As correctly foreseen by Chapman and Ferraro (1930) (see Chapter 1), a planetary magnetic field provides an effective obstacle to the solar-wind plasma. The solar-wind dynamic pressure, or momentum flux, compresses the outer reaches of the magnetic field, confining it to a cavity. This magnetic cavity has a long magnetotail consisting of two antiparallel bundles of magnetic flux that originate in the polar regions and stretch in the antisolar direction, as sketched for the Earth in Figures 1.16 and 1.17 in Chapter 1.
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