Practical Aspects of Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Section 3 - Practical Aspects of Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 December 2018

Edited by

Leonardo F. Fontenelle and

Murat Yücel

Show author details

Leonardo F. Fontenelle: Affiliation:
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Murat Yücel: Affiliation:
Monash University, Victoria

Book contents

Get access

Type: Chapter
Information: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena , pp. 307 - 424

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108164313 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U, Glaesmer, H, Mewes, R, et al. Updates on the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(1):171–175.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Riley, S. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(12):1381–1393.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cororve, MB, Gleaves, DH. Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(6):949–970.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Veale, D, Boocock, A, Gournay, K, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169(2):196–201.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Van Ameringen, M, Patterson, B, Simpson, W. DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: clinical implications of new criteria. Review: DSM-5 OCD and Related Disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(6):487–493.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Veale, D, Gledhill, LJ, Christodoulou, P, Hodsoll, J. Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: a systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image. 2016;18:168–186.Google Scholar

Koran, LMA, Abujaoude, E; Large, MD, Serpe, RT. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(4):316–322.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Pagano, ME, Menard, W, Stout, RL. A 12-month follow-up study of the course of body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(5):907–912.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA. “I look like a monster”: pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. In: Spitzer, RL, ed. DSM-IV-TR Casebook Experts Tell How They Treated Their Own Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2006:263–276.Google Scholar

Gunstad, J, Phillips, KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(4):270–276.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Menard, W, Pagano, ME, Fay, C, Phillips, KA. Substance use disorders in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(3):309–316.Google Scholar

Coles, ME, Phillips, KA, Menard, W, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder and social phobia: cross-sectional and prospective data. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(1):26–33.Google Scholar

Ruffolo, JS, Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Fay, C, Weisberg, RB. Comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: severity of psychopathology and body image disturbance. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39(1):11–19.Google Scholar

Frias, A, Palma, C, Farriols, N, Gonzalez, L. Comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: prevalence, explanatory theories, and clinical characterization. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2233–2244.Google Scholar

Fang, A, Hofmann, SG. Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(8):1040–1048.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Didie, E, Kelly, MM, Phillips, K. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann. 2010;40(7):310–316.Google Scholar

Angelakis, I, Gooding, PA, Panagioti, M. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;49:55–66.Google Scholar

Perugi, G, Giannotti, D, Frare, F, et al. Prevalence, phenomenology and comorbidity of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia) in a clinical population. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 1997;1(2):77.CrossRef Google Scholar

Phillips, KA. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder. Prim Psychiatry. 2007;14(12):58–66.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Coles, ME, Menard, W, Yen, S, Fay, C, Weisberg, RB. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(6):717–725.Google Scholar

Phillips, K, Didie, E, Menard, W, Pagano, ME, Fay, C, Weisberg, R. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141(3):305–314.Google Scholar

Phillips, K, Menard, W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1280-U2.Google Scholar

IsHak, WW, Bolton, MA, Bensoussan, JC, et al. Quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2012;17(4):167–175.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Fay, C, Pagano, ME. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46(4):254–260.Google Scholar

Didie, ER, Pinto, A, Mancebo, M, et al. A comparison of quality of life and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007;19(3):181–186.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Hart, AS, Simpson, HB, Stein, DJ. Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: recommendations for DSM-5. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(1):10–20.Google Scholar

Phillips, K, Pinto, A, Hart, A, et al. A comparison of insight in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(10):1293–1299.Google Scholar

Eisen, J, Phillips, K, Coles, ME, Rasmussen, SA. Insight in obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2004;45(1):10–15.Google Scholar

Mancuso, SG, Knoesen, N, Castle, D. Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51(2):177–182.Google Scholar

Jacob, ML, Larson, MJ, Storch, EA. Insight in adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):896–903.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F, Stevens, K, McKay, D, Yaryura-Tobias, J. Predictive validity of the overvalued ideas scale: outcome in obsessive-compulsive and body dysmorphic disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(6):745–756.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kimchi, R. Primacy of wholistic processing and global/local paradigm: a critical review. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):24–38.Google Scholar

Love, B, Rouder, J, Wisniewski, E. A structural account of global and local processing. Cognit Psychol. 1999;38(2):291–316.Google Scholar

