public hospital beds for mentally ill persons. Montana, 303(20.9), 69.Google Scholar
Torrey, E., Fuller, D., Geller, J., Jacobs, C., & Ragosta, K. (2012). No Room at the inn: Trends and consequences of closing public psychiatric hospitals 2005–2010. Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center:Google Scholar
Unattributed Editorial. (1974). Community treatment—A broken promise? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1(10), 45. doi:10.1093/schbul/1.10.4Google Scholar
U.S. Surgeon General. (1999). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville MD: National Institutes of Health, DHHS. Retrieved from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/NNBBHSGoogle Scholar
Watson, A., Luchins, D., Hanrahan, P., Heyman, M., & Lurigio, A. (2000). Mental health court: Promises and limitations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 28, 476482.Google Scholar
Winick, D. (Ed.) (1991). Essays in therapeutic jurisprudence, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wright, B. A. (1960). Physical disability—A psychological approach (Training in social skills, pp. 274287). New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Wyatt v. Stickney, 344 F.Supp. 387 (1972)Google Scholar
Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982)Google Scholar
Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×