Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T15:42:52.930Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 43 - Geriatric Otolaryngology

from Section III - Care of the Elderly by Organ System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Rebecca J. Kamil ,
Frank R. Lin  and
Carrie L. Nieman
Edited by
Jan Busby-Whitehead ,
Samuel C. Durso ,
Christine Arenson ,
Rebecca Elon ,
Mary H. Palmer  and
William Reichel
Jan Busby-Whitehead
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Samuel C. Durso
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
Christine Arenson
Affiliation:
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
Rebecca Elon
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Mary H. Palmer
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
William Reichel
Affiliation:
Georgetown University Medical Center
Get access

Summary

Otolaryngologic complaints are common among older adults. Hearing loss, balance concerns, dysphagia, and rhinitis, among others, increase with age and can lead to significant functional limitations along with decreased quality of life among the geriatric population. This chapter discusses the expected aging changes observed in the ear, nose, and throat, and the common pathology encountered in the care of older adults. Diagnosis and management of these disease states is discussed, as well as when referral to an otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon – is warranted.

Keywords

geriatric otolaryngologyotolaryngology – head and neck surgeryagingage-related hearing lossage-related vestibular impairmentdysphagiapresbylaryngisrhinitissinusitishead and neck cancer
Type
Chapter
Information
Reichel's Care of the Elderly
Clinical Aspects of Aging
 , pp. 536 - 547
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Weinstein, BE. Aging of the outer, middle and inner ear and neural pathways. In: Geriatric Audiology, 2nd ed. New York: Thieme, 2000, pp. 55–80.Google Scholar
Seshamani, M, Kashima, ML. Special considerations in managing geriatric patients. In: Flint, PW, Haughey, BH, Lund, VJ, et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2010, pp. 230–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, SR, Magit, AE, Rosenfeld, RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): Earwax (cerumen impaction). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017; 156(1 Suppl.):S1–S29.Google ScholarPubMed
Aaron, K, Cooper, TE, Warner, L, Burton, MJ. Ear drops for the removal of ear wax. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 7(7):CD012171.Google Scholar
Lum, CL, Jeyanthi, S, Prepageran, N, Vadivelu, J, Raman, R. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of human cerumen. J Laryngol Otol. 2009; 123(4):375–378.Google Scholar
Kutz, JW, Isaacson, B, Roland, PS. Aging and the auditory and vestibular system. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, Vol. 2, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2615–2623.Google Scholar
Hauk, L. Cerumen impaction: An updated guideline from the AAO-HNSF. Am Fam Physician. 2017; 96(4):263–264.Google Scholar
Rubin, J, Yu, VL, Kamerer, DB, Wagener, M. Aural irrigation with water: A potential pathogenic mechanism for inducing malignant external otitis? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990; 99(2 Pt 1):117–119.Google Scholar
Bailey, BJ. Geriatric otolaryngology. In: Bailey, BJ, Johnson, JT, eds. Head and Neck Surgery – Otolaryngology, Vol. 1, 4th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2006, pp. 235–245.Google Scholar
Nathan, CO, Lian, TS. Cutaneous malignancy. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 1723–1738.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, TB. Soleil et peau [sun and skin]. Journal de Médecine Esthétique. 1975; 2:33–34.Google Scholar
Ussmuller, J, Hartwein, J, Rauchfuss, A, Sanchez-Hanke, M. Primary carcinoma of the ear canal: Clinical aspects, intratemporal growth behavior and surgical strategy. HNO. 2001; 49(4):256–263.Google ScholarPubMed
Linstrom, CJ, Lucente, FE. Diseases of the external ear. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2333–2357.Google Scholar
Handzel, O, Auwaerter, PG. Otitis externa. www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540407/all/Otitis_Externa?q=acute%20otitis%20externa. Accessed on 05/08/2014.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, RM, Schwartz, SR, Cannon, CR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014; 150(1 Suppl.):S1–S24.Google Scholar
Guss, J, Ruckenstein, MJ. Infections of the external ear. In: Flint, PW, Haughey, BH, Lund, VJ, et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2010, pp. 1944–1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvester, MJ, Sanghvi, S, Patel, VM, Eloy, JA, Ying, YM. Malignant otitis externa hospitalizations: Analysis of patient characteristics. Laryngoscope. 2017; 127(10):2328–2336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, BL, Steele, RW, Beard, OW, Wood, JS, Cain, TD, Marmer, DJ. Immune responses to varicella-zoster in the aged. Arch Intern Med. 1982; 142(2):291–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrabec, JT, Lin, JW. Acute paralysis of the facial nerve. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2503–2518.Google Scholar
Uscategui, T, Doree, C, Chamberlain, IJ, Burton, MJ. Antiviral therapy for Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus with facial palsy) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 4:CD006851.Google Scholar
