Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T05:58:36.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - International Perspectives on Stigma toward People with Substance Use Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2022

Georg Schomerus
Affiliation:
Universität Leipzig
Patrick William Corrigan
Affiliation:
Illinois Institute of Technology
Get access

Summary

We reviewed the literature on the stigma toward people with substance use disorders from six exemplary world regions: high-income North America, Latin America, high-income Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, former Soviet Union countries, and South Asia. In all examined regions, levels of stigmatization toward people with substance use disorders are high, with some regional differences in the manifestation of stigma. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, social rejection from communities represents a key issue, while lack of treatment access or even treatment denial is more often reported in the Americas. Notably, people with SUD in some former Soviet Union countries are even denied some human rights. Overall, consequences of SUD stigma are more severe for women, ethnic minorities, and economically disadvantaged people. Stigma toward people with substance use disorders may be reduced by structural changes (e.g., legislation amendments, improving treatment access) in the long run.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abeldaño, R. A., Gallo, V., Burrone, M. S., & Fernández, A. R. (2016). Estigma internalizado en consumidores de drogas en Córdoba, Argentina [Internalized stigma among drug users in Cordoba, Argentina]. Acta de investigación psicológica, 6(2), 24042411.Google Scholar
Abraham, A. J., Andrews, C. M., Grogan, C. M., et al. (2017). The Affordable Care Act transformation of substance use disorder treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 107(1), 3132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aggarwal, M., Ghai, S., & Basu, D. (2012). Attitude of nursing students towards psychoactive substance use: Does training matter. International Journal of Nursing Education, 4(2), 146150.Google Scholar
Ahluwalia, H., Chand, P. K., & Suman, L. (2020). Therapeutic focus for women with substance use disorders: Views of experts and consumers in a tertiary hospital in India. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 51(1), 3450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahven, A. (2000). Social problems in official statistics in Estonia in the 1980s and 1990s. NAD PUBLICATION, 37, 1758.Google Scholar
Aizberg, O. (2008). Opioid substitution therapy in selected countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. International AIDS Society. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.536.3075&rep=rep1&type=pdfGoogle Scholar
Aleksandrov, A. A. (2006). Stigmatizacija v narkologii [Stigmatization in narcology]. Medicinskaja panorama, 6, 4246.Google Scholar
Alliance for Health Policy. (2017). Chapter 8 – Mental health and substance abuse. https://www.allhealthpolicy.org/sourcebook/mental-health-and-substance-abuse/Google Scholar
Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., et al. (2004). Use of mental health services in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 4754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambekar, A., Rao, R., Pun, A., Kumar, S., & Kishore, K. (2013). The trajectory of methadone maintenance treatment in Nepal. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(6), e57e60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Addiction Centers. (2019). Americans’ perceptions of alcohol vs. marijuana. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/learn/perceptions-of-alcohol-vs-marijuana/Google Scholar
Angus, C., Brown, J., Beard, E., et al. (2019). Socioeconomic inequalities in the delivery of brief interventions for smoking and excessive drinking: Findings from a cross-sectional household survey in England. BMJ Open, 9(4), e023448.Google Scholar
Arun, P., Singh Chavan, B., & Bhargava, R. (2010). Attitudes towards alcoholism and drug taking: A survey of rural and slum areas of Chandigarh, India. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 3(2), 126136.Google Scholar
Bard, N. D., Antunes, B., Roos, C. M., Olschowsky, A., & Pinho, L. B. (2016). El estigma y el prejuicio: la experiencia de los consumidores de crack [Internalized stigma among drug users in Cordoba, Argentina]. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 24.Google Scholar
