References
Alexiadou, Despina. 2016. Ideologues, Partisans, and Loyalists: Ministers and Policymaking in Parliamentary Cabinets. Oxford University Press.
Alexiadou, Despina, and Gunaydin, Hakan. 2019. “Commitment or Expertise? Technocratic Appointments as Political Responses to Economic Crises.” European Journal of Political Research 58(3): 845–865.
Anderson, Matthew Smith. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy. London & New York: Longman.
Bäck, Hanna, Debus, Marc, and Müller, Wolfgang C.. 2016. “Intra-party Diversity and Ministerial Selection in Coalition Governments.” Public Choice 166: 355–378.
Bäck, Hanna, Teorell, Jan, Von Hagen-Jamar, Alexander, and Quiroz Flores, Alejandro. 2021. “War, Performance and the Survival of Foreign Ministers.” Foreign Policy Analysis 17(2): 1–12.
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Jones, Bradford S.. 2004. Event History Modelling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
de Mesquita, Bueno, Bruce, , and Siverson, Randolph. 1995. “War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability.” American Political Science Review 89: 841–855.
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buzan, Barry, and Lawson, George. 2014. “Rethinking Benchmark Dates in International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 20(2): 437–462.
Byman, Daniel L., and Pollack, Kenneth M.. 2001. “Let Us Now Praise Great Men: Bringing the Statesman Back In.” International Security 25(4): 107–146.
Carlgren, Wilhelm. 1982. “Sweden: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 455–470.
Chiozza, Giacomo, and Choi, Ajin. 2003. “Guess Who Did What. Political Leaders and the Management of Territorial Disputes.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(3): 251–278.
Chiozza, Giacomo, and Goemans, Hein. 2011. Leaders and International Conflict. Cambridge University Press.
Coggins, Bridget. 2014. Power Politics and State Formation in the Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Crichlow, Scott. 2005. “Psychological Influences on the Policy Choices of Secretaries of State and Foreign Ministers.” Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association 40(2): 179–205.
Croco, Sarah and Weeks, Jessica. 2016. “War Outcomes and Leader Tenure,” World Politics 68(4), 577–607.
Cromwell, Valeries. 1982. “United Kingdom: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 541–574.
Dallek, Robert. 2007. Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. Harper Perennial.
De Santis, Hugh, and Heinrichs, Waldo. 1982. “United States of America: The Department of State and American Foreign Policy,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 575–604.
Debs, Alexandre, and Goemans, Hein. 2010. “Regime Type, the Fate of Leaders, and War.” American Political Science Review 104: 430–445.
Dethan, Georges. 1982. “France: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs since the Nineteenth Century,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 203–224.
Dewan, Torun, and Dowding, Keith. 2005. “The Corrective Effect of Ministerial Resignations on Government Popularity.” American Journal of Political Science 49(1): 46–56.
Doss, Kurt. 1982. “Germany: The History of the German Foreign Office,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 203–224.
Duque, Marina. 2018. “Recognizing International Status: A Relational Approach.” International Studies Quarterly 62: 577–592.
Fabry, Mikulas. 2010. Recognizing States: International Society & the Establishment of New States since 1776. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49(3): 379–414.
Finer, Samuel E. 1997. The History of Government, I: Ancient Monarchies and Empires. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gandrud, Christopher. 2015. “simPH: An R Package for Illustrating Estimates from Cox Proportional Hazard Models Including for Interactive and Nonlinear Effects.” Journal of Statistical Software 65(i03): 1–20.
Goddard, Stacie E. 2009. “When Right Makes Might: How Prussia Overturned the European Balance of Power.” International Security 33(3): 110–142.
Goemans, Henk E., Skrede Gleditsch, Kristian, and Chiozza, Giacomo. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Data Set of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46(2): 183–269.
Hagan, Joe D., Everts, Philip P., Fukui, Haruhiro, and Stempel, John D.. 2001. “Foreign Policy by Coalition: Deadlock, Compromise, and Anarchy.” International Studies Review 3(2): 169–216.
Hallerberg, Mark, and Wehner, Joachim. 2020. “When Do You Get Economists as Policy Makers?” British Journal of Political Science 50(3): 1193–1205.
Hermann, Margaret G. 1980. “Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders.” International Studies Quarterly 24(1): 7–46.
Hermann, Margaret G. 2001. “How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework.” International Studies Review 3(2): 47–81.
Hermann, Margaret G., and Hermann, Charles F.. 1989. “Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry.” International Studies Quarterly 33(4): 361–387.
