Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6b88cc9666-c4hrb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-02-17T08:23:57.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  aN Invalid Date NaN

Mark Z. Jacobson
Mark Z. Jacobson
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Get access

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Still No Miracles Needed
How Today's Technology Can Save Our Climate and Clean Our Air
 , pp. 393 - 421
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Green, H. and Lane, W., Particle Clouds, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1969.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization), Household air pollution attributable deaths, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/3ht5j9n3 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization), Ambient air pollution attributable deaths, 2022, https://tinyurl.com/2zhp4n9y (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., von Krauland, A.-K., Coughlin, S. J., et al., Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries, Energy & Environmental Sciences, 15, 3343–3359, doi:10.1039/d2ee00722c, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Fu, D., Sambor, D. J., and Mühlbauer, A., Energy, health, and climate costs of carbon-capture and direct-air-capture versus 100%-wind-water-solar climate policies in 149 countries, Environmental Science & Technology, 59, 3034–3045, doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c10686, 2025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects, Journal of Geophysical Research, 119, 8980–9002, doi:10.1002/2014JD021861, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadell, J. G., Monteiro, P. M. S., Costa, M. H., et al., Global carbon and other biogeochemical cycles and feedbacks. In Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., et al., eds., Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2021.Google Scholar
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Global temperatures, 2024, https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/?intent=121 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Copernicus, June 2024 marks 12th month of global temperature reaching 1.5°C above pre-industrial, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/5e7ywdmu (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695–697, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon plus organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D19), 4410, doi:10.1029/2001JD001376, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D14209, doi:10.1029/2009JD013795, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., et al., Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 5380–5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., On the causal link between carbon dioxide and air pollution mortality, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L03809, doi:10.1029/2007GL031101, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., The enhancement of local air pollution by urban CO2 domes, Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 2497–2502, doi:10.1021/es903018m, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, H. and Roser, M., Access to energy, 2024, https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Vavrin, J. Power and energy considerations at forward operating bases (FOBs). United States Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 2010, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA566876.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sambor, D. J., Wilber, M., Whitney, E., and Jacobson, M. Z., Development of a tool for optimizing solar and battery storage for container farming in a remote Arctic microgrid, Energies, 13, 5143, doi:10.3390/en13195143, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krane, J. and Idel, R., More transitions, less risk: How renewable energy reduces risks from mining, trade and political dependence, Energy Research and Social Science, 82, 102311, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memija, A., Mingyang’s 20 MW offshore wind turbine stands complete, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/kvmk65fc (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Durakovic, A., Fixed bottom offshore wind farms 90 metres deep? Offshoretronics says yes, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/47ffk2t8 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
US DOE (US Department of Energy), Pathways to commercial liftoff: Next-generation geothermal power commercial liftoff, 2024, https://liftoff.energy.gov/next-generation-geothermal-power/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
US DOI (US Department of the Interior), Reclamation: Managing water in the west; hydroelectric power, 2005, www.usbr.gov/power/edu/pamphlet.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Rahi, O. P. and Kumar, A., Economic analysis for refurbishment and uprating of hydropower plants, Renewable Energy, 86, 1197–1204, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Free Dictionary, Installed capacity: Definition, 2019, https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Installed+Capacity (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Corbley, A., These underwater “kites” are generating tidal electricity as they move, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/jt4t66y4 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bellini, E., Flexible solar panel for vehicle-integrated applications, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/mtj25ncr (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Lee, K., Um, H.-D., Choi, D., et al., The development of transparent photovoltaics, Cell Reports, doi://10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100143, 2020.Google Scholar
Onyx solar, Website, 2024, https://onyxsolar.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Renovagen, Rollable solar panels, 2021, www.renovagen.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
REI (Resilient Energy & Infrastructure), Website, 2024, https://resilientei.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Dragonwings, Website, 2024, www.dragonwings.co (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Kougias, I., Bodis, K., Jager-Waldau, A., et al., The potential of water infrastructure to accommodate solar PV systems in Mediterranean islands, Solar Energy, 136, 174–182, doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.07.003, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, A., Batra, A., and Pachauri, R., An experimental study on effect of dust on power loss in solar photovoltaic module, Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar, 4, 9, 2017.Google Scholar
DOE (US Department of Energy), Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application Study: Reducing Water Consumption of Concentrating Solar Power Electricity Generation, Report to Congress, 2008, www1.eere.energy.gov/solar//pdfs/csp_water_study.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Nonbol, E., Load-following capabilities of nuclear power plants, Technical University of Denmark, 2013, http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/64426246/Load_following_capabilities.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Utility Dive, Los Angeles considers $3B pumped storage project at Hoover Dam, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/ynb2ea9z (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Stocks, M., Stocks, R., Lu, B., Cheng, C., and Blakers, A., Global atlas of closed-loop pumped hydro energy storage, Joule, 5, 270–284, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willuhn, M., Sonnen battery still running after 28,000 full charge cycles, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/y773rh6e (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ziegler, M. S. and Trancik, J. E., Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery improvement and cost decline, Energy & Environmental Sciences, 14, 1635–1651, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerracher, C., China’s batteries are now cheap enough to power huge shifts, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/yram69nu (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Sambor, D. J., Fan, Y. F., and Mühlbauer, A., Effects of firebricks for industrial process heat on the cost of matching all-sector energy demand with 100% wind-water-solar supply in 149 countries, PNAS Nexus, 3, pgae274, doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae274, 2024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Board, G., Form Energy to begin manufacturing iron air batteries in Weirton to stabilize electrical grid, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/2abtds9y (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Stiesdal, The GridScale technology explained, 2024, www.stiesdal.com/storage/the-gridscale-technology-explained/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Colthorpe, A., NGK’s first sodium-sulfur battery installation in Eastern Europe comes online in Bulgaria, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/324f8c6x (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Boukhalf, S. and Kaul, N., 10 disruptive battery technologies trying to compete with lithium-ion, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/mvvbebaj (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhou, D., Palomares, V., et al., Revitalizing sodium-sulfur batteries for non-high-temperature operation: A crucial review, Energy & Environmental Science, 13, 3848–3879, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, J., Bhargav, A., Su, L., Charalambous, H., and Manthiram, A., Intercalation-type catalyst for non-aqueous room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries, Nature Communications, 14, 6568, 2023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilkington, B., Introducing an aluminum-ion battery that charges 60 times faster than lithium, 2021, www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5753 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Osmanbasic, E., Aluminum-ion batteries get major capacity boost, 2023, www.engineering.com/aluminum-ion-batteries-get-major-capacity-boost/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Poli, N., Bonaldo, C., Moretto, M., and Guarnieri, M., Techno-economic assessment of future vanadium flow batteries based on real device/market parameters, Applied Energy, 362, 122954, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nithyanandam, K. and Pitchumani, R., Cost and performance analysis of concentrating solar power systems with integrated latent thermal energy storage, Energy, 64, 793–810, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NREL (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Gemasolar thermosolar plant/Solar TRES CSP Project, 2022, https://solarpaces.nrel.gov/project/gemasolar-thermosolar-plant-solar-tres (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Denholm, P., Wan, Y.-H., Hummon, M., and Mehos, M., The value of CSP with thermal energy storage in the western United States, Energy Procedia, 49, 1622–1631, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torus, Torus flywheel, 2024, www.torus.co/torus-flywheel (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Crossley, I., Simplifying and lightening offshore turbines with compressed air energy storage, Wind Power, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/4bd36wfb (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Murray, C., Highview raises 300 million BP to start building 300 MWh liquid air energy storage project in the UK, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/3b8nuspv (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Allain, R., How much energy can you store in a stack of cement blocks? Wired, 2018, www.wired.com/story/battery-built-from-concrete/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Energy Vault, Break through with G-vault, 2024, www.energyvault.com/products/g-vault (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Gross, B., Efficiency of gravitational mass storage system, 2019, https://twitter.com/Bill_Gross/status/1164617097927806976/photo/1 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Roberts, D., The train goes up, the train goes down: A simple way to store energy, Vox, 2016, www.vox.com/2016/4/28/11524958/energy-storage-rail (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Hunt, J. D., Zakeri, B., Falchetta, G., et al., Mountain gravity energy storage: A new solution for closing the gap between existing short- and long-term storage technologies, Energy, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116419, 2019.Google Scholar
