On the evening of September 7, 1920, in his closing speech to the Congress of the Peoples of the East convened in Baku, the chairman of the seventh and final session, Grigorii Zinoviev, proposed a revision to the Communist Manifesto. In their tract, published in London in 1848 as revolutions broke out across Europe, Marx and Engels had called, “Workers of all lands, unite!” Now, however, according to Zinoviev, head of the Communist International (Comintern) and one of the seven members of the first Politburo, the global winds of change necessitated a reformation of this political vision. The new doctrine he exclaimed was “Workers of all lands and oppressed peoples of the whole word, unite!” Zinoviev’s declaration was greeted with “tumultuous applause” and the eruption of the Internationale (performed for the sixth though not the last time during the proceedings that day).