Feusner, JD, Moller, H, Altstein, L, et al. Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44(15):1088–1094.Google Scholar

Feusner, JD, Hembacher, E, Moller, H, Moody, TD. Abnormalities of object visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychol Med. 2011;41(11):2385–2397.Google Scholar

Greenberg, JL, Reuman, L, Hartmann, AS, Kasarskis, I, Wilhelm, S. Visual hot spots: an eye tracking study of attention bias in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;57:125–132.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grocholewski, A, Kliem, S, Heinrichs, N. Selective attention to imagined facial ugliness is specific to body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image. 2012;9(2):261–269.Google Scholar

Crerand, CE, Menard, W, Phillips, KA. Surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures among persons with body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;65(1):11–16.Google Scholar

Toh, WL, Castle, DJ, Rossell, SL. How individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) process their own face: a quantitative and qualitative investigation based on an eye-tracking paradigm. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2017;22(3):213–232.Google Scholar

Jefferies, K, Laws, K, Hranov, G, Fineberg, NA. P.1.g.003 Cognitive and perceptual processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;20(Supplement 3):S309–S310.Google Scholar

Jefferies, K, Laws, KR, Fineberg, NA. Superior face recognition in body dysmorphic disorder. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2012;1(3):175–179.Google Scholar

Li, W, Lai, TM, Bohon, C, et al. Anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder are associated with abnormalities in processing visual information. Psychol Med. 2015;45(10):2111–2122.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U, Etcoff, NL, Wilhelm, S. Facial attractiveness ratings and perfectionism in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(3):540–547.Google Scholar

Moody, TD, Shen, VW, Hutcheson, NL, et al. Appearance evaluation of others’ faces and bodies in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(2):127–138.Google Scholar

Lambrou, C, Veale, D, Wilson, G. The role of aesthetic sensitivity in body dysmorphic disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120(2):443–453.Google Scholar

Stangier, U, Adam-Schwebe, S, Muller, T, Wolter, M. Discrimination of facial appearance stimuli in body dysmorphic disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2008;117(2):435–443.Google Scholar

Veale, D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. In: Phillips, DJCKA, ed. Disorders of Body Image. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical; 2002:121–138.Google Scholar

Feusner, JD, Townsend, J, Bystritsky, A, McKinley, M, Moller, H, Bookheimer, S. Regional brain volumes and symptom severity in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag. 2009;172(2):161–167.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Feusner, JD, Townsend, J, Bystritsky, A, Bookheimer, S. Visual information processing of faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(12):1417–1426.Google Scholar

Buchanan, B, Rossell, S, Maller, JJ, Toh, WL, Brennan, S, Castle, D. Regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder compared to controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(7):654–662.Google Scholar

Buchanan, BG, Rossell, SL, Maller, JJ, Toh, WL, Brennan, S, Castle, DJ. Brain connectivity in body dysmorphic disorder compared with controls: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychol Med. 2013;43(12):2513–2521.Google Scholar

Arienzo, D, Leow, A, Brown, JA, et al. Abnormal brain network organization in body dysmorphic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(6):1130–1139.Google Scholar

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Treatment. Clinical Guideline CG31. London: NICE; 2005.Google Scholar

Foa, EB, Yadin, E, Lichner, TK, eds. Exposure and Response (Ritual) Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Therapist Guide, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2012.Google Scholar

Folke, F, Von Bahr, M, Assadi-Talaremi, V, Ramnerö, J. Exposure and response prevention in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. PCSP. 2012;8(4):255–287.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Phillips, KA, Steketee, G. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2012.Google Scholar

Veale, D. Cognitive behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2001;7:125–132.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Phillips, KA, Fama, JM, Greenberg, JL, Steketee, G. Modular cognitive–behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Ther. 2011;42(4):624–633.Google Scholar

Greenberg, JL, Markowitz, S, Petronko, MR, Taylor, CE, Wilhelm, S, Wilson, GT. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent body dysmorphic disorder. Cogn Behav Pract. 2010;17(3):248–258.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Anson, M, Miles, S, Pieta, M, Costa, A, Ellison, N. Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy versus anxiety management for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83(6):341–353.Google Scholar

Beilharz, F, Castle, DJ, Grace, S, Rossell, SL. A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in body dysmorphic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;36(1):16–36.Google Scholar