Benegal, V. (2005). India: Alcohol and public health. Addiction, 100(8), 10511056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benegal, V., Nayak, M., Murthy, P., Chandra, P., & Gururaj, G. (2005). Women and alcohol in India. In Obot, I. S & Room, R (Ed.), Alcohol, gender and drinking problems: Perspectives from low and middle income countries (pp. 89124). World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Bergenstrom, A., Achakzai, B., Furqan, S., ul Haq, M., Khan, R., & Saba, M. (2015). Drug-related HIV epidemic in Pakistan: A review of current situation and response and the way forward beyond 2015. Harm Reduction Journal, 12(1), 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blomqvist, J. (2012). Perceptions of addiction and recovery in Sweden: The influence of respondent characteristics. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(5), 435446.Google Scholar
Bobrova, N., Rhodes, T., Power, R., et al. (2006). Barriers to accessing drug treatment in Russia: A qualitative study among injecting drug users in two cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(Suppl. 1), S57S63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobrova, N., West, R., Malutina, D., Koshkina, E., Terkulov, R., & Bobak, M. (2009). Drinking alcohol surrogates among clients of an alcohol-misuser treatment clinic in Novosibirsk, Russia. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(13), 18211832.Google Scholar
Bojko, M. J., Mazhnaya, A., Makarenko, I., et al. (2015). “Bureaucracy & beliefs”: Assessing the barriers to accessing opioid substitution therapy by people who inject drugs in Ukraine. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 22(3), 255262.Google Scholar
Burke, S. E., Calabrese, S. K., Dovidio, J. F., et al. (2015). A tale of two cities: Stigma and health outcomes among people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. Social Science & Medicine, 130, 154161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capoccia, V. A., Grazier, K. L., Toal, C., Ford, J. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (2012). Massachusetts’s experience suggests coverage alone is insufficient to increase addiction disorders treatment. Health Affairs, 31(5), 10001008.Google Scholar
Carliner, H., Delker, E., Fink, D. S., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2016). Racial discrimination, socioeconomic position, and illicit drug use among US Blacks. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(4), 551560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2020). Deaths of despair and the future of capitalism. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cornford, C., Fraser, L., & Wright, N. (2019). Deep vein thromboses in injecting drug users: Meanings, bodily experiences, and stigma. Qualitative Health Research, 29(11), 16411650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, N. D., Rudolph, A. E., Jones, K., & Fuller, C. (2012). Differences in self-reported discrimination by primary type of drug used among New York City drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(6), 588592.Google Scholar
Crépault, J.-F., Rehm, J., & Fischer, B. (2016). The Cannabis Policy Framework by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: A proposal for a public health approach to cannabis policy in Canada. International Journal on Drug Policy, 34, 14.Google Scholar
Cunningham, P. J. (2009). Beyond parity: Primary care physicians’ perspectives on access to mental health care: More PCPs have trouble obtaining mental health services for their patients than have problems getting other specialty services. Health Affairs, 28(Suppl. 1), w490w501.Google Scholar
De Andrade, D., Ritchie, J., Rowlands, M., Mann, E., & Hides, L. (2018). Substance use and recidivism outcomes for prison-based drug and alcohol interventions. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 121133.Google Scholar
Degenhardt, L., Peacock, A., Colledge, S., et al. (2017). Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: A multistage systematic review. The Lancet Global Health, 5(12), e1192e1207.Google Scholar
Demmert, A., Grothues, J. M., & Rumpf, H. J. (2011). Attitudes towards brief interventions to reduce smoking and problem drinking behaviour in gynaecological practice. Public Health, 125(4), 182186.Google Scholar
Desalu, J. M., Goodhines, P. A., & Park, A. (2019). Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta‐analytical review. Addiction, 114(6), 957967.Google Scholar
Duby, Z., Nkosi, B., Scheibe, A., Brown, B., & Bekker, L. G. (2018). ‘Scared of going to the clinic’: Contextualising healthcare access for men who have sex with men, female sex workers and people who use drugs in two South African cities. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 19(1), Article 701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elovich, R., & Drucker, E. (2008). On drug treatment and social control: Russian narcology’s great leap backwards. Harm Reduction Journal, 5, Article 23.Google Scholar
elpacientecolombiano.com. (2018). Inversión en salud mental en Colombia disminuye aunque aumentan violencias [Investment in mental health in Colombia decreases although violence increases]. https://elpacientecolombiano.com/salud-mental/la-inversion-en-salud-mental-en-colombia-disminuye-aunque-aumentan-violencias/Google Scholar