Hermann, Margaret G., and Thomas, Preston. 1994. “Presidents, advisers, and foreign policy: The effect of leadership style on executive arrangements.” Political Psychology 15(1): 75–96.
Hermann, Margaret G., and Hagan, Joe D.. 1998. “International Decision Making: Leadership Matters.” Foreign Policy 110: 124–137.
Holsti, Ole. 1970. “The ‘Operational Code’ Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: John Foster Dulles’ Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 3(1): 123–157.
Horowitz, Michael C., and Stam, Allan C.. 2014. “How Prior Military Experience Influences the Future Militarized Behavior of Leaders.” International Organization 68(3): 527–559.
Horowitz, Michael C., Stam, Allan, and Ellis, Cali 2015. Why Leaders Fight. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, Michael C., Phillip Potter, Todd S. Sechser, , and Stam, . 2018. “Sizing Up the Adversary: Leader Attributes and Coercion in International Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(10): 2180–2204.
Hsu, Immanuel. 1982. “The Development of the Chinese Foreign Office in the Ch’ing Period,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 119–134.
Indridason, Indridi, and Kam, Christopher. 2008. “Cabinet Reshuffles and Ministerial Drift.” British Journal of Political Science 38(4): 621–656.
Huber, John D., and Martinez-Gallardo, Cecilia. 2008. “Replacing Cabinet Ministers: Patterns of Ministerial Stability in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Political Science Review 102(2): 169–180.
Hudson, Valerie. 2005. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations.” Foreign Policy Analysis 1: 1–30.
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus, and Daniel, Nexon. 1999. “Relations before States: Substance, Process, and the Study of World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 291–333.
Jones, Benjamin T., and Metzger, Shawna. 2019. “Different Words, Same Song: Advice for Substantively Interpreting Duration Models.” PS: Political Science & Politics 52(4): 691–695.
Jönsson, Christer and Martin, Hall. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Juliet, Kaarbo, and Hermann, Margaret G.. 1998. “Leadership Styles of Prime Ministers: How Individual Differences Affect the Foreign Policymaking Process.” The Leadership Quarterly 9(3): 243–263.
Christopher, Kam, and Indridason, Indridi H.. 2005. “The Timing of Cabinet Reshuffles in Five Westminster Parliamentary Systems.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(3): 327–363.
Kam, Christopher, Bianco, William T., Itai, Sened, and Regina, Smyth. 2010. Ministerial selection and intraparty organization in the contemporary British parliament. American Political Science Review 104(2), 289–306.
Keele, Luke. 2010. “Proportionally Difficult: Testing for Nonproportional Hazards in Cox Models.” Political Analysis 18(2): 189–205.
Kinne, Brandon J. 2014. “Dependent Diplomacy: Signaling, Strategy, and Prestige in the Diplomatic Network.” International Studies Quarterly 58: 247–259.
Kissinger, Henry A. 1994. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Kowert, Paul A., and Hermann, Margaret G.. 1997. “Who Takes Risks? Daring and Caution in Foreign Policy Making.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(5): 611–637.
Daniel, Krcmaric, Nelson, Stephen C., and Roberts, Andrew. 2020. “Studying Leaders and Elites: The Personal Biography Approach.” Annual Review of Political Science 23(1): 133–151.
Kuneralp, Sinan. 1982. “Turkey: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs under the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 493–514.
Leira, Halvard. 2019. “The Emergence of Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly 63: 187–198.
Levy, Jack. 1983. War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Licht, Amanda A. 2011. “Change Comes with Time: Substantive Interpretation of Nonproportional Hazards in Event History Analysis.” Political Analysis 19(2): 227–243.
Markowitz, Jonathan N., and Fariss, Christopher J.. 2018. “Power, proximity, and democracy: Geopolitical competition in the international system.” Journal of Peace Research 55(1): 78–93.
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2005. “Reading Habermas in Anarchy: Multilateral Diplomacy and Global Public Spheres.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 401–417.
Modelski, George. 1970. “The World’s Foreign Ministers: A Political Elite.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 14(2): 135–175.
Morrow, James D. 1989. “Capabilities, Uncertainty, and Resolve: A Limited Information Model of Crisis Bargaining.” American Journal of Political Science 33(4): 941–972.
Neto, Octavio Amorim, and Strøm, Kaare. 2006. “Breaking the Parliamentary Chain of Delegation: Presidents and Non-partisan Cabinet Members in European Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 36(4): 619–643.
Neumann, Iver B. 2012. At Home with the Diplomats. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Neumayer, Eric. 2008. “Distance, Power and Ideology: Diplomatic Representation in a World of Nationstates.” Area 40(2): 228–236.
Nicolson, Harold. 1939. Diplomacy. London: Thornton Butterworth.
Nish, Ian. 1982. “Japan: The Foreign Ministry,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 327–344.
Osterhammel, Jürgen. 2014. The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Palmer, Glenn, D’Orazio, Vito, Kenwick, Michael, and Lane, Matthew. 2015. “The MID4 Data Set: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32(2): 222–242.
Sunhee, Park, and Hendry, David J.. 2015. “Reassessing Schoenfeld Residual Tests of Proportional Hazards in Political Science Event History Analyses.” American Journal of Political Science 59(4): 1072–1087.
Preston, Thomas. 2001. The President and His Inner Circle: Leadership Style and the Advisory Process in Foreign Policy Making. New York: Columbia University Press.
Quiroz Flores, Alejandro. 2009. “The Political Survival of Foreign Ministers.” Foreign Policy Analysis 5(2): 117–133.
Quiroz Flores, Alejandro. 2016. Ministerial Survival During Political and Cabinet Change. Foreign Affairs, Diplomacy and War. London: Routledge.
Quiroz Flores, Alejandro. 2022. Survival Analysis: A New Guide for Social Scientists. Elements Series in Quantitative and Computational Methods. Cambridge University Press. In Press.
Quiroz Flores, Alejandro, and Smith, Alastair. 2011. “Leader Survival and Cabinet Change.” Economics and Politics 23(3): 345–366.
Risse, Thomas. 2000. “‘Let’s Argue!’: Communicative Action in World Politics.” International Organization 54(1): 1–39.
Rumpler, Helmut. 1982. “Austria: The Foreign Ministry of Austria and Austria-Hungary 1848 to 1918,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 33–48.
Satow, Ernest Mason. 1922. A Guide to Diplomatic Practice: Vol. 1. London: Longmans.
Saunders, Elizabeth N. 2017. “No Substitute for Experience: Presidents, Advisers, and Information in Group Decision Making.” International Organization 71(S1): S219–S247.
Serra, Enrico. 1982. “Italy: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 297–326.
Sharp, Paul. 1999. “For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations.” International Studies Review 1(1): 33–57.
Shea, Patrick E., and Paul, Poast. 2018. “War and Default.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(9): 1876–1904.
Smyth, Denis. 1982. “Spain: Spain’s First Secretariat of State, Ministry of State and Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 423–454.
Strøm, Kaare. 2003. “Parliamentary Democracy and Delegation” in Strøm, K., Muller, W. C., and Bergman, T., eds. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 55–108.
Svolik, Milan. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Teorell, Jan, Bäck, Hanna and von Hagen-Jamar, Alexander. 2018. “Foreign Ministers and State Recognition in the Long 19th Century,” Unpublished paper. Department of Political Science, Lund University.
Teorell, Jan. 2023. “Rules of Recognition? Explaining Diplomatic Representation since the Congress of Vienna.” Cooperation and Conflict 58(2): 155–174.
Teorell, Jan, Coppedge, Michael, Lindberg, Staffan and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2019. “Measuring Polyarchy across the Globe, 1900–2017,” Studies in Comparative International Development 54(1): 71–95.
Trager, Robert F. 2010. “Diplomatic Calculus in Anarchy: How Communication Matters.” American Political Science Review 104(2): 347–368.
Trager, Robert F. 2016. “The Diplomacy of War and Peace.” Annual Review of Political Science 19(1): 205–228.
Uldricks, Teddy. 1982. “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: The Tsarist and Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 513–540.
von Hagen-Jamar, Alexander., and Hanna, Bäck. 2018. “Politicians, Soldiers and Diplomats: A Comparative Analysis of Foreign Minister Experience and the Initiation and Escalation of International Disputes.” Unpublished manuscript, Lund: Lund University
Wels, Cornelis B. 1982. “Netherlands: The Foreign Policy Institutions in the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of the Netherlands,” in Steiner, Zara, ed. The Times Survey of Foreign Ministries of the World. London: Times Books, 363–390.
Wu, Cathy Xuanxuan, and Wolford, Scott. 2018. “Leaders, States, and Reputations.” Journal of Conflict Resolution :62(10): 2087–2117.