Phillipou, A, Rossell, SL, Wilding, HE, Castle, DJ. Randomised controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2016;245:179–185.Google Scholar

Harrison, A, Fernandez de la Cruz, L, Enander, J, Radua, J, Mataix-Cols, D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;48:43–51.Google Scholar

Fang, A, Schwartz, RA, Wilhelm, S. Treatment of an adult with body dysmorphic disorder. In: Storch, EA, Lewin, AB, eds. Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Case-Based Approach to Treating Pediatric and Adult Populations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International; 2016:259–271.CrossRef Google Scholar

Greenberg, JL, Mothi, SS, Wilhelm, S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder by proxy. Behav Ther. 2016;47(4):515–526.Google Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D, de la Cruz, LF, Isomura, K, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(11):895–904.Google Scholar

Weingarden, H, Marques, L, Fang, A, et al. Culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: case examples. Int J Cogn Ther. 2011;4(4):381–396.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Buhlmann, U, Hayward, LC, Greenberg, JL, Dimaite, R. A cognitive-behavioral treatment approach for body dysmorphic disorder. Cogn Behav Pract. 2010;17(3):241–247.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Otto, MW, Lohr, B, Deckersbach, T. Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37(1):71–75.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Phillips, KA, Didie, E, et al. Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2014;45(3):314–327.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Miles, S, Anson, M. Long-term outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a naturalistic case series of 1 to 4 years after a controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2015;46(6):775–785.Google Scholar

Krebs, G, Turner, C, Heyman, I, Mataix-Cols, D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012;40(4):452–461.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Grant, J, Siniscalchi, J, Albertini, RS. Surgical and nonpsychiatric medical treatment of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(6):504–510.Google Scholar

Toh, WL, Castle, DJ, Rossell, SL. Facial affect recognition in body dysmorphic disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder: an eye-tracking study. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;35:49–59.Google Scholar

Feusner, JD, Moody, T, Hembacher, E, et al. Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):197–205.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rossell, SL, Labuschagne, I, Dunai, J, Kyrios, M, Castle, DJ. Using theories of delusion formation to explain abnormal beliefs in Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(3): 599–605.Google Scholar

Phillipou, A, Castle, DJ, Rossell, SL. Anorexia nervosa: eating disorder or body image disorder? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52(1):13–14.Google Scholar

Silver, J, Reavey, P, Anne Fineberg, N. How do people with body dysmorphic disorder view themselves? A thematic analysis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2010;14(3):190–197.Google Scholar

Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Neziroglu, F, Chang, R, Lee, S, Pinto, A, Donohue, L. Computerized perceptual analysis of patients with body dysmorphic disorder: a pilot study. CNS Spectr. 2002;7(6):444–446.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, FA, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Body dysmorphic disorder: phenomenology and case descriptions. Behav Psychother. 1993;21(1):27–36.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Grant, JE, Siniscalchi, JM, Stout, R, Price, LH. A retrospective follow-up study of body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46(5):315–321.Google Scholar

McKay, D, Todaro, J, Neziroglu, F, Campisi, T. Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(1):67–70.Google Scholar

McKay, D. Two-year follow-up of behavioral treatment and maintenance for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Modif. 1999;23(4):620–629.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F, McKay, D, Todaro, J, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Effect of cognitive behavior therapy on persons with body dysmorphic disorder and comorbid axis II diagnoses. Behav Ther. 1996;27(1):67–77.Google Scholar

Rosen, JC, Reiter, J, Orosan, P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(2):263–269.Google Scholar

Gorbis, E. Crooked mirrors: the externalization of self-image in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Ther. 2004;27(4):74–76.Google Scholar

Baldock, E, Anson, M, Veale, D. The stopping criteria for mirror-gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Br J Clin Psychol. 2012;51(3):323–344.Google Scholar

Windheim, K, Veale, D, Anson, M. Mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder and healthy controls: effects of duration of gazing. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(9):555–564.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U, Etcoff, NL, Wilhelm, S. Emotion recognition bias for contempt and anger in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40(2):105–111.Google Scholar

Kerwin, L, Hovav, S, Hellemann, G, Feusner, JD. Impairment in local and global processing and set-shifting in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;57:41–50.Google Scholar