Monsanto, RC, Bittencourt, AG, Bobato Neto, NJ, Beilke, SCA, Lorenzetti, FTM, Salomone, R. Treatment and prognosis of facial palsy on Ramsay Hunt syndrome: Results based on a review of the literature. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2016; 20(4):394–400. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27746846.Google ScholarPubMed
Etholm, B, Belal, A Jr. Senile changes in the middle ear joints. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1974; 83(1):49–54.Google Scholar
Casselbrant, ML, Mandel, EM. Otitis media in the age of antimicrobial resistance. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 1479–1506.Google Scholar
Handzel, O, Auwaerter, PG. Acute otitis media, adult. www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540408/3/Acute_Otitis_Media_Adult_?q=otitis%20media. Accessed on 05/08/2014.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, K, Sparks, RA, Berryhill, WE. Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 76(11):1650–1658.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Reilly, RC, Sando, I. Anatomy and physiology of the eustachian tube. In: Flint, PW, Haughey, BH, Lund, VJ, et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2010, pp. 1866–1875.Google Scholar
Chang, CYJ. Cholesteatoma. In: Lalwani, AK, ed. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012, chapter 50.Google Scholar
Meyer, TA, Strunk, CL, Lambert, PR. Cholesteatoma. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, Vol. 2, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2433–2446.Google Scholar
Shan, A, Ward, BK, Goman, AM, et al. Prevalence of eustachian tube dysfunction in adults in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019; 145(10):974–975.Google Scholar
Schilder, AG, Bhutta, MF, Butler, CC, et al. Eustachian tube dysfunction: Consensus statement on definition, types, clinical presentation and diagnosis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015; 40(5):407–411.Google Scholar
Poe, D, Anand, V, Dean, M, et al. Balloon dilation of the eustachian tube for dilatory dysfunction: A randomized controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2018; 128(5):1200–1206.Google Scholar
Anand, V, Poe, D, Dean, M, et al. Balloon dilation of the eustachian tube: 12-month follow-up of the randomized controlled trial treatment group. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019; 160(4):687–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Academies of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences release report on hearing aid accessibility, affordability. www.hearingreview.com/inside-hearing/regulation/national-academies-sciences-release-report-hearing-aid-accessibility-affordability. Updated 2016. Accessed on 06/04/2020.Google Scholar
Reed, NS, Betz, J, Kendig, N, Korczak, M, Lin, FR. Personal sound amplification products vs a conventional hearing aid for speech understanding in noise. JAMA. 2017; 318(1):89–90.Google Scholar
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Executive office of the president’s council of advisors on science and technology. White House, 2015.Google Scholar
Warren, E, Grassley, C. Over-the-counter hearing aids: The path forward. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177(5):609–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, G, Sommerlad, A, Orgeta, V, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. 2017; 390(10113):2673–2734.Google Scholar
Kamil, RJ, Li, L, Lin, FR. Association between hearing impairment and frailty in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62(6):1186–1188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mener, DJ, Betz, J, Genther, DJ, Chen, D, Lin, FR. Hearing loss and depression in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61(9):1627–1629.Google Scholar
Lin, FR, Ferrucci, L. Hearing loss and falls among older adults in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(4):369–371.Google Scholar
Genther, DJ, Frick, KD, Chen, D, Betz, J, Lin, FR. Association of hearing loss with hospitalization and burden of disease in older adults. JAMA. 2013; 309(22):2322–2324.Google Scholar
Gispen, FE, Chen, DS, Genther, DJ, Lin, FR. Association between hearing impairment and lower levels of physical activity in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62(8):1427–1433.Google Scholar
Lin, FR, Ferrucci, L, Metter, EJ, An, Y, Zonderman, AB, Resnick, SM. Hearing loss and cognition in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Neuropsychology. 2011; 25(6):763–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, FR. Hearing loss and cognition among older adults in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011; 66(10):1131–1136.Google Scholar
Lin, FR, Metter, EJ, O’Brien, RJ, Resnick, SM, Zonderman, AB, Ferrucci, L. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Arch Neurol. 2011; 68(2):214–220.Google Scholar
Li, L, Simonsick, EM, Ferrucci, L, Lin, FR. Hearing loss and gait speed among older adults in the United States. Gait Posture. 2013; 38(1):25–29.Google Scholar
Deal, JA, Goman, AM, Albert, MS, et al. Hearing treatment for reducing cognitive decline: Design and methods of the aging and cognitive health evaluation in elders randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Dement (NY). 2018; 4:499–507.Google Scholar
Harris, MS, Doerfer, K, Moberly, AC. Discussing age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline with patients. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019; 145(9):781–782.Google Scholar
