Interaction

Interaction is the exchange of value or information between two parties. While trade, mail, and diplomatic ties transmit positive value, war and other forms of armed conflict are examples of the exchange of negative value. Interaction – positive as well as negative – is determined by opportunity, motive, and identity. An interacting party needs a motive to engage in interaction, such as the desire to gain, financially or otherwise. Secondly, a transaction must be practically feasible. Finally, each party needs to have sufficient identity or coherence to be considered as an actor. In order to join the European Union and NATO, for instance, the motivation to become a member is not sufficient. Cooperation also depends on the opportunity to join as determined by the good will of the organization and the right timing. The prospective member also needs to be identified as an actor. Greenland can leave the European Union, while Occitania cannot. Likewise, negative interaction, including the use of military force, is unrealistic unless all three factors are present. Features that promote peaceful interaction may also constitute a foundation for conflict.

Various models of internal conflict are related to this three-factor model, whose origins are usually credited to Gurr (1970). In their work on interstate war, Most and Starr (1989, 23) posit that decisions to go to war require opportunity and willingness.