Li, W, Lai, TM, Loo, SK, et al. Aberrant early visual neural activity and brain-behavior relationships in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:301.Google Scholar

Marks, IM, Mishan, J. Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception: a pilot study of exposure therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:674–678.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U, Gleiss, MJ, Rupf, L, Zschenderlein, K, Kathmann, N. Modifying emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder: an experimental investigation. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(10):924–931.Google Scholar

Beilharz, FL, Atkins, KJ, Duncum, AJ, Mundy, ME. Altering visual perception abnormalities: a marker for body image concern. PloS One. 2016;11(3): e0151933.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Silver, H, Bilker, WB. Social cognition in schizophrenia and healthy aging: differences and similarities. Schizophr Res. 2014;160(1–3):157–162.Google Scholar

Lindenmayer, P, McGurk, SR, Khan, A, et al. Improving social cognition in schizophrenia: a pilot intervention combining computerized social cognition training with cognitive remediation. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(3):507–517.Google Scholar

Drusch, K, Stroth, S, Kamp, D, Frommann, N, Wölwer, W. Effects of training of affect recognition on the recognition and visual exploration of emotional faces in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014;159(2–3):485–490.Google Scholar

Darmedru, C, Demily, C, Franck, N. Cognitive remediation and social cognitive training for violence in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2017;251:266–274.Google Scholar

Frommann, N, Streit, M, Wölwer, W. Remediation of facial affect recognition impairments in patients with schizophrenia: a new training program. Psychiatry Res. 2003;117(3):281–284.Google Scholar

Kays, JL, Hurley, RA, Taber, KH. The dynamic brain: neuroplasticity and mental health. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(2):118–124.Google Scholar

Martins Rosa, AM, Silva, MF, Ferreira, S, Murta, J, Castelo-Branco, M. Plasticity in the human visual cortex: an ophthalmology-based perspective. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:568354.Google Scholar

Thomas, E, Plessis, S, Chiliza, B, Lochner, C, Stein, D. Olfactory reference disorder: diagnosis, epidemiology and management. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(12):999–1007.Google Scholar

Feusner, JD, Phillips, KA, Stein, DJ. Olfactory reference syndrome: issues for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(6):592–599.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Menard, W. Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33(4):398.Google Scholar

Lochner, C, Stein, DJ. Prevalence of olfactory reference syndrome in obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(11):1266.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Matsunaga, H. Body dysmorphic disorder and olfactory reference disorder: proposals for ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36:14–20.Google Scholar

Begum, M, McKenna, PJ. Olfactory reference syndrome: a systematic review of the world literature. Psychol Med. 2011;41(3):453–461.Google Scholar

Prazeres, AM, Fontenelle, LF, Mendlowicz, MV, et al. Olfactory reference syndrome as a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(1):87–89.Google Scholar

Pryse-Phillips, W. An olfactory reference syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1971;47(4):484–509.Google Scholar

Allen-Crooks, R, Challacombe, F. Cognitive behaviour therapy for olfactory reference disorder (ORD): a case study. J Obsessive Compuls Rel Disord. 2017;13:7–13.Google Scholar

Martin-Pichora, AL, Antony, MM. Successful treatment of olfactory reference syndrome with cognitive behavioral therapy: a case study. Cogn Behav Pract. 2011;18(4):545–554.Google Scholar

Thomas, E, Voges, J, Chiliza, B, Stein, DJ, Lochner, C. Sniffing out olfactory reference syndrome. SAJP. 2017;23:5.Google Scholar

Bizamcer, AN, Dubin, WR, Hayburn, B. Olfactory reference syndrome. Psychosomatics. 2008;49(1): 77–81.Google Scholar

Teraishi, T, Takahashi, T, Suda, T, et al. Successful treatment of olfactory reference syndrome with paroxetine. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(1):e24.Google Scholar

Michael, S, Boulton, M, Andrews, G. Two cases of olfactory reference syndrome responding to an atypical antipsychotic and SSRI. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(9):878–879.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Le Roux, L, Bouwer, C, Van Heerden, B. Is olfactory reference syndrome an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(1):96–99.Google Scholar

Ferreira, JA, Dallaqua, RP, Fontenelle, LF, Torres, AR. Olfactory reference syndrome: a still open nosological and treatment debate. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(6):760.e1-3.Google Scholar

