Chapter 10 begins with the observation that there were no revolutions in law, economy, religion or science outside Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. It is also noted that the rise of modern science required both the right kinds of philosophical ideas and the enabling institutions. There are many dimensions to the European scientific revolution, including the rise of a new level of intellectual curiosity and a new ethos of science. This emerging scientific ethos was rooted in the Aristotle -inspired rationalism of the universities, not in the “humanism” that stressed the teaching and learning of Latin and Greek. The chapter concludes with an extended sketch of the path to Newton’s grand new synthesis of celestial and terrestrial astronomy governed by universal gravitation. Furthermore, there was the rise of a new experimentalism all across Europe in optics, microscopy, electrical studies, human and plant anatomy, pneumatics and hydraulics. An appendix lists a broad range of participants who contributed innovative ideas in these fields and who worked in Italy, Denmark, Germany, France, Sweden and England, as well as Poland. None of these innovations was duplicated outside Europe