Renewell, 132 gigawatt hours of stored potential energy can be activated on the grid on demand, 2024, https://renewellenergy.com/our-impact/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water solar? iScience, 27, 108988, 2024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holnicki, P., Kaluszko, A., Nahorski, Z., and Tainio, M., Intra-urban variability of the intake fraction from multiple emission sources, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9, 1184–1193, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bistak, S. and Kim, S. Y., AC induction motors vs. permanent magnet synchronous motors, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/m7v74x7k (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Should transportation be transitioned to ethanol with carbon capture and pipelines or electricity? A case study, Environmental Science and Technology, 57, 16843–16850, 2023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evarts, E. C., The world’s largest EV never has to be recharged, Green Car Reports, 2019, www.greencarreports.com/news/1124478_world-s-largest-ev-never-has-to-be-recharged (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wilson, K. A., Worth the watt: A brief history of the electric car, 1830 to present, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/5zcbc4wz (accessed September 10, 2024s).Google Scholar
Vinfast, 38% of American cars were electric in 1900 – What about in the future? 2023, https://tinyurl.com/m3hy4mpp (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Coltura, Electric car range and price comparison, 2024, https://coltura.org/electric-car-battery-range/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), Trends in electric cars, 2024, www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/trends-in-electric-cars (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Montoya, R., How many electric cars are there in the US?, 2024, www.edmunds.com/electric-car/articles/how-many-electric-cars-in-us.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Tesla, Semi, 2024, www.tesla.com/semi (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), Trends in heavy electric vehicles, 2024, www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/trends-in-heavy-electric-vehicles (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Peters, A., India’s rail network is nearly 100% electrified. The US is at 1%, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/3ke3zr9s (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Grasso Macola, I., Electric ships: The world’s top five projects by battery capacity, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/mryx2nty (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wilkerson, J. T., Jacobson, M. Z., Malwitz, A., et al., Analysis of emission data from global commercial aviation: 2004 and 2006, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 6391–6408, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Wilkerson, J. T., Naiman, A. D., and Lele, S. K., The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part II: 20-year impacts of exhaust from all commercial aircraft worldwide treated individually at the subgrid scale, Faraday Discussions, 165, 369–382, doi:10.1039/C3FD00034F, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katalenich, S. M. and Jacobson, M. Z., Toward battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell military vehicles for land, air, and sea, Energy, 254, 124355, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eviation, Alice: The all-electric game changer, 2024, www.eviation.com/aircraft/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Harvey, L. D. D., Resource implications of alternative strategies for achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions from light-duty vehicles by 2060, Applied Energy, 212, 663–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petitt, J., Inside Redwood Materials, former Tesla CTO’s effort to recycle batteries for rare components, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/56v3kjnm (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Carpenter, S., Salton Sea is key to CA’s EV future, contains 1/3 of global lithium supply, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/2ysrap2w (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Richter, A., Lithium for batteries from the Upper Rhine’s Graben’s geothermal resources, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/mma4ccea (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Martin, P., Part 3: Lithium and cobalt-risky materials, 2017, www.linkedin.com/pulse/part-3-lithium-cobalt-risky-materials-paul-martin/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Rai-Roche, S. and Stoker, L., Renewables-plus-storage projects for mining operations in Australia, Madagascar for BHP, Rio Tinto, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/mwucw8ck (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Parkinson, G., Potash mine to build wind, solar, and battery micro-grid for most of its power needs, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/yyxdhdbv (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
USGS (United States Geological Survey), Lithium, 2024, https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-lithium.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Crownhart, C., How new magnets could accelerate climate action, MIT Technological Review, 2024, www.technologyreview.com/2024/01/31/1087413/magnets-climate-action/amp/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Tucker, S., Study: Electric vehicles involved in fewest car fires, 2022, www.kbb.com/car-news/study-electric-vehicles-involved-in-fewest-car-fires/ (accessed November 8, 2024).Google Scholar
Barnes, D. H., Wofsy, S. C., Fehlau, B. P., et al., Hydrogen in the atmosphere: Observations above a forest canopy in a polluted environment, Journal of Geophysical Research,108, 4197, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom Energy, Introducing the world’s largest and most efficient solid oxide electrolyzer, 2024, www.bloomenergy.com/bloomelectrolyzer/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), Hydrogen production projects interactive map, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/6ry3tm2s (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., von Krauland, A.-K., Song, K., and Krull, A. N., Impacts of green hydrogen for steel, ammonia, and long-distance transport on the cost of meeting electricity, heat, cold, and hydrogen demand in 145 countries running on 100% wind-water-solar, Smart Energy, 11, 100106, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Z., Stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage, 2018, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f10/csd_workshop_7_feng.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Hodges, A., Hoang, A. L., Tsekouras, G., et al., A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen, Nature Communications, 13, 1304, 2022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z., Effects of wind-powered hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles on stratospheric ozone and global climate, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L19803, doi:10.1029/2008GL035102, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sand, M., Skeie, R. B., Sandstat, M., et al., A multi-model assessment of the global warming potential of hydrogen, Nature Communications, 4, 203, 2023.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Delucchi, M. A., Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials, Energy Policy, 39, 1154–1169, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, S., International review of district heating, Energy, 15, 617–631, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, H., 4th generation district heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems, Energy, 68, 1–11, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, H., Ostergaard, P. A., Nielsen, T. B., et al., Perspectives on fourth and fifth generation district heating, Energy, 227, 120520, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stagner, J., Stanford University’s “fourth-generation” district energy system, District Energy, Fourth Quarter, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/ya5rem6h (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Stagner, J., Stanford Energy System Innovations, 2024, https://sesi.stanford.edu (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Cornell University, How lake source cooling works, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/yp5vcfmk (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), Thermal energy storage. IEA-ETSAP and IRENA Technology Brief E17, IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2013.Google Scholar
