Tektology

The Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy is commonly credited with the first formulation of a comprehensive theoretical framework describing the principles of organization of living systems. However, twenty to thirty years before Bertalanffy published the first papers on his “general systems theory,” Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928), a Russian medical researcher, philosopher, and economist, developed a systems theory of equal sophistication and scope, which unfortunately is still largely unknown outside of Russia.

Bogdanov called his theory “tektology,” from the Greek tekton (“builder”), which can be translated as “the science of structures.” Bogdanov's main goal was to clarify and generalize the principles of organization of all living and nonliving structures. In his own words (quoted in a detailed summary of tektology by Gorelik, 1975),