Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
The development of an Atlantic economy is impossible to imagine without slavery and the slave trade.
(O’Brien and Engerman 1991, p. 207)Introduction
With the rise of the Western European states and their conquest and exploitation of Global Frontiers, the pattern of international trade in the world economy changed decisively.
First, the Italian city-states, followed by the Portuguese and Spanish, and then the French, English and Dutch, took over the East–West trade in spices, tea and coffee. As we saw in the previous chapter, the race for this trade precipitated a unique pattern of colonization and frontier expansion across Asia and the Pacific.
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