Sibbitt, B, McClenahan, D., Djebbar, R., et al., The performance of a high solar fraction seasonal storage district heating system – five years of operation, Energy Procedia, 30, 856–865, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, P. A. and Schmidt, T., Design and construction of large scale heat storages for district heating in Denmark, 14th Int. Conf. on Energy Storage, April 25–28, Adana, Türkiye, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/2929a4jp (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ramboll, World’s largest thermal heat storage pit in Vojens, 2016, https://tinyurl.com/33yfudm3 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Arcon/Sunmark, Large-scale showcase projects, 2017, http://arcon-sunmark.com/uploads/ARCON_References.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Damkjaer, L., Gram Fjernvarme 2016, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdF8e1t7St8 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ramboll, Pit thermal energy storage: Update from Toftlund, 2020, www.heatstore.eu/documents/20201028_DK-temadag_Rambøll%20PTES%20project.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), Integrated cost-effective large-scale thermal energy storage for smart district heating and cooling, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/3ym98dv7 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Fleuchaus, P., Godschalk, B., Stober, I., and Blum, P., Worldwide application of aquifer thermal energy storage – A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 861–876, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butti, K. and Perlin, J., Solar water heaters in California, 1891–1930, California Energy Commission, 6772173, 1980, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6772173 (accessed April 16, 2025).Google Scholar
Dandelion, Geothermal heating and air conditioning is so efficient, it pays for itself, 2018, https://dandelionenergy.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Gibb, D., Rosenow, J., Lowes, R., and Hewitt, N. J., Coming in from the cold: Heat pump efficiency at low temperatures, Joule, 7, 1939–1942, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, D. and Madani, H., On heat pumps in smart grids: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 342–357, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vzug, AdoraDish V6000 with heat pump, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/5h9hzyp2 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Meyers, S., Franco, V., Lekov, A., Thompson, L., and Sturges, A., Do heat pump clothes dryers makes sense for the US market? ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 9, 240–251, 2010, https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2010/data/papers/2224.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
De Gracia, A. and Cabeza, L. F., Phase change materials and thermal energy storage for buildings, Energy and Buildings, 103, 414–419, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DOE (US Department of Energy), 2021–2022 residential induction cooking tops, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/ysr8ujfv (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Consumer Reports, 10 best battery lawn mowers of 2024, tested by our experts, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/4ze5yz5c (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
NREL (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Microgrids, 2024, www.nrel.gov/grid/microgrids.html (accessed April 16, 2025).Google Scholar
Sambor, D. J., Penn, H., and Jacobson, M. Z., Energy optimization of a food-energy-water microgrid living laboratory in Yukon, Canada, Energy Nexus Journal, 10, 100200, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DOE (US Department of Energy), Quadrennial Technology Review, Chapter 6: Innovative clean energy technologies in advanced manufacturing: Technology assessment, 2015, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/QTR2015-6I-Process-Heating.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F., et al., GHG emissions of all world countries – JRC/IEA 2023 Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023.Google Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), Heat, 2023, www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023/heat# (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Lin, C. H., Wan, C., Ru, Z., et al., Electrified thermochemical reaction systems with high frequency metamaterial reactors, Joule, 8, 1–12, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, T., Azih, M., Mitchell, A., and Baltac, S., Future opportunities for electrification to decarbonize UK industry, A report for Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/yc6xtrms (accessed April 16, 2025).Google Scholar
Hulls, P. J., Development of the industrial use of dielectric heating in the United Kingdom, Journal of Microwave Power, 17, 28–38, 2016.Google Scholar
Viking Heat Engines, Heat Booster, 2019, https://heatroadmap.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Andreas-Muck_Viking-Heat-Engines.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
McMillan, C., Schoeneberger, C., Zhang, J., et al., Opportunities for solar industrial process heat in the United States. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, NREL/TP-6A20-77760, 2021, www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/77760.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sunvapor, Website, 2024, www.sunvapor.net (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ramaiah, R. and Shekar, K. S. S., Solar thermal energy utilization for medium temperature industrial process heat applications, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 376, 010235, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, C. W., Stack, D. C., Curtis, D., Haratyk, G., and Sepulveda, N. A., Converting excess low-price electricity into high-temperature stored heat for industry and high-value electricity production, The Electricity Journal, 30, 42–52, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, D. C. and Forsberg, C., Performance of firebrick resistance-heated energy storage for industrial heat applications and round-trip electricity storage, Applied Energy, 242, 782–796, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyitini, L., Belgasim, B., and Enweremadu, C. C., Solid state sensible heat storage technology for industrial applications – A review, Journal of Energy Storage, 62, 106919, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rondo, The Rondo heat battery, 2024, https://rondo.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Antora, Reliable, zero-emissions industrial heat and power, 2024, https://antoraenergy.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sugita, K., Historical overview of refractory technology in the steel industry, Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 98, Nippon Steel, Tokyo, Japan, 2008, www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/nsc/pdf/n9803.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Forsberg, C. and Stack, D. C., Electrically Conductive Firebrick System, US Patent: 11,877,376 B2, January 16, 2024, https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/11877376 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Electrified Thermal Solutions, Website, 2024, https://electrifiedthermal.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Vogl, V., Ahman, M., and Nilsson, L. J., Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking, Journal of Cleaner Production, 203, 736–745, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwindt, S., Sweden’s been stealthily using hydrogen to forge green steel. Now it’s ready to industrialize, 2024, https://thenextweb.com/news/sweden-hydrogen-green-steel-vattenfall-ssab-lkab-hybrit (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Hullinger, J., This startup is making steel with lasers, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/yhwtybd2 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wiencke, J., Lavelaine, H., Panteix, P.-J., Petijean, C., and Rapin, C., Electrolysis of iron in a molten oxide electrolyte, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 48, 115–126, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, R. M., Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928–2018, Earth System Science Data, 10, doi:10.5194/essd-2019-152, 2019.Google Scholar
Choate, W. T., Energy and emission reduction opportunities for the cement industry, 2003, www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/industries_technologies/imf/pdfs/eeroci_dec03a.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brimstone, Cement for our climate future, 2024, www.brimstone.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
C-Crete, C-Crete pours world’s first basalt-based concrete, a zero-emission product free of Portland cement, 2024, https://ccretetech.com/news/684-2/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Singh, N. B., Kumar, M., and Rai, S., Geopolymer cement and concrete: Properties, Materials Today Proceedings, 29, 743–748, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, D., Ferrock basics, 2017, http://ironkast.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Ferrock-basics.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Carbon Cure, Carbon Cure, 2018, www.carboncure.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Maldonado, S., The importance of new “sand-to-silicon” processes for the rapid future increase of photovoltaics, ACS Energy Letters, 5, 3628–3632, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y., Slade, T., Stolt, M. J., et al., Low-temperature molten salt production of silicon nanowires by the electrochemical reduction of CaSiO3, Angewandte Chemie, 56, 14453–14457, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z., The short-term cooling but long-term global warming due to biomass burning, Journal of Climate, 17 (15), 2909–2926, 2004.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lean, I. J., Golder, H. M., Grant, T. M. D., and Moate, P. J., A meta-analysis of effects of dietary seaweed on beef and dairy cattle performance and methane, PLoS One, 16, e0249053, 2021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patlolla, S. R., Katsu, K., Sharafian, A., et al., A review of methane pyrolysis technologies for hydrogen production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 181, 11323, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, R. W. and Jacobson, M. Z., How green is blue hydrogen? Energy Science and Engineering, 0, 1–12, doi:10.1002/ese3.956, 2021.Google Scholar
Ussiri, D. and Lal, R., Global sources of nitrous oxide. In Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and Its Mitigation, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 131–175, 2012.Google Scholar
NACAG (Nitric Acid Climate Action Group), Nitrous oxide emissions from nitric acid production, 2014, https://tinyurl.com/bde6zcs4 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Boiocchi, R., Gemaey, K. V., and Sin, G., Control of wastewater N2O emission by balancing the microbial communities using a fuzzy-logic approach, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49, 1157–1162, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santin, I., Barbu, M., Pedret, C., and Vilanova, R., Control strategies for nitrous oxide emissions reduction on wastewater treatment plants operation, Water Research, 125, 466–477, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, S., Candelone, J.-P., Patterson, C. C., and Boutron, C. F., Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations, Science, 265, 1841–1843, 1994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nriagu, J. O., A history of global metal pollution, Science, 272, 223–224, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, S., Candelone, J.-P., Patterson, C. C., and Boutron, C. F., History of ancient copper smelting pollution during Roman and Medieval times recorded in Greenland ice, Science, 272, 246–248, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brimblecombe, P., Air pollution and health history. In Holgate, S. T., Samet, J. M., Koren, H. S., and Maynard, R. L., eds., Air Pollution and Health, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 5–18, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J. D., Pan’s Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1994.Google Scholar
Brimblecombe, P., The Big Smoke, Methuen, London, 1987.Google Scholar
McNeill, J. R., Something New under the Sun, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2000.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, N. and Birdzell, L. E., Jr., How the West Grew Rich, Basic Books, New York, 1986.Google Scholar
Union Gas, Chemical composition of natural gas, 2018, www.uniongas.com/about-us/about-natural-gas/chemical-composition-of-natural-gas (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
De Boer, J. Z., Hale, J. R., and Chanton, J., New evidence of the geological origins of the ancient Delphic oracle (Greece), Geology, 29, 707–710, 2001.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Special report: Global warming of 1.5o, 2018, www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security, Energy & Environmental Science, 2, 148–173, doi:10.1039/b809990c, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frangoul, A., Scandinavia’s biggest offshore wind farm is officially open, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/y7mhknyn (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Archer, C. L., Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 15679–15684, doi:10.1073/pnas.1208993109, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Cameron, M. A., and Mathiesen, B. V, Matching demand with supply at low cost among 139 countries within 20 world regions with 100 percent intermittent wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) for all purposes, Renewable Energy, 123, 236–248, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage. Prepared by working group III, B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. C. de Coninck, M. Loos, and L. A. Meyer, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2005, www.ipcc.ch/report/carbon-dioxide-capture-and-storage/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
PSR (Physicians for Social Responsibility), Compendium of scientific, medical, and media findings demonstrating risks and harms of fracking and associated gas and oil infrastructure, 2022, https://psr.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/compendium-8.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Howarth, R. W., Santoro, R., and Ingraffea, A., Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic Change, 106, 679–690, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, R. W., Is shale gas a major driver of recent increase in global atmospheric methane, Biogeosciences, 16, 3033–3046, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. A., Zavalao-Araiza, D., Lyon, D. R. et al., Assessment of methane emissions from the US oil and gas supply chain, Science, 361, 186–188, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneising, O., Buchwitz, M., Reuter, M., et al., Remote sensing of methane leakage from natural gas and petroleum systems revisited, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20, 9169–9182, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), The Future of Natural Gas, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/529zmd87 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2008 US National Emissions Inventory (NEI), 2011, www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/2008-national-emissions-inventory-nei-data (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Bazouin, G., et al., 100 percent clean and renewable wind, water, sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States, Energy & Environmental Sciences, 8, 2093–2117, doi:10.1039/C5EE01283J, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazard and R. Berger, Lazard’s levelized cost of energy plus, June 2024, www.lazard.com/media/xemfey0k/lazards-lcoeplus-june-2024-_vf.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Allred, B. W., Smith, W. K., Twidwell, D., et al., Ecosystem services lost to oil and gas in North America, Science, 348, 401–402, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuters, Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace, 2020, https://tinyurl.com/yc5huspj (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Short-term impacts of the Aliso Canyon natural gas blowout on weather, climate, air quality, and health in California and Los Angeles, Environmental Science & Technology, 53, 6081–6093, doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01495, 2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Global CCS Institute, Global status of CCS 2023, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/6zwvcsye (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jaramillo, P., Griffin, W. M., and McCoy, S. T., Life cycle inventory of CO2 in an enhanced oil recovery system, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 8027–8032, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D., Turns out the world’s first “clean coal” plant is a backdoor subsidy to oil producers, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/nsyxy9x8 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Schlissel, D. and Juhn, A., Carbon capture and storage, IEEFA, 2023, https://ieefa.org/ccs (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
House, K. Z., Harvey, C. F., Aziz, M. J., and Schrag, D. P., The energy penalty of post-combustion CO2 capture & storage and its implications for retrofitting the US installed base, Energy & Environmental Science, 2, 193–205, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC, 2022: Summary for policymakers. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Slade, R., et al., eds., Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, doi:10.1017/9781009157926.001, 2022.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., The health and climate impacts of carbon capture and direct air capture, Energy & Environmental Sciences, 12, 3567–3574, doi:10.1039/C9EE02709B, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravikumar, D., Keoleian, G., and Miller, S., The environmental opportunity cost of using renewable energy for carbon capture and utilization for methanol production, Applied Energy, 279, 115770, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlissel, D. and Kalegha, M., Carbon capture at Boundary Dam 3 is still an underperforming failure, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/ydt6435k (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Rosenow, J., A meta review of 54 studies on hydrogen heating, Cell Reports Sustainability, 1, 100010, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, W.-H., Lin, M.-R., Lu, J.-J., Chao, Y., and Leu, T.-S., Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production from methane via autothermal reforming and partial oxidation followed by water gas shift reaction, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 11787–11797, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Drive, Hydrogen production tech team roadmap, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/3u9c482n (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Duan, Y. and Sorescu, D. C., CO2 capture properties of alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides: A combined density functional theory and lattice phonom dynamics study, Journal of Chemical Physics, 133, 074508, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamada, R., DAC cost drops to $300 over 30 years, Nikkei GX, May 5, 2024, www.nikkei.com/prime/gx/article/DGXZQOGN210B20R20C24A5000000 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Kadiyala, A., Kommalapati, R., and Huque, Z., Evaluation of the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from different biomass feedstock electricity generation systems, Sustainability, 8, 1181–1192, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center, E85 (Flex fuel), 2024, https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_e85.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Effects of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline vehicles on cancer and mortality in the United States, Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (11), 4150–4157, doi:10.1021/es062085v, 2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginnebaugh, D. L., Liang, J., and Jacobson, M. Z., Examining the temperature dependence of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline emissions on air pollution with a largely-explicit chemical mechanism, Atmospheric Environment, 44, 1192–1199, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.024, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginnebaugh, D. L. and Jacobson, M. Z., Examining the impacts of ethanol (E85) versus gasoline photochemical production of smog in a fog using near-explicit gas- and aqueous-chemistry mechanisms, Environmental Research Letters, 7, 045901, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045901, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R. A., et al., Use of US cropland for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change, Science, 319, 1238–1240, 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delucchi, M., A conceptual framework for estimating the climate impacts of land-use change due to energy crop programs, Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2337–2360, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lark, T. J., Hendricks, N. P., Smith, A., et al., Environmental outcomes of the US renewable fuel standard, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, e2101084119, 2022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, J., Goodkind, A., Tessum, C., et al., Air-quality-related health damages of maize, Nature Sustainability, 2, 397–403, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J., Polasky, S., Nelson, E., et al., Climate change and health costs of air emissions from biofuels and gasoline, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 2077–2082, 2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvo, A. and Geiger, F. M., Reduction in local ozone levels in urban Sao Paulo due to a shift from ethanol to gasoline use, Nature Geoscience, 7, 450–458, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clairotte, M., Adam, T. W., Zardini, A. A., et al., Effects of low temperature on the cold start gaseous emissions from light duty vehicles fuelled by ethanol-blended gasoline, Applied Energy, 102, 44–54, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scully, M. J., Norris, G. A., Falconi, T. M. A., and MacIntosh, D. L., Carbon intensity of corn ethanol in the United States: State of the science, Environmental Research Letters, 16, 043001, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summit (Summit Carbon Solutions LLC), Website, 2024, https://summitcarbonsolutions.com (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Karam, P. A., How do fast breeder reactors differ from regular nuclear power plants? Scientific American, 295 (4), 100, October 2006.Google Scholar