Gebara, CM, de Barros Neto, TP. Considerações sobre a clínica e o tratamento de uma manifestação incomum do transtorno dismórfico corporal: A síndrome de referência olfatória. [Considerations on the clinical picture and treatment of an unusual manifestation of body dysmorphic disorder the olfactory reference syndrome.] J Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;60(4):347–349.Google Scholar

References

Pilowsky, I. Dimensions of hypochondriasis. Br J Psychiatry. 1967;113:89–93.Google Scholar

Kellner, R. Somatization and Hypochondriasis. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers; 1986.Google Scholar

Fergus, TA, Valentiner, DP. Disease phobia and disease conviction are separate dimensions underlying hypochondriasis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:438–444.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V, Berle, D. Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related Internet use. Exp Rev Neurother. 2013;13:205–213.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Starcevic, V. Cyberchondria: challenges of problematic online searches for health-related information. Psychother Psychosom. 2017;86:129–133.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.Google Scholar

Rief, W, Isaac, M. The future of somatoform disorders: somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress disorder or functional syndromes? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27:315–319.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V. Should we deplore the disappearance of hypochondriasis from DSM-5? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48:373–374.Google Scholar

Rief, W, Martin, A. How to use the new DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder diagnosis in research and practice: a critical evaluation and a proposal for modifications. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:339–367.Google Scholar

Frances, A, Chapman, S. DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder mislabels medical illness as mental disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:483–484.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sirri, L, Fava, GA. Diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research and somatic symptom disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25:19–30.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V. Hypochondriasis and health anxiety: conceptual challenges. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202:7–8.Google Scholar

van den Heuvel, OA, Veale, D, Stein, DJ. Hypochondriasis: considerations for ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatria. 2014;36:S21–S27.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. ICD-11 Beta Draft. 2017. Available from: www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/en/ (accessed July 19, 2018).Google Scholar

Brakoulias, V, Starcevic, V. The characterization of beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Q. 2011;82:151–161.Google Scholar

Hegeman, JM, Kok, RM, van der Mast, RC, Giltay, EJ. Phenomenology of depression in older compared with younger adults: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:275–281.Google Scholar

Looper, KJ, Kirmayer, LJ. Hypochondriacal concerns in a community population. Psychol Med. 2001;31:577–584.Google Scholar

Martin, A, Jacobi, F. Features of hypochondriasis and illness worry in the general population in Germany. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:770–777.Google Scholar

Bleichhardt, G, Hiller, W. Hypochondriasis and health anxiety in the German population. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12:511–523.Google Scholar

Rief, W, Hessel, A, Braehler, E. Somatization symptoms and hypochondriacal features in the general population. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:595–602.Google Scholar

Sunderland, M, Newby, JM, Andrews, G. Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202:56–61.Google Scholar

Gureje, O, Ustun, TB, Simon, GE. The syndrome of hypochondriasis: a cross-national study in primary care. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1001–1010.Google Scholar

Escobar, JI, Gara, M, Waitzkin, H, et al. DSM-IV hypochondriasis in primary care. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1998;20:155–159.Google Scholar

Barsky, AJ, Wyshak, G, Klerman, GL, et al. The prevalence of hypochondriasis in medical outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1990;25:89–94.Google Scholar

Fink, P, Hansen, MS, Oxhoj, ML. The prevalence of somatoform disorders among internal medical inpatients. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56:413–418.Google Scholar

Palsson, N. Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis among general practice patients: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78:191–197.Google Scholar

Kirmayer, LJ, Robbins, JM. Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, co-occurrence, and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179:647–655.Google Scholar

Seivewright, H, Salkovskis, P, Green, J, et al. Prevalence and service implications of health anxiety in genitourinary medicine clinics. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15:519–522.Google Scholar

Kehler, MD, Hadjistavropoulos, HD. Is health anxiety a significant problem for individuals with multiple sclerosis? J Behav Med. 2009;32:150–161.Google Scholar

Warwick, HMC, Clark, DM, Cobb, A, et al. A controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural treatment of hypochondriasis. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:189–195.Google Scholar

Bouman, TK, Visser, S. Cognitive and behavioural treatments of hypochondriasis. Psychother Psychosom. 1998;67:214–221.Google Scholar

Clark, DM, Salkovskis, PM, Hackman, A, et al. Two psychological treatments for hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:218–225.Google Scholar

Visser, S, Bouman, TK. The treatment of hypochondriasis: exposure and response prevention vs. cognitive therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:423–442.Google Scholar

Barsky, AJ, Ahern, DK. Cognitive behavior therapy for hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1464–1470.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Greeven, A, van Balkom, AJ, Visser, S, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy and paroxetine in the treatment of hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:91–99.Google Scholar

Seivewright, H, Green, J, Salkovskis, PM, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for health anxiety in a genitourinary medicine clinic: randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;198:332–337.Google Scholar

Sørensen, P, Birket-Smith, M, Wattar, U, et al. A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioural therapy versus short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy versus no intervention for patients with hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2011;41:431–441.Google Scholar

Tyrer, P, Cooper, S, Salkovskis, P, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for health anxiety in medical patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:219–225.Google Scholar

Warwick, HMC, Salkovskis, PM. Hypochondriasis. Behav Res Ther. 1990;24:597–602.Google Scholar

Rachman, S. Health anxiety disorders: a cognitive construal. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:502–512.Google Scholar

Hedman, E, Andersson, G, Andersson, E, et al. Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe health anxiety: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198:230–236.Google Scholar

Hedman, E, Axelsson, E, Andersson, E, et al. Exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy via the internet and as bibliotherapy for somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209:407–413.Google Scholar

McManus, F, Surawy, C, Muse, K, Vazques-Montes, M, Williams, JMG. A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus unrestricted services for health anxiety (hypochondriasis). J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:817–828.Google Scholar

Fallon, BA, Liebowitz, MR, Salmán, E, et al. Fluoxetine for hypochondriacal patients without major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13:438–441.Google Scholar

Oosterbaan, DB, van Balkom, AJ, van Boeijen, CA, et al. An open study of paroxetine in hypochondriasis. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2001;25:1023–1033.Google Scholar

Fallon, BA, Qureshi, AI, Schneier, FR, et al. An open trial of fluvoxamine for hypochondriasis. Psychosomatics. 2003;44:298–303.Google Scholar

Wesner, RB, Noyes, R. Imipramine an effective treatment for illness phobia. J Affect Disord. 1991;22:43–48.Google Scholar

Fallon, BA, Petkova, E, Skritskaya, N, et al. A double-masked, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine for hypochondriasis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:638–645.Google Scholar

Fallon, BA, Ahern, DK, Pavlicova, M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy for hypochondriasis. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(8):756–764.Google Scholar

Schweitzer, PJ, Zafar, U, Pavlicova, M, et al. Long-term follow-up of hypochondriasis after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:365–368.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Benzaquen, S. The obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1997;9:99–109.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Braun, A, Simeon, D. Should OCD leave the anxiety disorders in DSM-V? The case for obsessive compulsive-related disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:317–329.Google Scholar

Hollander, E. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993.Google Scholar

Fineberg, NA, Chamberlain, SR, Goudriaan, AE, et al. New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectr. 2014;19:69–89.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Kim, SW. Brain circuitry of compulsivity and impulsivity. CNS Spectr. 2014;19:21–27.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F, McKay, D, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Overlapping and distinctive features of hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14:603–614.Google Scholar

Deacon, B, Abramowitz, JS. Is hypochondriasis related to obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, or both? An empirical evaluation. J Cogn Psychoter. 2008;22:115–127.Google Scholar

Barsky, AJ. Hypochondriasis and obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15:791–801.Google Scholar

Hedman, E, Ljótsson, B, Axelsson, E, et al. Health anxiety in obsessive compulsive disorder and obsessive compulsive symptoms in severe health anxiety: an investigation of symptom profiles. J Anxiety Disord. 2017;45:80–86.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, JS, Olatunji, BO, Deacon, BJ. Health anxiety, hypochondriasis, and the anxiety disorders. Behav Ther. 2007;38:86–94.Google Scholar

van den Heuvel, OA, Veltman, DJ, Groenewegen, HJ, et al. Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:922–933.Google Scholar

van den Heuvel, OA, Mataix-Cols, D, Zwitser, G, et al. Common limbic and frontal-striatal disturbances in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2011;41:2399–2410.Google Scholar

Barsky, AJ, Wyshak, G, Klerman, GL. Psychiatric comorbidity in DSM-III-R hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:101–108.Google Scholar

Bienvenu, OJ, Samuels, JF, Riddle, MA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:287–293.Google Scholar

du Toit, P, van Kradenburg, J, Niehaus, D, et al. Comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with and without comorbid putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders using a structured clinical interview. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42:291–300.Google Scholar

Bienvenu, OJ, Samuels, JF, Wuyek, LA, et al. Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? A family study perspective. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1–13.Google Scholar

Greeven, A, van Balkom, AJLM, van Rood, YR, et al. The boundary between hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional study from the Netherlands. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1682–1689.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Stein, DJ, Rauch, SL, et al. Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:528–555.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V, Janca, A. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: still in search of the concept-affirming boundaries. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011;24:55–60.Google Scholar

Fallon, BA, Qureshi, AI, Laje, G, Klein, B. Hypochondriasis and its relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000;23:605–616.Google Scholar

Olatunji, BO, Deacon, BJ, Abramowitz, JS. Is hypochondriasis an anxiety disorder? Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:481–482.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V. Classification of anxiety disorders: changes, conundrums and consequences. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48:1164–1165.Google Scholar

Solem, S, Borgejordet, S, Haseth, S, Hansen, B, Håland, Å, Bailey, R. Symptoms of health anxiety in obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship with treatment outcome and metacognition. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2015;5:76–81.Google Scholar

Cramer, AOJ, Waldorp, LJ, van der Maas, HLJ, Borsboom, D. Comorbidity: a network perspective. Behav Brain Sci. 2010;33:137–150.Google Scholar

Borsboom, D, Cramer, AOJ. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:91–121.Google Scholar

Fried, EI, van Borkulo, CD, Cramer, AOJ, Boschloo, L, Schoevers, RA, Borsboom, D. Mental disorders as networks of problems: a review of recent insights. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52:1–10.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Kogan, CS, Atmaca, M, et al. The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:663–674.Google Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D, Frost, RO, Pertusa, A, et al. Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:556–572.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Stein, DJ, Rauch, SL, et al. Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:528–555.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Villavicencio, A. Inattention, but not OCD, predicts the core features of hoarding disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:120–125.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Hartl, TL. A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:341–350.Google Scholar

Drury, H, Ajmi, S, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Nordsletten, AE, Mataix-Cols, D. Caregiver burden, family accommodation, health, and well-being in relatives of individuals with hoarding disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;159:7–14.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Williams, L. Hoarding: a community health problem. Health Soc Care Commun. 2000;8:229–234.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Tolin, DF. Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:876–884.Google Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D, Billotti, D, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Nordsletten, AE. The London field trial for hoarding disorder. Psychol Med. 2013;43:837–847.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Tolin, DF, Steketee, G, Fitch, KE, Selbo-Bruns, A. Excessive acquisition in hoarding. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:632–639.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Reichenberg, A, Hatch, SL, et al. Epidemiology of hoarding disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;203:445–452.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Fitch, KE, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Family informants’ perceptions of insight in compulsive hoarding. Cogn Ther Res. 2010;34:69–81.Google Scholar

Snowdon, J, Pertusa, A, Mataix-Cols, D. On hoarding and squalor: a few considerations for DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:417–424.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Patronek, G, Rosenfield, E. Comparison of object and animal hoarding. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:885–891.Google Scholar

Pertusa, A, Fonseca, A. Hoarding behavior in other disorders. In: Frost, RO, Steketee, G, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2014:59–74.Google Scholar

Anderson, SW, Damasio, H, Damasio, AR. A neural basis for collecting behaviour in humans. Brain. 2005;128:201–212.Google Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D, Pertusa, A, Snowdon, J. Neuropsychological and neural correlates of hoarding: a practice-friendly review. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67:467–476.Google Scholar

Pertusa, A, Frost, RO, Fullana, MA, et al. Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:371–386.Google Scholar

Pertusa, A, Fullana, MA, Singh, S, Alonso, P, Menchon, JM, Mataix-Cols, D. Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:1289–1298.Google Scholar

Samuels, J, Bienvenu, OJ, Grados, MA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:836–844.Google Scholar

Pertusa, A, Frost, RO, Mataix-Cols, D. When hoarding is a symptom of OCD: a case series and implications for DSM-V. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:1012–1020.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Billotti, D, Mataix-Cols, D. Finders keepers: the features differentiating hoarding disorder from normative collecting. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:229–237.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Mataix-Cols, D. Hoarding versus collecting: where does pathology diverge from play? Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:165–176.Google Scholar

Fullana, MA, Vilagut, G, Rojas-Farreras, S, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in the general population: results from an epidemiological study in six European countries. J Affect Disord. 2010;124:291–299.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Meunier, SA, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Hoarding among patients seeking treatment for anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:43–48.Google Scholar

Ayers, CR, Iqbal, Y, Strickland, K. Medical conditions in geriatric hoarding disorder patients. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18:148–151.Google Scholar

Ivanov, VZ, Mataix-Cols, D, Serlachius, E, et al. Prevalence, comorbidity and heritability of hoarding symptoms in adolescence: a population based twin study in 15-year olds. PloS One. 2013;8:e69140.Google Scholar

Timpano, KR, Exner, C, Glaesmer, H, et al. The epidemiology of the proposed DSM-5 hoarding disorder: exploration of the acquisition specifier, associated features, and distress. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:780–789.Google Scholar

Grisham, JR, Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Kim, HJ, Hood, S. Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20:675–686.Google Scholar

Landau, D, Iervolino, AC, Pertusa, A, Santo, S, Singh, S, Mataix-Cols, D. Stressful life events and material deprivation in hoarding disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:192–202.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Meunier, SA, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:829–838.Google Scholar

Ayers, CR, Saxena, S, Golshan, S, Wetherell, JL. Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:142–149.Google Scholar

Fernández de la Cruz, L, Nordsletten, AE, Mataix-Cols, D. Ethnocultural aspects of hoarding disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2016;12:115–123.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Aluco, E, et al. A transcultural study of hoarding disorder: insights from the United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, and Brazil. Transcult Psychiatry. 2018;55:261–285.Google Scholar

Iervolino, AC, Perroud, N, Fullana, MA, et al. Prevalence and heritability of compulsive hoarding: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:1156–1161.Google Scholar

López-Solà, C, Fontenelle, LF, Alonso, P, et al. Prevalence and heritability of obsessive-compulsive spectrum and anxiety disorder symptoms: a survey of the Australian Twin Registry. Am J Med Genet B. 2014;165:314–325.Google Scholar

Mathews, CA, Delucchi, K, Cath, DC, Willemsen, G, Boomsma, DI. Partitioning the etiology of hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Psychol Med. 2014;44:2867–2876.Google Scholar

Monzani, B, Rijsdijk, F, Harris, J, Mataix-Cols, D. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:182–189.Google Scholar

Saxena, S, Brody, AL, Maidment, KM, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. Am J Psychiat. 2004;161:1038–1048.Google Scholar

An, SK, Mataix-Cols, D, Lawrence, NS, et al. To discard or not to discard: the neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:318–331.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Stevens, MC, Villavicencio, AL, et al. Neural mechanisms of decision making in hoarding disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:832–841.Google Scholar

Hough, CM, Luks, TL, Lai, K, et al. Comparison of brain activation patterns during executive function tasks in hoarding disorder and non-hoarding OCD. Psychiatry Res. 2016;255:50–59.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Witt, ST, Stevens, MC. Hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder show different patterns of neural activity during response inhibition. Psychiat Res. 2014;221:142–148.Google Scholar

Mathews, CA, Perez, VB, Roach, BJ, et al. Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:367–379.Google Scholar

Woody, SR, Kellman-McFarlane, K, Welsted, A. Review of cognitive performance in hoarding disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:324–336.Google Scholar

Morein-Zamir, S, Papmeyer, M, Pertusa, A, et al. The profile of executive function in OCD hoarders and hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215:659–667.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Pertusa, A, Reichenberg, A, Hatch, SL, Mataix-Cols, D. The Structured Interview for Hoarding Disorder (SIHD): development, usage and further validation. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2013;2:346–350.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Tolin, DF, Renaud, S. Development and validation of the clutter image rating. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30:193–203.Google Scholar

Fernández de la Cruz, L, Nordsletten, AE, Billotti, D, Mataix-Cols, D. Photograph-aided assessment of clutter in hoarding disorder: is a picture worth a thousand words? