Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Editorial Acknowledgements
- 1 Soil carbon relations: an overview
- 2 Field measurements of soil respiration: principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods
- 3 Experimental design: scaling up in time and space, and its statistical considerations
- 4 Determination of soil carbon stocks and changes
- 5 Litter decomposition: concepts, methods and future perspectives
- 6 Characterization of soil organic matter
- 7 Respiration from roots and the mycorrhizosphere
- 8 Separating autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration: lessons learned from trenching and related root-exclusion experiments
- 9 Measuring soil microbial parameters relevant for soil carbon fluxes
- 10 Trophic interactions and their implications for soil carbon fluxes
- 11 Semi-empirical modelling of the response of soil respiration to environmental factors in laboratory and field conditions
- 12 Modelling soil carbon dynamics
- 13 The role of soils in the Kyoto Protocol
- 14 Synthesis: emerging issues and challenges for an integrated understanding of soil carbon fluxes
- 15 Appendix: Towards a standardized protocol for the measurement of soil CO2 efflux
- Index
- References
7 - Respiration from roots and the mycorrhizosphere
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 May 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Editorial Acknowledgements
- 1 Soil carbon relations: an overview
- 2 Field measurements of soil respiration: principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods
- 3 Experimental design: scaling up in time and space, and its statistical considerations
- 4 Determination of soil carbon stocks and changes
- 5 Litter decomposition: concepts, methods and future perspectives
- 6 Characterization of soil organic matter
- 7 Respiration from roots and the mycorrhizosphere
- 8 Separating autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration: lessons learned from trenching and related root-exclusion experiments
- 9 Measuring soil microbial parameters relevant for soil carbon fluxes
- 10 Trophic interactions and their implications for soil carbon fluxes
- 11 Semi-empirical modelling of the response of soil respiration to environmental factors in laboratory and field conditions
- 12 Modelling soil carbon dynamics
- 13 The role of soils in the Kyoto Protocol
- 14 Synthesis: emerging issues and challenges for an integrated understanding of soil carbon fluxes
- 15 Appendix: Towards a standardized protocol for the measurement of soil CO2 efflux
- Index
- References
Summary
INTRODUCTION
The largest flux in the global carbon cycle is the uptake of CO2 by plants as photosynthesis. Estimates of gross primary production (GPP), or total amount of CO2 assimilated by terrestrial plants, range between about 109 and 120 Pg C per year at the global scale (Schlesinger, 1997; Zhao et al., 2005). Except for carbon that remains stored in passive organic matter pools, as fossil fuel, and an estimated 0.2 Pg C per year sedimenting on the ocean floors, assimilated carbon is eventually returned to the atmosphere by respiration, either by plants or by heterotrophic organisms. The time between the fixation of a carbon atom by the plant and its conversion back to CO2 is extremely variable, ranging between a few hours and thousands of years. How long it remains part of organic compounds will depend on its turnover within the plant and, eventually, as part of soil organic matter.