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Trend in electricity supplied, 2024, https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/WorldTrendinElectricalProduction.aspx (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
WNA (World Nuclear Association), World uranium mining production, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/5sutdkyf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), World’s uranium resources enough for foreseeable future says NEA and IAEA in new report, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/yc79hjt7 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), Fusion – frequently asked questions, 2024, www.iaea.org/topics/energy/fusion/faqs# (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Koomey, J. and Hultman, N. E., A reactor-level analysis of busbar costs for US nuclear plants, 1970–2005, Energy Policy, 35, 5630–5642, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berthelemy, M. and Rengel, L. E., Nuclear reactors’ construction costs: The role of lead-time, standardization, and technological progress, Energy Policy, 82, 118–130, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, C., French nuclear power history – the unknown story, 2015, https://energytransition.org/2015/03/french-nuclear-power-history/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bruckner, T., Bashmakov, I. A., Mulugetta, Y., et al., Energy systems. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 511–598, 2014.Google Scholar
Garthwaite, J., What should we do with nuclear waste, Stanford Earth, 2018, https://earth.stanford.edu/news/qa-what-should-we-do-nuclear-waste#gs.1sfx0x (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Denyer, S., Eight years after Fukushima’s meltdown, the land is recovering, but public trust is not, Washington Post, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/2p9sb6wy (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Cebulla, F. and Jacobson, M. Z., Alternative renewable energy scenarios for New York, Journal of Cleaner Production, 205, 884–894, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Coninck, H., Revi, A., Babiker, M., et al., Chapter 4: Strengthening and implementing the global response. In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming of 1.5oC report, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter4_Low_Res.pdf (accessed April 16, 2025).Google Scholar
Fuhrmann, M., Spreading temptation: Proliferation and peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements (March 9, 2009), International Security, 34 (1), Summer 2009, https://ssrn.com/abstract=1356091 (accessed September 10, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IranWatch, Iran’s nuclear potential before the implementation of the nuclear agreement, 2015, www.iranwatch.org/our-publications/articles-reports/irans-nuclear-timetable (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Johnson, G., When radiation isn’t the real risk, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/science/when-radiation-isnt-the-real-risk.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
BBC News, Japan confirms first Fukushima worker death from radiation, 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45423575 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ten Hoeve, J. E. and Jacobson, M. Z., Worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, Energy & Environmental Sciences, 5, 8743–8757, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henshaw, D. L., Eatough, J. P., and Richardson, R. B., Radon as a causative factor in induction of myeloid leukemia and other cancers, Lancet, 335, 1008–1012, 1990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagarde, F., Pershagen, G., Akerblom, G., et al., Residential radon and lung cancer in Sweden: Risk analysis accounting for random error in the exposure assessment, Health Physics, 72, 269–276, 1997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampson, S. E., Andres, J. A., Lee, M. E., et al., Lay understanding of synergistic risk: The case of radon and cigarette smoking, Risk Analysis, 18, 343–350, 1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z. and Ten Hoeve, J. E., Effects of urban surfaces and white roofs on global and regional climate, Journal of Climate, 25, 1028–1044, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00032.1, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, G., Edison vs. Westinghouse: A shocking rivalry, Smithsonian Magazine, 2011, https://tinyurl.com/yyttce77 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sadovskaia, K., Bogdanov, D., Honkapuro, S., and Breyer, C., Power transmission and distribution loses – a model based on available empirical data and future trends for all countries globally, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 107, 98–109, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), Efficient electrical energy transmission and distribution, 2007, www.iec.ch/basecamp/efficient-electrical-energy-transmission-and-distribution (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
ABB, Review: 60 years of HVDC 2014, https://tinyurl.com/ycya2eht (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
World Bank, Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output), 2018, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS?end=2014&start=2009 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Becquerel, A. E., Mémoire sur les effets electriques produits sous l’influence des rayons solaires, Annalen der Physick und Chemie, 54, 35–42, 1841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, W. G. and Day, R. E., The action of light on selenium, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A25, 113, 1877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, C. E., On a new form of selenium photocell, American Journal of Science, 26, 465, 1883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siemens, W., On the electromotive action of illuminated selenium, discovered by Mr. Fritts of New York, Van Nostrands Engineering Magazine, 32, 514–516, 1885.Google Scholar
Grondahl, L. O., The copper-cuprous-oxide rectifier and photoelectric cell, Review of Modern Physics, 5, 141, 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NREL (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Best research-cell efficiency charge, 2024, www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Bremner, S. P., Levy, M. Y., and Honsberg, C. B., Analysis of tandem solar cell efficiencies under {AM1.5G} spectrum using a rapid flux calculation method, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 16, 225–233, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Sambor, D. J., Fan, Y. F., Mühlbauer, A., and Delucchi, M. A., No blackouts or cost increases due to 100% clean, renewable electricity powering California for parts of 98 days, Renewable Energy, 240, 122262, 2025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominguez, A., Kleissl, J., and Luvall, J. C., Effects of solar photovoltaic panels on roof heat transfer, Solar Energy, 85, 2244–2255, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, J. P., CGN commissions 400 MW offshore floating solar project in China, 2024, www.pv-tech.org/cgn-commissions-400mw-offshore-floating-solar-project-in-china/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Jadhav, V., World estimates of PV optimal tilt angles and ratios of sunlight incident upon tilted and tracked PV panels relative to horizontal panels, Solar Energy, 169, 55–66, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEA (International Energy Agency), World Energy Balances, 2024, www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council), Global wind report 2025, 2025, www.gwec.net/reports/globalwindreport (accessed May 24, 2025).Google Scholar
Jordan, T. G., Evolution of the American windmill: A study in diffusion and modification, Pioneer America, 5, 3–12, 1973.Google Scholar
Pavel, C. C., Lacal-Arantegui, R., Marmier, A., et al., Substitution strategies for reducing the use of rare earths in wind turbines, Resources Policy, 52, 349–357, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pires, O., Munduate, X., Ceyhan, O., Jacobs, M., and Snel, H., Analysis of high Reynolds numbers effects on a wind turbine airfoil using 2D wind tunnel test data, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 753, 022047, 2016.Google Scholar
Schubel, P. J. and Crossley, R. J., Wind turbine blade design, Energies, 5, 3425–3449, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, S-y and Cheng, J.-h, Performance evaluation of pairing between sites and wind turbines, Renewable Energy, 32, 1934–1947. 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirnivas, S., Musial, W., Bailey, B., and Filippelli, M., Assessment of offshore wind system design, safety, and operation standards, NREL/TP-5000-60573, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mingyang, Smart wind turbines, 2024, www.myse.com.cn/en/wind-turbine/index.aspx (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Equinor, Equinor marks 5 years of operations at world’s first floating offshore wind farm, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/4rxu3rz9 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Wiser, R., Millstein, D., Hoen, B., et al., Land-based wind market report, 2024 Edition, US Department of Energy, 2024, https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/land-based-wind-market-report-2024 (accessed September 10, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulstich, S., Hahn, B., and Tavner, P. J., Wind turbine downtime and its importance for offshore deployment, Wind Energy, 14, 327–337, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J., Chowdhury, S., and Zhang, J., Optimal preventative maintenance time windows for offshore wind farms subject to wake losses, AIAA 2012-5435, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monitoring Analytics, Quarterly state of the market report for PJM: January through June, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/3zck9cyv (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Enevoldsen, P. and Jacobson, M. Z., Data investigation of installed and output power densities of onshore and offshore wind turbines worldwide, Energy for Sustainable Development, 60, 40–51, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, L., Tian, Y., Roy, S. B., et al., Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature, Nature Climate Change, 2, 539–543, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitch, A. C., Climate impacts of large-scale wind farms as parameterized in a global climate model, Journal of Climate, 28, 6160–6180, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Archer, C. L., and Kempton, W., Taming hurricanes with arrays of offshore wind turbines, Nature Climate Change, 4, 195–200, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2120, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Bird Conservancy, https://abcbirds.org (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sovacool, B. K., Contextualizing avian mortality: A preliminary appraisal of bird and bat fatalities from wind, fossil-fuel, and nuclear electricity, Energy Policy, 37, 2241–2248, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NWCC (National Wind Coordinating Collaborative), Wind turbine interactions with birds, bats, and their habitats, 2010, www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/birds_and_bats_fact_sheet.