Erofeeva, P. A. (2016). Stigmatizacija alkogol’noj i narkoticheskoj zavisimosti: parametry i posledstvija [Stigmatization of alcohol and drug addiction: Parameters and consequences]. Zhurnal issledovanij social’noj politiki, 14(3), 377392.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2021). Legal approaches to drugs and driving. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/legal-approaches-to-drugs-and-driving/html_enGoogle Scholar
Fernando, S. M., Deane, F. P., & McLeod, H. J. (2010). Sri Lankan doctors’ and medical undergraduates’ attitudes towards mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(7), 733739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganguly, K. K., Sharma, H. K., & Krishnamachari, K. A. (1995). An ethnographic account of opium consumers of Rajasthan (India): Socio-medical perspective. Addiction, 90(1), 912; discussion 13–21.Google Scholar
Garg, R., Chavan, B., & Arun, P. (2012). Stigma and discrimination: How do persons with psychiatric disorders and substance dependence view themselves? Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry 28, 34.Google Scholar
Garg, R., Gupta, A., & Kundal, D. (2019). Comparison of impact of family stigma on quality of life among caregivers of male inpatients with alcohol and opioid use disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28(2), 278285.Google Scholar
Glass, J. E., Kristjansson, S. D., & Bucholz, K. K. (2013). Perceived alcohol stigma: Factor structure and construct validation. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimantal Research, 37(Suppl. 1), E237–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). (2020). GBD Results Tool for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Retrieved April 12, 2020 from http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolGoogle Scholar
Goffman, E. (2009). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Golichenko, M., & Chu, S. K. H. (2018). Human rights in patient care: Drug treatment and punishment in Russia. Public Health Reviews, 39(1), 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golichenko, M., & Sarang, A. (2013). Atmospheric pressure: Russian drug policy as a driver for violations of the UN Convention against Torture and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Health & Human Rights Journal, 15, E135E143.Google ScholarPubMed
Goulão, J. (2013). Atitudes e percepções relativas ao tratamento de manutenção com opiáceos em Portugal: Um inquérito a médicos, doentes e utilizadores [Attitudes and beliefs regarding opioid maintenance treatment in Portugal: A survey to physicians, patients and opioid users]. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 26(5), 537548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, B. F., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., et al. (2016). Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(1), 3947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, G. (2009). Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies. Cato Institute Whitepaper Series.Google Scholar
Griffin, S. M., Karia, F. P., Zimmerman, A., et al. (2020). A mixed‐methods study: Sex differences in experiences of stigma associated with alcoholism and alcohol use disorders among injury patients in Tanzania. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(8), 17001707.Google Scholar
Gupta, P., Panda, U., Parmar, A., & Bhad, R. (2019). Internalized stigma and its correlates among treatment seeking opium users in India: A cross-sectional observational study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 8690.Google Scholar
Gururaj, G., Varghese, M., Benegal, V., et al. (2016). National mental health survey of India, 2015–16: Summary. National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.Google Scholar
Gyawali, S., Sarkar, S., Balhara, Y. P. S., Kumar, S., Patil, V., & Singh, S. (2018). Perceived stigma and its correlates among treatment seeking alcohol and opioid users at a tertiary care centre in India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 3437.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. A., Woolf-King, S. E., & Muyindike, W. (2011). Adding fuel to the fire: Alcohol’s effect on the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 8(3), 172180.Google Scholar
Hanschmidt, F., Manthey, J., Kraus, L., et al. (2017). Barriers to alcohol screening among hypertensive patients and the role of stigma: Lessons for the implementation of screening and brief interventions in European primary care settings. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 52(5), 572579.Google Scholar
Harm Reduction International. (2020). The global state of harm reduction (7th ed.). https://www.hri.global/files/2021/03/04/Global_State_HRI_2020_BOOK_FA_Web.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2015). The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: Review and summary of findings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(11), 16091640.Google Scholar