Carbon assimilated by plants is translocated to plant organs where it can be used as building material for structural biomass, for storage or as substrate for respiration. Carbon imported into roots can also be exudated or transferred to symbionts such as mycorrhizal fungi (Farrar, 1999). The amount of assimilated carbon used for each purpose will depend on the plant's requirements, which are further determined by plant and environmental factors.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Soil Carbon DynamicsAn Integrated Methodology, pp. 127 - 156Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010
References
, , , and (1985) Fine root turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to quantity and form of nitrogen availability: a comparison of two methods. Oecologia, 66, 317–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2005) Taking mycocentrism seriously: mycorrhizal fungal and plant responses to elevated CO2. New Phytologist, 167, 859–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1994). Higher plant respiration and its relationship to photosynthesis. In Ecology of Photosynthesis: Ecological Studies, ed. and . Vol. 100. Berlin: Springer, pp. 71–101.Google Scholar
(2000a) The McCree-de Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley respiration paradigms: 30 years later. Annals of Botany, 86, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000b) Direct effect of elevated CO2 on nocturnal in situ leaf respiration in nine temperature deciduous tree species is small. Tree Physiology, 20, 139–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003) Thermal acclimation and the dynamic responses of plant respiration to temperature. Trends in Plant Science, 8, 343–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1996) The causes of inherently slow growth in alpine plants: an analysis based on the underlying carbon economies of alpine and lowland Poa species. Functional Ecology, 10, 698–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000a) Response of root respiration to changes in temperature and its relevance to global warming. New Phytologist, 147, 141–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000b) Acclimation of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) leaf respiration to seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature: the importance of changes in the capacity and temperature sensitivity of respiration. Plant, Cell and Environment, 23, 15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005a) The hot and the cold: unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature. Functional Plant Biology, 32, 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005b) Response of plant respiration to changes in temperature: mechanisms and consequences of variations in Q10 values and acclimation. In Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Plant Respiration: From Cell to Ecosystem, ed. and . Vol. 18. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 95–135.Google Scholar
and (2003) Soil and rhizosphere microorganisms have the same Q10 for respiration in a model system. Global Change Biology, 9, 1788–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006) Root respiration in temperate mountain grasslands differing in land use. Global Change Biology, 12, 995–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) Tree respiration in steepland stands of Nothofagus truncata and Pinus radiata. In Establishing and Tending of Subalpine Forest: Research and Management, ed. and . Vol. 270. Eidgenössische Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen, pp. 61–70.Google Scholar
and (1981) Responses of macrophytes to temperature. In Physiological Plant Ecology I. Responses to the Physical Environment, ed. , , and . Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 277–338.Google Scholar
and (1988) Root excision decreases nutrient absorption and gas fluxes. Plant Physiology, 87, 794–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2000) On the assessment of root and soil respiration for soils of different textures: interactions with soil moisture contents and soil CO2 concentrations. Plant and Soil, 227, 215–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997) Estimating respiration of roots in soil: interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content. Plant and Soil, 195, 221–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2001) Estimating age-dependent costs and benefits of roots with contrasting life span: comparing apples and oranges. New Phytologist, 150, 685–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1993) Contributions of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and root respiration to total soil respiration in a temperature mixed hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 1402–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1997) Root respiration in citrus acclimates to temperature and slows during drought. Plant Cell and Environment, 20, 1411–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001) Influence of temperature and soil drying on respiration of individual roots in citrus: integrating greenhouse observations into a predictive model for the field. Plant Cell and Environment, 24, 781–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003) Field measurements of root respiration indicate little to no seasonal temperature acclimation for sugar maple and red pine. Tree Physiology, 23, 273–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1996) Latitudinal variation in sugar maple fine root respiration. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 1761–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997) Effect of measurement CO2 concentration on sugar maple root respiration. Tree Physiology, 17, 421–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998) Drought reduces root respiration in sugar maple forests. Ecological Applications, 8, 771–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002) Root respiration in North American forests: effects of nitrogen concentration and temperature across biomes. Oecologia, 131, 559–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2003) Survey of wound-induced ethylene production by excised root segments. Physiologia Plantarum, 119, 203–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1993) In situ measurements of root respiration and soluble C concentrations in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1189–96.Google Scholar