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Smallwood, K. S., Comparing bird and bat fatality rate estimates among North American wind energy projects, Wildlife Society Bulletin, 37, 19–33, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, R., Nygard, T., Falkdalen, U., et al., Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities, Ecology and Evolution, 10, 8927–8935, 2020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Bauer, Z. A. F., et al., 100 percent clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 139 countries of the world, Joule, 1, 108–121, doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.005, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Krauland, A.-K., Permien, F.-H., Enevoldsen, P., and Jacobson, M. Z., Onshore wind energy atlas for the United States accounting for land use restrictions and wind speed thresholds, Smart Energy, 3, 100046, doi:10.1016/j.segy.2021.100046, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, M. A., Boardman, A. E., Vining, A. R., Weimer, D. L., and Greenberg, D. H., Just give me a number! Practical values for the social discount rate, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23 (4), 789–812, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OMB (US Office of Management and Budget), Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis, the White House, Washington, DC, September 17, 2003, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/circulars_a004_a-4/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Drupp, M., Freeman, M., Groom, B., and Nesje, F., Discounting disentangled: An expert survey on the determinants of the long-term social discount rate, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 172, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), Renewable power generation costs in 2023, International Renewable Energy Agency, Dubai, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/5ak68syh (accessed September 25, 2024).Google Scholar
Batjer, M., Berberich, S, and Hochschild, D., Letter to Governor Gavin Newsom, 2020, www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/8.17.20-Letter-to-CAISO-PUC-and-CEC.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Swenson, A. and Lajka, A., Texas blackouts fuel false claims about renewable energy, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/2bbrrn8u (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), IRENASTAT Online data query tool, 2024, https://pxweb.irena.org/pxweb/en/IRENASTAT/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Renewables Now, Chile’s Coquimbo region nears 100% renewables share in H1 2019, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/2shztnyt (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Scottish Energy Statistics Hub, Renewable electricity generation as a percentage of equivalent gross consumption, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/5n7eh473 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Mooney, G., South Australia locks in federal funds to become first grid in world to reach 100 percent net wind and solar, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/3ykxzuxx (accessed November 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Parkinson, G., South Australia runs on more than 100 pct net renewables in last week of winter, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/y2hcc4hj (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Linnerud, K., Mideksa, T., and Eskeland, G. S., The impact of climate change on nuclear power supply, The Energy Journal, 32, 149–168, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, A., Increase in frequency of nuclear power outages due to climate change, Nature Energy, 6, 755–762, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, D., Schwartz, M., and Scott, G., Wind resource base, Encyclopedia of Energy, 6, 465–479, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Kaufmann, Y. J., Wind reduction by aerosol particles, Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L24814, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., Bukovsky, M. S., Leung, L. R., and Sakaguchi, K., Climate change impacts on wind power generation, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 627–643, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyer, H. G. and Niclasen, B. A., Assessment of the option “wind power to heat for buildings” with respect to meteorological conditions, Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 28, 79–85, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., On the correlation between building heat demand and wind energy supply and how it helps to avoid blackouts, Smart Energy, 1, 100009, doi:10.1016/j.segy.2021.100009, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, E., The reliability of distributed wind generators, Electric Power Systems, 2, 1–14, 1979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, C. L. and Jacobson, M. Z., Spatial and temporal distributions of US winds and wind power at 80 m derived from measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D9), 4289, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, C. L. and Jacobson, M. Z., Supplying baseload power and reducing transmission requirements by interconnecting wind farms, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 1701–1717, doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, W., Rand, J., Manderlink, N., et al., Hybrid power plants: Status of operating and proposed plants, 2024 Edition, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/ye2m37fc (accessed September 25, 2024).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoutenburg, E. D., Jenkins, N., and Jacobson, M. Z., Power output variations of co-located offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters in California, Renewable Energy, 35, 2781–2791, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.04.033, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoutenburg, E. K. and Jacobson, M. Z., Reducing offshore transmission requirements by combining offshore wind and wave farms, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 36, 552–561, doi:10.1109/JOE.2011.2167198, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., von Krauland, A.-K., Coughlin, S. J., Palmer, F. C., and Smith, M. M., Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the US with 100% wind-water-solar (WWS) and storage, Renewable Energy, 184, 430–444, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., The cost of grid stability with 100% clean, renewable energy for all purposes when countries are islanded versus interconnected, Renewable Energy, 179, 1065–1075, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempton, W. and Tomic, J., Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue, Journal of Power Sources, 144, 268–279, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempton, W. and Tomic, J., Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy, Journal of Power Sources, 144, 280–294, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budischak, C., Sewell, D., Thompson, H., et al., Cost-minimized combinations of wind power, solar power, and electrochemical storage, powering the grid up to 99.9% of the time, Journal of Power Sources, 225, 60–74, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Child, M., Nordling, A., and Breyer, C., The impacts of high V2G participation in a 100% renewable Aland energy system, Energies, 11, 2206, doi:10.3390/en11092206, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, E. K. and Jacobson, M. Z., A Monte Carlo approach to generator portfolio planning and carbon emissions assessments of systems with large penetrations of variable renewables, Renewable Energy, 36, 2278–2286, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.01.015, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, B. J., Frequency regulation basics and trends, ORNL/TM-2004/291, 2004, www.consultkirby.com/files/TM2004-291_Frequency_Regulation_Basics_and_Trends.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
NRC (US National Research Council), Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States, National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2010, p. 251, www.nap.edu/read/12621/chapter/6#251, 2010 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Erlich, I. and Wilch, M., Primary frequency control by wind turbines, IEEE PES General Meeting, July 25–29, 2010, doi:10.1109/PES.2010.5589911, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5589911 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Roselund, C., Inertia, frequency regulation and the grid, PV Magazine, 2019, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2019/03/01/inertia-frequency-regulation-and-the-grid/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sorensen, B., A plan is outlined to which solar and wind energy would supply Denmark’s needs by the year 2050, Science, 189, 255–260, 1975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovins, A. B., Energy strategy: The road not taken, Foreign Affairs, 55, 65–96, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, B., Scenarios of greenhouse warming mitigation, Energy Conversion and Management, 37, 693–698, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Masters, G. M., Exploiting wind versus coal, Science, 293, 1438, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. Z., Colella, W. G., and Golden, D. M., Cleaning the air and improving health with hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, Science, 308, 1901–1905, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archer, C. L. and Jacobson, M. Z., Evaluation of global wind power, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D12110, doi:10.1029/2004JD005462, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czisch, G., Szenarien zur zukünftigen Stromversorgung, kostenoptimierte Variationen zur Versorgung Europas und seiner Nachbarn mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien. PhD Dissertation, University of Kassel, 2005, https://kobra.uni-kassel.de/handle/123456789/200604119596 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Czisch, G. and Giebel, G., Realisable scenarios for a future electricity supplies based 100% on renewable energies, Riso-R-1608 (EN), 2007, https://tinyurl.com/3ue6wn94 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Lund, H., Large-scale integration of optimal combinations of PV, wind, and wave power into the electricity supply, Renewable Energy, 31, 503–515, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoste, G. R. G., Dvorak, M. J., and Jacobson, M. Z., Matching hourly and peak demand by combining different renewable energy sources, Stanford University Technical Report, 2009, https://tinyurl.com/55cvrp8r (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. and Delucchi, M. A., A path to sustainable energy by 2030, Scientific American, November 2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delucchi, M. Z. and Jacobson, M. Z., Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies, Energy Policy, 39, 1170–1190, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Howarth, R. W., Delucchi, M. A., et al., Examining the feasibility of converting New York State’s all-purpose energy infrastructure to one using wind, water, and sunlight, Energy Policy, 57, 585–601, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Ingraffea, A. R., et al., A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind, water, and sunlight, Energy, 73, 875–889, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.099, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Bazouin, G., et al., A 100 percent wind, water, sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy plan for Washington State, Renewable Energy, 86, 75–88, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Cameron, M. A., and Frew, B. A., A low-cost solution to the grid reliability problem with 100 percent penetration of intermittent wind, water, and solar for all purposes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (49), 15060–15065, doi:10.1073/pnas.1510028112, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A., Cameron, M. A., et al., Impacts of Green-New-Deal energy plans on grid stability, costs, jobs, health, and climate in 143 countries, One Earth, 1, 449–463, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Cameron, M. A., Hennessy, E. M., et al., 100 percent clean, and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for 53 towns and cities in North America, Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 22–37, doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.031, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., von Krauland, A.-K., Burton, Z. F. M., et al., Transitioning all energy in 74 metropolitan areas, including 30 megacities, to 100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight, Energies, 13, 4934, doi:10.3390/en13184934, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, H. and Mathiesen, B. V., Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems – The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050, Energy, 34, 524–531, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, I. G., Page, S. C., and Williamson, A. G., A 100% renewable energy generation system for New Zealand utilizing hydro, wind, geothermal, and biomass resources, Energy Policy, 38, 3973–3984, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. V., and Leahy, M., The first step to a 100% renewable energy-system for Ireland, Applied Energy, 88, 502–507, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., and Karlsson, K., 100% renewable energy systems, climate mitigation, and economic growth, Applied Energy, 88, 488–501, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiesen, B. V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., et al., Smart energy systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions, Applied Energy, 145, 139–154, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, E. K., Stoutenburg, E. D., and Jacobson, M.Z., The potential of intermittent renewables to meet electric power demand: A review of current analytical techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE, 100, 322–334, doi:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2144951, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, E. K. and Jacobson, M. Z., The carbon abatement potential of high penetration intermittent renewables, Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 6592–6601, doi:10.1039/C2EE03490E, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliston, B., Diesendorf, M., and MacGill, I., Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National Electricity Market, Energy Policy, 45, 606–613, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, M. G., Andresen, G. B., and Greiner, M., Storage and balancing synergies in a fully or highly renewable pan-European power system, Energy Policy, 51, 642–651, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinke, F., Wolfrum, P., and Hoffmann, C., Grid vs. storage in a 100% renewable Europe, Renewable Energy, 50, 826–832, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, S., Frew, B. A., Andresen, G. B., et al., Features of a fully renewable US electricity-system: Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions, Energy, 72, 443–458, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frew, B. A., Becker, S., Dvorak, M. J., Andresen, G. B., and Jacobson, M. Z., Flexibility mechanisms and pathways to a highly renewable US electricity future, Energy, 101, 65–78, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdanov, D. and Breyer, C., North-east Asian super grid for 100% renewable energy supply: Optimal mix of energy technologies for electricity, gas, and heat supply options, Energy Conversion and Management, 112, 176–190, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdanov, D., Farfan, J., Sadovskaia, K., et al., Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps, Nature Communications, 10, 1077, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1, 2019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Child, M. and Breyer, C., Vision and initial feasibility analysis of a decarbonized Finnish energy system for 2050, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 66, 517–536, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghahosseini, A., Bogdanov, D., Barbosa, L. S. N. S., and Breyer, C., Analyzing the feasibility of powering the Americas with renewable energy and inter-regional grid interconnections by 2030, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 187–205, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blakers, A., Lu, B., and Socks, M., 100% renewable electricity in Australia, Energy, 133, 471–482, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, L. S. N. S., Bogdanov, D., Vainikka, P., and Breyer, C., Hydro, wind, and solar power as a base for a 100% renewable energy supply for South and Central America, PLoS One, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173820, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, B., Blakers, A., and Stocks, M., 90–100% renewable electricity for the South West Interconnected System of Western Australia, Energy,122, 663–674, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulagi, A., Bogdanov, D., and Breyer, C., A cost optimized fully sustainable power system for Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim, Energies, 10, 583, doi:10.3390/en10050583, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esteban, M., Portugal-Pereira, J., Mclellan, B. C., et al., 100% renewable energy system in Japan: Smoothening and ancillary services, Applied Energy, 224, 698–707, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zapata, S., Casteneda, M., Jiminez, M., et al., Long-term effects of 100% renewable generation on the Colombian power market, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 30, 183–191, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadiqa, A., Gulagi, A., and Breyer, C., Energy transition roadmap towards 100% renewable energy and role of storage technologies for Pakistan by 2050, Energy, 147, 518–533, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barasa, M., Bogdanov, D., Oyewo, A. S., and Breyer, C., A cost optimal resolution for sub-Saharan Africa powered by 100% renewables in 2030, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 440–457, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldera, U. and Breyer, C., Role that battery and water storage play in Saudi Arabia’s transition to an integrated 100% renewable energy power system, Journal of Energy Storage, 17, 299–310, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H., Andresen, G. B., and Greiner, M., Cost-optimal design of a simplified highly renewable Chinese network, Energy, 147, 534–546, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teske, S., Giurco, D., Morris, T., et al., Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/34uk5uam (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Hansen, K., Mathiesen, B., and Skov, I. R., Full energy system transition towards 100% renewable energy in Germany in 2050, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 102, 1–13, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyewo, A. S., Aghahosseini, A., Ram, M., and Breyer, C., Transition towards decarbonized power systems and its socio-economic impacts in West Africa, Renewable Energy, 154, 1092–1112, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marczinkowski, H. M. and Barros, L., Technical approaches and institutional alignment to 100% renewable energy system transition of Madeira Island – Electrification, smart energy and the required flexible market conditions, Energies, 13, 4434, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M., Lenzen, M., Wang, D., and Nansai, K., GIS-based modelling of electric-vehicle-grid integration in a 100% renewable electricity grid, Applied Energy, 262, 114577, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alves, M., Segurado, R., and Costa, M., On the road to 100% renewable energy systems in isolated islands, Energy, 198, 117321, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiwan, S. and Al-Gharibeh, E., Jordan toward a 100% renewable electricity system, Renewable Energy, 147, 423–436, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zozmann, E., Goke, L., Kendziorski, M., et al., 100% renewable energy scenarios for North America – Spatial distribution and network constraints, Energies, 14, 658, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, W. J., Greer, D., Denholm, P., et al., Quantifying the challenge of reaching a 100% renewable energy power system for the United States, Joule, 5, 1732–1748, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pombo, D. V., Martinez-Rico, J., and Marczinkowski, H. M., Towards 100% renewable islands in 2040 via generation expansion planning: The case of Sao Vicent, Cape Verde, Applied Energy, 315, 118869, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marocco, P., Novo, R., Lanzini, A., Mattiazzo, G., and Santarelli, M., Towards 100% renewable energy systems: The role of hydrogen and batteries, Journal of Energy Storage, 57, 106306, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyewo, A. S., Sterl, S., Khalili, S., and Breyer, C., Highly renewable energy systems in Africa: Rationale, research, and recommendations, Joule, 7, 1437–1470, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Icaza, D., Vallejo-Ramirez, D., Granda, C. G., and Marin, E., Challenges, roadmaps, and smart energy transition toward 100% renewable energy markets in American islands: A review, Energies, 17, 1059, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuriyama, A., Liu, X., Naito, K., Tsukui, A., and Tanaka, Y., Importance of long-term flexibility in a 100% renewable energy scenario for Japan, Sustainability Science, 19, 165–187, 