Sprinzl, GM, Riechelmann, H. Current trends in treating hearing loss in elderly people: A review of the technology and treatment options – A mini-review. Gerontology. 2010; 56(3):351–358.Google Scholar
Chen, DS, Clarrett, DM, Li, L, Bowditch, SP, Niparko, JK, Lin, FR. Cochlear implantation in older adults: Long-term analysis of complications and device survival in a consecutive series. Otol Neurotol. 2013; 34(7):1272–1277.Google Scholar
Carlson, ML. Cochlear implantation in adults. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(16):1531–1542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, ML, Breen, JT, Gifford, RH, et al. Cochlear implantation in the octogenarian and nonagenarian. Otol Neurotol. 2010; 31(8):1343–1349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvin, JJ 3rd, Fu, QJ, Wilkinson, EP, et al. Benefits of cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness: Data from the house clinic-University of Southern California-University of California, Los Angeles clinical trial. Ear Hear. 2019; 40(4):766–781.Google Scholar
Chandrasekhar, SS, Tsai, Do BS, Schwartz, SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Sudden hearing loss (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019; 161(1 suppl.):S1–S45.Google Scholar
Bagai, A, Thavendiranathan, P, Detsky, AS. Does this patient have hearing impairment? JAMA. 2006; 295(4):416–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thijs, C, Leffers, P. Sensitivity and specificity of Rinne tuning fork test. BMJ. 1989; 298(6668):255.Google Scholar
Oliver, ER, Hashisaki, GT. Sudden sensory hearing loss. In: Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, Vol. 2, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2589–2595.Google Scholar
Cosetti, MK, Roehm, PC. Tinnitus and hyperacusis. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2597–2614.Google Scholar
Heller, AJ. Classification and epidemiology of tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003; 36(2):239–248.Google Scholar
Bauer, CA. Tinnitus and hyperacusis. In: Flint, PW, Haughey, BH, Lund, VJ, et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2010, pp. 2131–2139.Google Scholar
Tunkel, DE, Bauer, CA, Sun, GH, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014; 151(2 Suppl.):S1–S40.Google ScholarPubMed
Agrawal, Y, Smith, PF, Rosenberg, PB. Vestibular impairment, cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease: Balancing the evidence. Aging Ment Health. 2020; 24(5):705–708.Google Scholar
Arshad, Q, Seemungal, BM. Age-related vestibular loss: Current understanding and future research directions. Front Neurol. 2016; 7:231.Google Scholar
Agrawal, Y, Minor, LB, Carey, JP. Peripheral vestibular disorders. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2701–2716.Google Scholar
Parham, K, Kuchel, GA. A geriatric perspective on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016; 64(2):378–385.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, N, Baugh, RF, Orvidas, L, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 139(5 Suppl. 4):47.Google Scholar
Dix, MR, Hallpike, CS. The pathology, symptomatology and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Proc R Soc Med. 1952; 45(6):341–354.Google Scholar
Hilton, M, Pinder, D. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (2)(2):CD003162.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, G, Ishiyama, A. Central vestibular disorders. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 2717–2732.Google Scholar
Schuknecht, HF. Meniere’s disease: A correlation of symptomatology and pathology. Laryngoscope. 1963; 73:651–665.Google Scholar
Kayan, A, Hood, JD. Neuro-otological manifestations of migraine. Brain. 1984; 107 (Pt 4):1123–1142.Google Scholar
Byun, YJ, Levy, DA, Nguyen, SA, Brennan, E, Rizk, HG. Treatment of vestibular migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2021. 131(1):186–194.Google Scholar
Teixido, M, Seyyedi, M. Vestibular migraine. In: Mehle, M, ed. Sinus Headache, Migraine, and the Otolaryngologist. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 121–137.Google Scholar
Lundy, DS. Swallowing – Patient safety and medicinal therapy for ear, nose, and throat disorders. In: Geriatric Care Otolaryngology. Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 2006, pp. 86–101.Google Scholar
Nakato, R, Manabe, N, Kamada, T, et al. Age-related differences in clinical characteristics and esophageal motility in patients with dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2017; 32(3):374–382.Google Scholar
Eibling, DE. Management of intractable aspiration. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, Vol. 1, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 859–867.Google Scholar
Benninger, MS, Abitbol, J. Voice – Dysphonia and the aging voice. In: Geriatric Care Otolaryngology. Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, 2006, pp. 66–85.Google Scholar
Rojas, S, Kefalianos, E, Vogel, A. How does our voice change as we age? A systematic review and meta-analysis of acoustic and perceptual voice data from healthy adults over 50 years of age. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2020; 63(2):533–551.Google Scholar
Varga-Huettner, VE, Pinto, J. Physiology of the aging nose and geriatric rhinitis. In: Onerci, TM, ed. Nasal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nasal Disorders. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, pp. 165–181.Google Scholar
Kim, SW, Mo, JH, Kim, JW, et al. Change of nasal function with aging in Korean. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2007; 558(558):90–94.Google Scholar
Alford, RH. Effects of chronic bronchopulmonary disease and aging on human nasal secretion IgA concentrations. J Immunol. 1968; 101(5):984–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, MD, Gurgel, RK, Lin, SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015; 152(1 Suppl.):1.Google Scholar
Lal, D, Corey, JP. Vasomotor rhinitis update. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004; 12(3):243–247.Google Scholar
Sur, DK, Scandale, S. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician. 2010; 81(12):1440–1446.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, RM, Andes, D, Bhattacharyya, N, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007; 137(3 Suppl.):1.Google Scholar
Suh, JD, Chiu, AG. Medical management of chronic sinusitis. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 586–594.Google Scholar
Deconde, AS, Mace, JC, Smith, TL. The impact of comorbid migraine on quality of life outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(8):1750–1755.Google Scholar
Adelson, RT, Marple, BF, Ryan, MW. Fungal rhinosinusitis. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 557–572.Google Scholar
Wandell, GM, Miller, C, Rathor, A, et al. A multi-institutional review of outcomes in biopsy-proven acute invasive fungal sinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018; 8(12):1459–1468.Google Scholar
Bleier, BS, Schlosser, RJ. Epistaxis. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 501–508.Google Scholar
Tunkel, DE, Anne, S, Payne, SC, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Nosebleed (epistaxis) executive summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020; 162(1):8–25.Google Scholar
Holbrook, EH, Leopold, DA. Olfaction. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 371–378.Google Scholar
Wein, RO, O’Leary, M. Stomatitis. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 736–756.Google Scholar
Gonsalves, WC, Chi, AC, Neville, BW. Common oral lesions: Part I. Superficial mucosal lesions. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75(4):501–507.Google Scholar
Deschler, DG, Erman, AB. Oral cavity cancer. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 1849–1874.Google Scholar
Vaezi, A, Grandis, JR. Head and neck tumor biology. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 1645–1671.Google Scholar
Gonsalves, WC, Chi, AC, Neville, BW. Common oral lesions: Part II. Masses and neoplasia. Am Fam Physician. 2007; 75(4):509–512.Google Scholar
Coutaz, M. Acute bacterial parotitis in the frail elderly subject: A harbinger of death? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15(5):369–370.Google Scholar
Butt, FY. Benign diseases of the salivary glands. In: Lalwani, AK, ed. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012, chapter 18.Google Scholar
Rogers, J, McCaffrey, TV. Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands. In: Flint, PW, Haughey, BH, Lund, VJ et al., eds. Cummings Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2010, pp. 1151–1161.Google Scholar
Bartlett, JG. Parotitis. www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ub/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540418/3/Parotitis?q=facial%20palsy. Accessed on 05/08/2014.Google Scholar
Coutaz, M, Morisod, J. The acute bacterial parotitis of the elderly. Rev Med Suisse. 2009; 5(219):1942–1945.Google Scholar
Rowlands, S, Hooper, R, Hughes, R, Burney, P. The epidemiology and treatment of bell’s palsy in the UK. Eur J Neurol. 2002; 9(1):63–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baugh, RF, Basura, GJ, Ishii, LE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell’s palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013; 149(3 Suppl.):1.Google Scholar
Engstrom, M, Berg, T, Stjernquist-Desatnik, A, et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in bell’s palsy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7(11):993–1000.Google Scholar
Peitersen, E. Bell’s palsy: The spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002; 549(549):4–30.Google Scholar
Schwartz, SR, Jones, SL, Getchius, TS, Gronseth, GS. Reconciling the clinical practice guidelines on Bell’s palsy from the AAO-HNSF and the AAN. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014; 150(5):709–711.Google Scholar
Boahene, K, Byrne, P, Schaitkin, BM. Facial reanimation: Discussion and debate. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2012; 20(3):383–402.Google Scholar
Hembd, A, Harrison, B, Rocha, CSM, et al. Facial reanimation in the seventh and eighth decades of life. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018; 141(5):1239–1251.Google Scholar
Wei, WI, Chua, DTT. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In: Johnson, JT, Rosen, CA, eds. Bailey’s Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology, Vol. 2, 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014, pp. 1875–1897.Google Scholar
Gooi, Z, Chan, JY, Fakhry, C. The epidemiology of the human papillomavirus related to oropharyngeal head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2016; 126(4):894–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, T, Goldenberg, D, Fakhry, C. AHNS series: Do you know your guidelines? Management of head and neck cancer in the era of human papillomavirus: Educating our patients on human papillomavirus. Head Neck. 2017; 39(5):833–839.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×