, , and (2005) Measuring tree root respiration using 13C natural abundance: rooting medium matters. New Phytologist, 167, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1995) Responses of shoot and root gas-exchange, leaf blade expansion and biomass production to pulses of elevated CO2 in hydroponic wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46, 1661–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002) Regulation of root respiration in two species of Plantago that differ in relative growth rate: the effect of short- and long-term changes in temperature. Plant Cell and Environment, 25, 1501–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999) The effect of rhizosphere dissolved inorganic carbon on gas exchange characteristics and growth rates of tomato seedlings. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1981) Root respiration and temperature limits to the north-south distribution of four perennial maritime plants. Flora, 171, 338–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) In situ needle and fine root respiration in mature slash pine (Pinus elliottii) trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 1589–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000) Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia. Biogeochemistry, 48, 53–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
., and . (1970) The simulation of photosynthetic systems. In Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity, ed. . Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, pp. 47–70.Google Scholar
, and (2002) Coarse and fine root respiration in aspen (Populus tremoluides). Tree Physiology, 22, 725–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2000) Characteristics and energetic strategies of the rhizosphere in ecosystems of the Bornhoved Lake district. Applied Soil Ecology, 15, 201–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) Die Wurzelatmung von Holzpflanzen und ihre Bedeutung für die Stoffproduktion. University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck.Google Scholar
, , and (2004) Root production is determined by radiation flux in a temperate grassland community. Global Change Biology, 10, 209–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001) Natural abundance of 13C in CO2 respired from forest soils reveals speed of link between tree photosynthesis and root respiration. Oecologia, 127, 305–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1987) Soil CO2 evolution in Florida slash pine plantations. I. Importance of root respiration. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 330–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005) An in situ approach for measuring root-associated respiration and nitrate uptake of forest trees. Plant and Soil, 272, 125–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) Carbohydrate: where does it come from, where does it go? In Plant Carbohydrate Biochemistry, ed. , and . Oxford: Bios Scientific Publishers, pp. 29–46.Google Scholar
and (1990). Control of the rate of respiration in roots. In Compartmentation of Plant Metabolism in Non-photosynthetic Tissues, ed. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 167–88.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1998) Root production, turnover and respiration under two grassland types along an altitudinal gradient: influence of temperature and solar radiation. Oecologia, 114, 20–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1996) Underground plant metabolism: the biosynthetic potential of roots. In Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, 2nd edn, ed. , and . New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 931–56.Google Scholar
. (1980) Beiträge zur Methodik der Wurzelatmungsmessung und ihre Anwendung bei der physiologischen Charakterisierung von jungen Nadelbäumen. University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck.Google Scholar
(1994) Root respiration and its importance for the carbon balance of beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a montane beech forest. Plant and Soil, 167, 109–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995) Die Wurzel- und Sproßrespiration junger Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) in einem montanen Moder-Buchenwald. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag.Google Scholar
, , and (2003) Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine and sweetgum forest growing in elevated CO2. New Phytologist, 160, 511–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2006) Mycorrhizal hyphal turnover as a dominant process for carbon input into soil organic matter. Plant and Soil, 281, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999) Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes by elevated CO2: does it matter at the tissue or whole-plant level?Tree Physiology, 19, 253–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2000) Fungal species-specific responses of ectomycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to elevated [CO2]. New Phytologist, 146, 163–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1997) Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Applied Soil Ecology, 5, 29–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1999) Effects of a 4°C increase in temperature on partitioning of leaf area and dry mass, root respiration and carbohydrates. Functional Ecology, 13, 12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1985) Quantitative estimation of root exudation of maize plants. Plant Soil, 86, 207–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004) Impact of temperature on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis: growth responses of the host plant and its AM fungal partner. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 525–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Respiration of the external mycelium in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis shows strong dependence on recent photosynthates and acclimation to temperature. New Phytologist, 171, 159–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2007) Forest soil CO2 flux: uncovering the contribution and environmental responses of ectomycorrhizas. Global Change Biology, 13, 1786–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1992) The demography of fine roots in a northern hardwood forest. Ecology, 73, 1094–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1993) Assessing the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 174–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2006) Assessing the patterns and controls of fine root dynamics: an empirical test and methodological review. Journal of Ecology, 94, 40–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002) A comparison of four different fine root production estimates with ecosystem carbon balance data in a Fagus-Quercus mixed forest. Plant and Soil, 239, 237–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1976) Soil temperature effects on root respiration and the ecology of alpine and subalpine plants. Botanical Gazette, 137, 110–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002) Extramatrical ectomycorrhizal mycelium contributes one-third of microbial biomass and produces, together with associated roots, half the dissolved organic carbon in a forest soil. New Phytologist, 154, 791–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2001) Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration. Nature, 411, 789–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002) Carbon allocation between tree root growth and root respiration in boreal pine forest. Oecologia, 132, 579–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1994) 14C allocation in tree soil systems. Tree Physiology, 14, 1163–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1990) Carbon flow into soil and external hyphae from roots of mycorrhizal cucumber plants. New Phytologist, 115, 77–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001a) Novel in-growth core system enables functional studies of grassland mycorrhizal mycelial networks. New Phytologist, 152, 555–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002a) In situ13CO2 pulse-labelling of upland grassland demonstrates a rapid pathway of carbon flux from arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelia to the soil. New Phytologist, 153, 327–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002b) Transfer of recent photosynthate into mycorrhizal mycelium of an upland grassland: short-term respiratory losses and accumulation of 14C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34, 1521–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001b) Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 45, 263–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1955) Über die Veränderungen in den Wurzelverhältnissen der Kiefernbestände im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 65, 1–54.Google Scholar
and (1981) Above-ground and below-ground net production in 40-year-old Douglas-Fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 11, 599–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1968) Ecological and physiological studies on the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare VI: growth and dry matter production of young Abies stand. The Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 81, 287–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004) A multiyear synthesis of soil respiration responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 from four forest FACE experiments. Global Change Biology, 10, 1027–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Carbon flow, photosynthesis, and N2 fixation in mycorrhizal and nodulated Faba Beans (Vicia-Faba L). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 14, 407–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983) Genetic differentiation in Plantago-Major: growth and root respiration and their role in phenotypic adaptation. Physiologia Plantarum, 57, 222–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2001a) Field measurements of root respiration and total soil respiration in an alder forest. New Phytologist, 150, 157–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2001b) The carbon cycle of contrasting landscape elements of the Bornhöved Lake district. In Ecosystem Properties and Landscape Function in Central Europe, ed. , and . Vol. 147. Ecological Studies. Berlin: Springer, pp. 75–95.Google Scholar
, , and (2005) Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem carbon fluxes in a broadleaved forest in Northern Germany. Global Change Biology, 11, 70–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) Separating microbial respiration of exudates from root respiration in non-sterile soils: a comparison of four methods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34, 1621–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001) Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33, 1915–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2004) Photosynthesis controls of CO2 efflux from maize rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 263, 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2000) Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163, 421–31.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005) Root and rhizomicrobial respiration: a review of approaches to estimate respiration by autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168, 503–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001) A novel method for separating root-derived organic compounds from root respiration in non-sterilized soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 164, 511–17.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999) Contribution of Lolium perenne rhizodeposition to carbon turnover of pasture soil. Plant and Soil, 213, 127–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) Respiration in intact plants and tissues: its regulation and dependance on environmental factors, metabolism and invaded organisms. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, ed. and . Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 418–73.Google Scholar
(1987) Growth, respiration, exudation and symbiotic association: the fate of carbon translocated to roots. In Root Development and Function, ed. , and . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125–46.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1981) Energy-metabolism of Plantago-Major Ssp-Major as dependent on the supply of mineral nutrients. Physiologia Plantarum, 51, 245–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1991) Respiratory patterns in root in relation to their functioning. In Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, ed. , and . New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 229–64.Google Scholar
, and (1993) Respiration: the alternative pathway. In Methods in Comparative Plant Ecology: A Laboratory Manual, ed. and . London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 140–4.Google Scholar
, and (1996) Respiratory pattern in roots in relation to their functioning. In Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, 2nd edn, ed. , and . New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 323–62.Google Scholar
and (1995) Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and lowland plant species. Annals of Botany, 76, 245–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Methods of estimating belowground net primary production. In Methods in Ecosystem Science, ed. . New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 58–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004) Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82, 1016–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