Hawlader, M. D. H., Nabi, M. H., Hussain, A., Al Amin, S. U., Zaman, S., & Masud, I. (2020). Legal and social consequences of substance use: Results from a nationwide study in Bangladesh. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 111.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2007). Rehabilitation required: Russia’s human rights obligation to provide evidence-based drug dependence treatment (Vol. 19). Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Imtiaz, S., Shield, K. D., Fischer, B., et al. (2020). Recent changes in trends of opioid overdose deaths in North America. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 15(1), Article 66.Google Scholar
Incossi.ru. (2021). Registered with a narcologist. Retrieved March 11, 2021 from https://incossi.ru/na-uchete-u-narkologa/Google Scholar
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2021). GBD results tool http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-toolGoogle Scholar
International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC). (2019). Women who use drugs and access to treatment in Mexico: Between violence and stigma. https://idpc.net/blog/2019/12/women-who-use-drugs-and-access-to-treatment-in-mexico-between-violence-and-stigmaGoogle Scholar
Jargin, S. (2017). Alcohol and alcoholism in Russia: Policies and their effects. Archives Medical Review Journal, 26, 207222.Google Scholar
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2019). Health, rights, and drugs: Harm reduction, decriminalization and zero discrimination for people who use drugs. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2954_UNAIDS_drugs_report_2019_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2020). UNAIDS data 2020. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2020_aids-data-book_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kalebka, R., Bruijns, S., & Van Hoving, D. (2013). A survey of attitudes towards patient substance abuse and addiction in the Emergency Centre. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 3(1), 1017.Google Scholar
Kilian, C., Manthey, J., Carr, S., et al. (2021). Stigmatisation of people with alcohol use disorders: An updated systematic review of population studies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 45(5), 899911.Google Scholar
Kirn, T. F. (1987). Branch of medicine called ‘narcology’ spearheads aggressive Soviet campaign against alcoholism. JAMA, 258(7), 885886.Google Scholar
Klein, S., & Hostetter, M. (2014). In focus: Integrating behavioral health and primary care. The Commonwealth Fund.Google Scholar
Kondratenya, K. A. (2016). Narkologicheskaja sluzhba glazami potrebitelej narkotikov [Drug service through the eyes of drug users]. 70-ja Mezhdunarodnaja nauchno-prakticheskaja konferencija studentov i molodyh uchjonyh “Aktual’nye problemy sovremennoj mediciny i farmacii – 2016.” Sbornik materialov konferencii, 1512–1517. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from http://rep.bsmu.by/bitstream/handle/BSMU/11229/1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
Krane, K. (2020, May 26). Cannabis legalization is key to economic recovery, much like ending alcohol prohibition helped us out of the Great Depression. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kriskrane/2020/05/26/cannabis-legalization-is-key-to-economic-recovery-much-like-ending-alcohol-prohibition-helped-us-out-of-the-great-depression/?sh=4c3a0cc53241Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Singh, S., Sarkar, S., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2018). Disability among patients with opioid use disorders and its relationship with stigma toward substance use. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 34(1), 3036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, E., Gheorghe, P., Rehm, M. X., & Rehm, J. (2015). Treatment for alcohol use disorders in Canada. Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapy, 3(1), Article 1013.Google Scholar
Larsson, N. (2016, September 14). How three drug users took on the might of the Russian state. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/sep/14/how-three-drug-users-took-on-the-might-of-the-russian-stateGoogle Scholar
Latkin, C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Yang, C., et al. (2010). The relationship between drug use stigma and HIV injection risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 221227.Google Scholar
Latypov, A., Bidordinova, A., & Khachatrian, A. (2012). Opioid substitution therapy in Eurasia: How to increase the access and improve the quality. IDPC Briefing Series on Drug Dependence Treatment No. 1. International Drug Policy Consortium.Google Scholar
Lende, D. H. (2003). Pattern and paradox: Adolescent substance use and abuse in Bogotá, Colombia. Emory University.Google Scholar
Levinson, L., & Torban, M. (2009). Narkouchet: Po zakonu ili po instrukcii? Regulirovanie registracii potrebitelej narkotikov v Rossijskoj Federacii [Drug registration: By law or by instruction? Regulation of registration of drug users in the Russian Federation]. Anaharsis. http://www.biblioteka.freepress.ru/e_books/narkouchet/narkouchet.htmlGoogle Scholar
Lopez, O. (2021, March 10). Mexico set to legalize marijuana, becoming world’s largest market. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/10/world/americas/mexico-cannabis-bill.htmlGoogle Scholar
Luty, J., Kumar, P., & Stagias, K. (2018). Stigmatised attitudes in independent pharmacies associated with discrimination towards individuals with opioid dependence. The Psychiatrist, 34(12), 511514.Google Scholar
Manthey, J., Shield, K. D., Rylett, M., Hasan, O. S. M., Probst, C., & Rehm, J. (2019). Alcohol exposure between 1990 and 2017 and forecasts until 2030: A global modelling study. The Lancet, 393(10190), 24932502.Google Scholar
Mathers, B. M., Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Lemon, J., Wiessing, L., & Hickman, M. (2013). Mortality among people who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(2), 102123.Google Scholar
Mattoo, S. K., Sarkar, S., Gupta, S., Nebhinani, N., Parakh, P., & Basu, D. (2015). Stigma towards substance use: Comparing treatment seeking alcohol and opioid dependent men. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 7381.Google Scholar
Medina-Perucha, L., Scott, J., Chapman, S., Barnett, J., Dack, C., & Family, H. (2019). A qualitative study on intersectional stigma and sexual health among women on opioid substitution treatment in England: Implications for research, policy and practice. Social Science and Medicine, 222, 315322.Google Scholar
Mekonen, T., Chan, G. C. K., Connor, J., Hall, W., Hides, L., & Leung, J. (2020). Treatment rates for alcohol use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 116(10), 26172634.Google Scholar
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. (2016). Modelo de atención integral por uso de sustancias psicoactivas en Colombia. Government of Columbia.Google Scholar
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. (2016). Pozicija Minzdrava Rossii v otnoshenii zamestitel'noj opioidnoj podderzhivajushhiej terapii [Position of the Russian Ministry of Health on opioid substitution maintenance therapy]. https://minzdrav.gov.ru/news/2016/03/11/2832-pozitsiya-minzdrava-rossii-v-otnoshenii-zamestitelnoy-opioidnoy-podderzhivayuschiey-terapiiGoogle Scholar
Minsalud. (2020). Estigma social asociado a COVID 19 [Stigma associated with COVID 19]. Consejo Nacional de Salud Mental. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/recomendaciones-sm-covid-19-prevencion-stigma.pdfGoogle Scholar
Modi, L., Gedam, S. R., Shivji, I. A., Babar, V., & Patil, P. (2018). Comparison of total self-stigma between schizophrenia and alcohol dependence patients. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 7(3), 14–18.Google Scholar
Møller, V., Erstad, I., & Zani, D. (2010). Drinking, smoking, and morality: Do ‘drinkers and smokers’ constitute a stigmatised stereotype or a real TB risk factor in the time of HIV/AIDS? Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 217238.Google Scholar
Morozov, A. V., & Egorysheva, I. V. (2014). K 40-letiju sozdanija narkologicheskoj sluzhby v strane [To the 40th anniversary of the drug service in the country]. Problemy social’noj gigieny, zdravoohranenija i istorii mediciny, 6(6), 5557.Google Scholar
Moskva24.ru. (2020). V GD ne schitajut, chto prinuditel’noe lechenie ot alkogolizma prineset plody [The State Duma does not believe that compulsory treatment for alcoholism will bear fruit]. https://www.m24.ru/news/obshchestvo/21012020/104407?utm_source=CopyBufGoogle Scholar
Murney, M. A., Sapag, J. C., Bobbili, S. J., & Khenti, A. (2020). Stigma and discrimination related to mental health and substance use issues in primary health care in Toronto, Canada: A qualitative study. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1), Article 1744926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murthy, P. (2008). Women and drug use in India: Substance, women and high-risk assessment study. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/reports/UNODC_Book_Women_and_Drug_Use_in_India_2008.pdfGoogle Scholar
Murthy, P. (2015). Culture and alcohol use in India. World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review, 10, 2739.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Caring for people with mental health and substance use disorders in primary care settings: Proceedings of a workshop. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nattala, P., Murthy, P., Weiss, M. G., et al. (2020). Experiences and reactions of adolescent offspring to their fathers’ heavy drinking: A qualitative study from an urban metropolis in India. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 120.Google Scholar
Nemtsov, A. V. (2011). A contemporary history of alcohol in Russia. Södertörns högskola.Google Scholar
Neufeld, M., Bobrova, A., Davletov, K., et al. (2020). Alcohol control policies in Former Soviet Union countries: A narrative review of three decades of policy changes and their apparent effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(3), 350367.Google Scholar
Neufeld, M., Bunova, A., Gornyi, B., et al. (2020). Russia’s national concept to reduce alcohol abuse and alcohol-dependence in the population 2010–2020: Which policy targets have been achieved? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article 8270.Google Scholar
Neufeld, M., Wittchen, H.-U., & Rehm, J. (2017). Drinking patterns and harm of unrecorded alcohol in Russia: A qualitative interview study. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(4), 310317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neufeld, M., Wittchen, H.-U., Ross, L. E., Ferreira-Borges, C., & Rehm, J. (2019). Perception of alcohol policies by consumers of unrecorded alcohol: An exploratory qualitative interview study with patients of alcohol treatment facilities in Russia. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(1), 114.Google Scholar
Paris, M., Pérez, L., & Medrano, G. (2009). Estigma y discriminación hacia las y los usuarios de drogas y sus familiars [Stigma and discrimination toward drug users and their families]. Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación.Google Scholar
Peacock, A., Leung, J., Larney, S., et al. (2018). Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction, 113(10), 19051926.Google Scholar
Pelullo, C. P., Curcio, F., Auriemma, F., et al. (2019). The discrimination against, health status and wellness of people who use drugs in Italian services: A survey. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55(10), 662.Google Scholar
Peluso Ede, T., & Blay, S. L. (2008). Public perception of alcohol dependence. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 30(1), 1924.Google Scholar
Popova, I. (2015, December 17). Inside Belarus’s ‘rehab prisons’ for alcoholics – in pictures. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2015/dec/17/belarus-soviet-jail-for-alcoholics-irina-popovaGoogle Scholar
Probst, C., Manthey, J., Martinez, A., & Rehm, J. (2015). Alcohol use disorder severity and reported reasons not to seek treatment: A cross-sectional study in European primary care practices. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10, Article 32.Google Scholar
Rafiq, M., & Sadiq, R. (2019). Caregiver stress, perceived stigma and mental health in female family members of drug addicts: Correlational study. JPMA, 69(9), 13001303.Google Scholar
Raikhel, E. (2010). Post-Soviet placebos: Epistemology and authority in Russian treatments for alcoholism. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(1), 132168.Google Scholar
Raikhel, E. (2016). Governing habits: Treating alcoholism in the post-Soviet clinic. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rao, R. (2017). The journey of opioid substitution therapy in India: Achievements and challenges. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(1), 3945.Google Scholar
Rathod, S. D., De Silva, M. J., Ssebunnya, J., et al. (2016). Treatment contact coverage for probable depressive and probable alcohol use disorders in four low-and middle-income country districts: The PRIME cross-sectional community surveys. PLOS ONE, 11(9), e0162038.Google Scholar
Regenauer, K. S., Myers, B., Batchelder, A. W., & Magidson, J. F. (2020). “That person stopped being human”: Intersecting HIV and substance use stigma among patients and providers in South Africa. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 216, Article 108322.Google Scholar
Rehm, J., Manthey, J., Shield, K. D., & Ferreira-Borges, C. (2019). Trends in substance use and in the attributable burden of disease and mortality in the WHO European Region, 2010–16. European Journal of Public Health, 29(4), 723728.Google Scholar
Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(2), 143155.Google Scholar
Saburova, L., Keenan, K., Bobrova, N., Leon, D. A., & Elbourne, D. (2011). Alcohol and fatal life trajectories in Russia: Understanding narrative accounts of premature male death in the family. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 110.Google Scholar
Sarang, A., Rhodes, T., Sheon, N., & Page, K. (2010). Policing drug users in Russia: Risk, fear, and structural violence. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(6), 813864.Google Scholar
Sarin, E., & Kerrigan, D. (2012). The impact of human rights violations and perceptions of discrimination on health service utilization among injection drug users in Delhi, India. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(3), 230243.Google Scholar
Sarin, E., Samson, L. J., & Sweat, M. D. (2013). Impact of acts of discrimination on quality of life among injecting drug users in Delhi, India. Social Indicators Research, 113(1), 319334.Google Scholar
Sarkar, S., Balhara, Y. P. S., Kumar, S., et al. (2019). Internalized stigma among patients with substance use disorders at a tertiary care center in India. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 18(3), 345358.Google Scholar
Satinsky, E. N., Myers, B., Andersen, L. S., Kagee, A., Joska, J., & Magidson, J. F. (2020). “Now we are told that we can mix”: Messages and beliefs around simultaneous use of alcohol and ART. AIDS and Behavior, 24(9), 26802690.Google Scholar
Scheibe, A., Shelly, S., Versfeld, A., Howell, S., & Marks, M. (2017). Safe treatment and treatment of safety: Call for a harm-reduction approach to drug-use disorders in South Africa. South African Health Review, 2017(1), 197204.Google Scholar
Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: A review of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46(2), 105112.Google Scholar
Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., Lucht, M. J., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Changes in the perception of alcohol-related stigma in Germany over the last two decades. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 225231.Google Scholar
Scott-Sheldon, L. A., Walstrom, P., Carey, K. B., Johnson, B. T., Carey, M. P., & Team, M. R. (2013). Alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among individuals infected with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis 2012 to early 2013. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(4), 314323.Google Scholar
Shields, A. (2009). The effects of drug user registration laws on people’s rights and health: Key findings from Russia, Georgia, and Ukraine. Open Society Institute. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/def77bbe-43fd-46ad-9f91-b1b8bd26a221/drugreg_20091001.pdfGoogle Scholar
Singh, S., Kumar, S., Sarkar, S., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2018). Quality of life and its relationship with perceived stigma among opioid use disorder patients: An exploratory study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(6), 556561.Google Scholar
Skliamis, K., Benschop, A., & Korf, D. J. (2020). Cannabis users and stigma: A comparison of users from European countries with different cannabis policies. European Journal of Criminology.Google Scholar
Sommer, M., Kaaya, S., Kajula, L., Marwerwe, G., Hamisi, H., & Parker, R. (2020). Social and structural determinants of youth alcohol use in Tanzania: The role of gender, social vulnerability and stigma. Global Public Health, 113.Google Scholar
Sornpaisarn, B., Shield, K., Manthey, J., et al. (2020). Alcohol consumption and attributable harm in middle-income South-East Asian countries: Epidemiology and policy options. International Journal of Drug Policy, 83, 102856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorsdahl, K., Stein, D. J., & Myers, B. (2012). Negative attributions towards people with substance use disorders in South Africa: Variation across substances and by gender. BMC Psychiatry, 12, Article 101.Google Scholar
Sreeraj, V. S., Parija, S., Uvais, N., Mohanty, S., & Kumar, S. (2017). Indian nursing students’ attitudes toward mental illness and persons with mental illness. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 26(2), 223227.Google Scholar
Sreeramareddy, C. T., Pradhan, P. M. S., Mir, I. A., & Sin, S. (2014). Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: Prevalence estimates and social determinants from demographic and health surveys. Population Health Metrics, 12(1), Article 22.Google Scholar
Storholm, E. D., Ober, A. J., Hunter, S. B., et al. (2017). Barriers to integrating the continuum of care for opioid and alcohol use disorders in primary care: A qualitative longitudinal study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 83, 4554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stöver, H. (2016). Drogenprohibition, soziale Ausgrenzung, Stigmatisierung und Kriminalisierung [Drug prohibition, social exclusion, stigmatization and criminalization]. Suchttherapie, 17(3), 124130.Google Scholar
Sullivan, R. J., & Hagen, E. H. (2015). Passive vulnerability or active agency? An evolutionarily ecological perspective of human drug use. In Anderson, P., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (Eds.), Impact of addictive substances and behaviours on individual and societal well-being. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, R., Pandian, R. D., & Murthy, P. (2018). Treatment service related needs and concerns of women with substance use disorders: A qualitative study. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 11(2), 123133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tikkinen, K. A., Leinonen, J. S., Guyatt, G. H., Ebrahim, S., & Jarvinen, T. L. (2012). What is a disease? Perspectives of the public, health professionals and legislators. BMJ Open, 2(6), e001632.Google Scholar
TNI. (2014). Reforma de la ley de drogas en Perú: guía básica [About drug law reform in Peru]. TNI. https://www.tni.org/es/publicacion/reforma-de-la-ley-de-drogas-en-peru-guia-basica#7Google Scholar
Touw, M. (1981). The religious and medicinal uses of cannabis in China, India and Tibet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 13(1), 2334.Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Statistics Division. (2018). SDG Indicators: Metadata Repository, Goal 3, Target 3.5 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Retrieved February 18, 2021 from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata?Text=&Goal=3&Target=3.5Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2018). World drug report 2018. https://www.unodc.org/wdr2018/Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). World drug report 2020. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1–2), 2335.Google Scholar
van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2016). Experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by individuals in treatment for substance use disorders within the Netherlands. Health and Social Care in the Community, 24(5), e23e33.Google Scholar
Vázquez, A. (2014). Políticas públicas en materia de drogas en Argentina: políticas de estigmatización y sufrimiento [Public policies regarding drugs in Argentina: Policies on stigmatization and suffering]. Saúde em Debate, 38, 830839.Google Scholar
Ventura, C. A. A., Carrara, B. S., Bobbili, S., et al. (2017). General beliefs and stigma regarding illicit drug use: Perspectives of family members and significant others of drug users in an inner city in Brazil. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(9), 712716.Google Scholar
Wogen, J., & Restrepo, M. T. (2020). Human rights, stigma, and substance use. Health and Human Rights, 22(1), 5160.Google Scholar
Woolf-King, S. E., Steinmaus, C. M., Reingold, A. L., & Hahn, J. A. (2013). An update on alcohol use and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: Meta-analysis and future research directions. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 2(1), 99110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2017, December 29). Fact sheet: Human rights and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-healthGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018a). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018b). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2000–2025 (2nd ed.). https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/trends-tobacco-smoking-second-edition/en/Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2019a). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/enGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2019b, July 25). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516204Google Scholar
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2019). Alcohol policy impact case study: The effects of alcohol control measures on mortality and life expectancy in the Russian Federation. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/alcohol-use/publications/2019/alcohol-policy-impact-case-study-the-effects-of-alcohol-control-measures-on-mortality-and-life-expectancy-in-the-russian-federation-2019Google Scholar
Yang, L. H., Wong, L. Y., Grivel, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Stigma and substance use disorders: An international phenomenon. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(5), 378388.Google Scholar
Zakonbase.ru. (1999). Prikaz Minzdrava rf ot 23 avgusta 1999 g. N 327 “ob Anonimnom Lechenii v Narkologicheskih Uchrezhdenijah (Podrazdelenijah)” [Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 23 August 1999 n 327 “on Anonymous Treatment in Narcological Institutions (Divisions)”]. https://zakonbase.ru/content/base/33411/Google Scholar
Zelenskaya, E. L. (2010). Prinuditel’noe lechenie alkogolizma v lechebno-trudovyh profilaktorijah: Istoriko-pravovoj aspekt [Compulsory treatment of alcoholism in medical and labor dispensaries: Historical and legal aspect]. Sibirskoe juridicheskoe obozrenie, 13, 2122.Google Scholar
Zewdu, S., Hanlon, C., Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., & Teferra, S. (2019). Treatment gap, help-seeking, stigma and magnitude of alcohol use disorder in rural Ethiopia. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(1), 110.Google Scholar
Zhirnov, E. (2013). “Izoljacija alkogolikov i narkomanov ne obespechivaetsja”: Chto Genprokuratura SSSR obnaruzhila v LTP [“Isolation of alcoholics and drug addicts is not ensured”: What the USSR Prosecutor General’s Office found in the LTP]. Kommersant.ru. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2115648Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×