2024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaikh, R. A., Vowles, D. J., Dinovitser, A., Allison, A., and Abbott, D., Robust capital cost optimization of generation and multitimescale storage requirements for a 100% renewable Australian electricity grid, PNAS Nexus, 3, pgae127, 2024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breyer, C., Khalili, S., Bogdanov, D., et al., On the history and future of 100% renewable energy systems research, IEEE Access, 10, 78176–78218, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. W., Bischof-Niemz, T., Blok, K., et al., Response to “Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable electricity systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 834–847, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diesendorf, M. and Elliston, B., The feasibility of 100% renewable electricity systems: A response to critics, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 93, 318–330, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelstein, S., Report: EV battery costs hit a new low in 2021, but they might rise in 2022, Green Car Reports, 2021, www.greencarreports.com/news/1134307_report-ev-battery-costs-might-rise-in-2022 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Levine, S., The electric: How the China playbook has changed the rules in EVs and batteries, June 2024, https://tinyurl.com/2tv5fa75 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Abbott, C., USDA says land near solar and wind farms tends to remain in agriculture, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/25pp5yux (accessed September 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Macdonald-Smith, A., South Australia’s big battery slashes $40m from grid control costs in first year, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/4ecu7abf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Spector, J., “Cheaper than a peaker”: NextEra inks massive wind+solar+storage deal in Oklahoma, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/23yn69sc (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
McCarthy, D., Chart: Almost all new US power plants are carbon free, 2024, https://tinyurl.com/3vpcktbb (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
O’Malley, I., China built out record amount of wind and solar power in 2024, 2025, https://tinyurl.com/3wepy6kp (accessed May 25, 2025).Google Scholar
Miller, C., Plucinski, M., Sullivan, A., et al., Electrically caused wildfires in Victoria, Australia are over-represented when fire danger is elevated, Landscape and Urban Planning, 167, 267–274, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, P. H., A method to estimate the costs and benefits of undergrounding electricity transmission and distribution lines, Energy Economics, 60, 47–61, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, H., Richard Branson’s disappointing space jaunt, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/bdcryde5 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Metz, M., London, J., and Rosler, P., Gasoline superusers, 2021, https://tinyurl.com/392yckxv (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Nilsen, E. and Wilson, R., Americans have saved billions with a law they know next to nothing about, 2024, www.cnn.com/2024/08/16/climate/ira-tax-credit-savings/index.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Developing, coupling, and applying a gas, aerosol, transport, and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution. PhD Dissertation, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Lu, R., Turco, R. P., and Toon, O. B., Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. Part I: Gas-phase simulations, Atmospheric Environment, 30B, 1939–1963, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. Part II: Aerosol module structure and design, Atmospheric Environment, 31A, 131–144, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Development and application of a new air pollution modeling system. Part III: Aerosol-phase simulations, Atmospheric Environment, 31A, 587–608, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Simulations of the rates of regeneration of the global ozone layer upon reduction or removal of ozone-destroying compounds. EOS Supplement, F119, Fall 1995.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 1551–1568, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., GATOR-GCMM: A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model. 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 5385–5401, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., GATOR-GCMM: 2. A study of day- and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP field campaign, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 5403–5420, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Kaufmann, Y. J., and Rudich, Y., Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D24205, doi:10.1029/2007JD008922, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Studying the effects of aerosols on vertical photolysis rate coefficient and temperature profiles over an urban airshed, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 10593–10604, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Isolating nitrated and aromatic aerosols and nitrated aromatic gases as sources of ultraviolet light absorption, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 3527–3542, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Times, Text of President Bush’s remarks on global climate, 2001, https://tinyurl.com/nr8t6up8 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Dvorak, M., Archer, C. L., and Jacobson, M. Z., California offshore wind energy potential, Renewable Energy, 35, 1244–1254, doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.11.022, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorak, M. J., Stoutenburg, E. D., Archer, C. L., Kempton, W., and Jacobson, M. Z., Where is the ideal location for a US East Coast offshore grid? Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L06804, doi:10.1029/2011GL050659, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorak, M. J., Corcoran, B. A., Ten Hoeve, J. E., McIntyre, N. G., and Jacobson, M. Z., US East Coast offshore wind energy resources and their relationship to peak-time electricity demand, Wind Energy, 16, 977–997, doi:10.1002/we.1524, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., Seinfeld, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., and Streets, D. G., The effect on photochemical smog of converting the US fleet of gasoline vehicles to modern diesel vehicles, Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L02116, doi:10.1029/2003GL018448, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TED (Technology, Education, Development), Does the world need nuclear energy? Public debate, Mark Z. Jacobson and Stewart Brand, Long Beach, California, February 11, 2010, www.ted.com/talks/debate_does_the_world_need_nuclear_energy?language=en (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Solutions Project, Our 100% Clean Energy Vision, 2019, www.thesolutionsproject.org/why-clean-energy/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ruffalo, M. A., Krapels, M., and Jacobson, M. Z., A plan to power the world with wind, water, and sunlight, Talks at Google, Google, Inc., Mountain View, California, June 20, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_sLt5gNAQs (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Ruffalo, M. Z., Jacobson, M. Z., Krapels, M., and video from J. Fox, Powering the world, US, and New York with wind, water, and sunlight, The Nantucket Project, Nantucket, Massachusetts, October 6, 2012, http://vimeo.com/52038463 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Sierra Club, Saying farewell to Ready For 100, 2022, www.sierraclub.org/articles/2022/04/saying-farewell-ready-for-100 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Letterman, D., The Late Show with David Letterman, New York City, October 9, 2013, https://vimeo.com/83279421 (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
California Senate, SB 100 FAQs, 2018, https://focus.senate.ca.gov/sb100/faqs (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
House (US House of Representatives), H.Res.540, 2015, www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/540/text (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Shepherd, M., The climate science behind the green new deal – A layperson’s explanation, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/68ujfkax (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Green Party US, Green New Deal – Full Language, 2018, www.gp.org/gnd_full (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
O’Malley, M., A jobs agenda for our renewable energy future, 2015, www.p2016.org/omalley/omalley070215climate.html (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Clinton, H., Hillary is ready for 100, October 16, 2015, www.c-span.org/clip/campaign-2016/user-clip-hillary-is-readyfor100/4557641 (accessed May 25, 2025).Google Scholar
DNC (Democratic National Committee), 2016 Democratic Party Platform, July 9, 2016, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2016-democratic-party-platform (accessed May 25, 2025).Google Scholar
Sanders, B. and Jacobson, M., The American people, not Big Oil, must decide our climate future, The Guardian, April 29, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/bdd2rktx (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century), Renewables 2024 global status report, 2024, www.ren21.net/gsr-2024/modules/global_overview/02_policy/ (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Lillian, B., Orsted survey: Eight out of 10 support 100% global renewable energy, November 13, 2017, https://tinyurl.com/ph8f5zuc (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Stanford Solutions Project, Infographic roadmaps to transition cities, states, and countries to 100% wind-water-solar (WWS) for all energy purposes, 2024, https://sites.google.com/stanford.edu/wws-roadmaps/home (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century), Renewables in cities: 2021 global status report, 2019, www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/REC_2021_full-report_en.pdf (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Boyer, G., Appalachian power rolls out 100% renewable option for customers, WFXR News, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/ynd5zubk (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Duke Energy, More renewable energy options available under Duke Energy’s Green Source Advantage, 2019, https://tinyurl.com/46sfu87p (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar
RE100, The world’s most influential companies committed to 100% renewable power, 2025, http://there100.org (accessed May 25, 2025).Google Scholar
SEIA (Solar Energy Industries Association), Solar means business 2024, 2024, https://seia.org/research-resources/solar-means-business/ (accessed November 20, 2024).Google Scholar
Climate Group, EV100 members, 2019, www.theclimategroup.org/ev100-members (accessed September 10, 2024).Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this book conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×