., , and (2003) Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a cool-temperate deciduous forest. Plant and Soil, 255, 311–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999) Responses of two provenances of Fagus sylvatica seedlings to a combination of four temperature and two CO2 treatments during their first growing season: gas exchange of leaves and roots. New Phytologist, 144, 437–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1981) The seasonal variation in stem and coarse root respiration of a 20-year old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In Radial Growth in Trees, ed. . Vol. 142. Wien: Mitteilungen der forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt, pp. 125–39.Google Scholar
and (2003) Role of carbohydrate supply in white and brown root respiration of ponderosa pine. New Phytologist, 160, 523–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2003) Thermal acclimation of leaf and root respiration: an investigation comparing inherently fast- and slow-growing plant species. Global Change Biology, 9, 895–910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Biological Chemistry, 193, 265–75.Google ScholarPubMed
and (2000) Soil CO2 evolution and root respiration in 11 year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations as affected by moisture and nutrient availability. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 30, 347–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Root sampling methods: applications and limitations of the minirhizotron technique. Plant and Soil, 185, 255–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2005) Measuring fine root turnover in forest ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 276, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1987) Basal and maintenance respiration of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal root systems of conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 872–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001) Night-time respiration rate and leaf carbohydrate concentrations are not coupled in two alpine perennial species. New Phytologist, 149, 419–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1999) Direct inhibition of maintenance respiration in western hemlock roots exposed to ambient soil carbon dioxide concentrations. Tree Physiology, 19, 599–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2000) Simulationsgestützte Analyse der raum-zeitlichen Verteilung der Biomasse in einem Erlenwald unter besonderer Beachtung der Feinwurzeldynamik. Aachen: Shaker Verlag.Google Scholar
and (1991) Root respiration in Chamaecyparis obtusa trees. Tree Physiology, 8, 217–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2007) Response of mycorrhizal, rhizosphere and soil basal respiration to temperature and photosynthesis in a barley field. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 843–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2008) Soil respiration fluxes in relation to photosynthetic activity in broad-leaf and needle-leaf forest stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 135–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1985) Fine roots, net primary production, and soil nitrogen availability: a new hypothesis. Ecology, 66, 1377–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls. Agronomie, 23, 375–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989a) Root respiration of Agave deserti: influence of temperature, water status and root age on daily patterns. Journal of Experimental Botany, 40, 181–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989b) Influences of water status, temperature, and root age on daily patterns of root respiration for two cactus species. Annals of Botany, 63, 651–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1997) Effect of elevated CO2 on rhizosphere carbon flow and soil microbial processes. Global Change Biology, 3, 363–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2004) Below-ground process responses to elevated CO2 and temperature: a discussion of observations, measurement methods, and models. New Phytologist, 162, 311–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1974) Products, requirements and efficiency of biosynthesis: a quantitative approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 45, 339–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1978) Root dynamics in a young Scots pine stand in Central Sweden. Oikos, 30, 508–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980) Fine-root dynamics in a Scots pine stand with and without near optimum nutrient and water regimes. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 68, 101–10.Google Scholar
and (2005) Patterns of rhizosphere carbon flux in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) saplings. Global Change Biology, 11, 983–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1990) Carbon and nitrogen economy of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate. Plant Physiololgy, 94, 621–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (1995) Growth and carbon economy of a fast-growing and a slow-growing grass species as dependent on nitrate supply. Plant and Soil, 171, 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) Root production in four communities in the Great Dismal Swamp. American Journal of Botany, 78, 288–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997) Root architecture, carbon and nitrogen in four temperate forest species. Oecologia, 111, 302–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1998) Variation in sugar maple root respiration with root diameter and soil depth. Tree Physiology, 18, 665–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1994) High soil carbon-dioxide concentrations inhibit root respiration of Douglas-Fir. New Phytologist, 128, 435–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1997) A method for the in situ measurement of fine root gas exchange of forest trees. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 37, 107–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1993) Reduction of respiration by high ambient CO2 and the resulting error in measurements of respiration made with O2 electrodes. Annals of Botany, 72, 129–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1996) Foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue and stand respiration in Pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status. Tree Physiology, 16, 333–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1994) Mycorrhizae alter quality and quantity of carbon allocated below ground. Nature, 369, 58–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000) Changes in soil CO2 and O2 concentrations when radiata pine is grown in competition with pasture or weeds and possible feedbacks with radiata pine root growth and respiration. Plant and Soil, 225, 213–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd edn. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1997) Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature, 388, 579–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1982) Energy metabolism of Plantago lanceolata, as affected by change in root temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 56, 33–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1987) Respiratory activity of intact and excised ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems growing in unsterilized soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19, 231–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1986) Ecotypic variation in root respiration rate among elevational populations of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii. Oecologia, 68, 375–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) Measuring woody-tissue respiration and photosynthesis. In Techniques and Approaches in Forest Tree Ecophysiology, ed. and . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 329–55.Google Scholar
, , , and (1995) Respiration from the organ level to the stand. In Resource Physiology of Conifers: Acquisition, Allocation, and Utilization, ed. and . San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 255–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Mycorrhizal fungi and environmental change: the need for a mycocentric approach. New Phytologist, 167, 635–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003) Rapid turnover of hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi determined by AMS microanalysis of 14C. Science, 300, 1138–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2005) Evidence of antagonistic interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi associated with birch (Betula pubescens). Acta Oecologica – International Journal of Ecology, 28, 149–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994) Evaluation of the use of a model rhizodeposition technique to separate root and microbial respiration in soil. Plant and Soil, 165, 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005) Tree photosynthesis modulates soil respiration on a diurnal time scale. Global Change Biology, 11, 1298–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005) CO2 transported in xylem sap affects CO2 efflux from Liquidambar styraciflua and Platanus occidentalis stems, and contributes to observed wound respiration phenomena. Trees – Structure and Function, 19, 357–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999) Acclimation of respiration to temperature and CO2 in seedlings of boreal tree species in relation to plant size and relative growth rate. Global Change Biology, 5, 679–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001) Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q(10). Global Change Biology, 7, 223–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2005) Linking leaf and root trait syndromes among 39 grassland and savannah species. New Phytologist, 167, 493–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2000) A review of rhizosphere carbon flow modelling. Plant and Soil, 222, 263–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1959) Die Stoffproduktion der Zirbe (Pinus cembra L.) an der Waldgrenze während eines Jahres II. Zuwachs und CO2-Bilanz. Planta, 54, 130–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Types, amounts, and possible functions of compounds released into the rhizosphere by soil-grown plants. In The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil–Plant Interface, ed. , and . New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 19–40.Google Scholar
. and . (1998) The influence of elevated rhizosphere dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations on respiratory O2 and CO2 flux in tomato roots. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49, 1977–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1992) A quantitative comparison of respiration in cells and isolated-mitochondria from Petunia-Hybrida suspension-cultures: a high-yield isolation procedure. Journal of Plant Physiology, 139, 390–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) Tree root turnover and scenescence. In Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, ed. , and . New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 287–306.Google Scholar
and (1991) Root methods. In Techniques and Approaches in Forest Tree Ecophysiology, ed. and . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 477–502.Google Scholar
, , and (1989) Methodological considerations in measuring biomass, production, respiration and nutrient resorption for tree roots in natural ecosystems. In Applications of Continuous and Steady-state Methods in Root Biology, ed. and . Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
, , and (2005) Rapid decline in nitrate uptake and respiration with age in fine lateral roots of grape: implications for root efficiency and competitive effectiveness. New Phytologist, 165, 493–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2002) Seasonal respiration of foliage, fine roots, and woody tissues in relation to growth, tissue N, and photosynthesis. Global Change Biology, 8, 182–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). Measurement of oxygen and chlorophyll fluorescence. In Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis, ed. . Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) Cytochrome and alternative pathway respiration in white spruce (Picea glauca) roots. Effects of growth and measurement temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 83, 675–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2005) Root-derived carbon in soil respiration and microbial biomass determined by 14C and 13C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40, 625–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1967) Has contribution of litter decay to forest soil respiration been overestimated. Journal of Forestry, 65, 408.Google Scholar
and (2004) Seasonal and spatial variation of woody tissue respiration in a Pinus cembra tree at the alpine timberline in the central Austrian Alps. Trees – Structure and Function, 18, 576–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1999) Soil temperature, matric potential, and the kinetics of microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 575–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000) Elevated atmospheric CO2, fine roots and the response of soil microorganisms: a review and hypothesis. New Phytologist, 147, 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005) Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set. Remote Sensing of Environment, 95, 164–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1996) Fine root respiration in northern hardwood forests in relation to temperature and nitrogen availability. Tree Physiology, 16, 719–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
- 7
- Cited by