We will write an abstract program as a mathematical formula. A program can be quite complex, leading to a long formula. A long formula with a lot of esoteric mathematics would be impossible to understand. So, almost all the math used in our formulas is ordinary math, consisting of arithmetic, simple logic, sets, and functions. You should know most of it already if you took an introductory university math course for computer science or engineering students. Ordinary math does not include the temporal logic introduced in Sections 3.4 and 3.5.
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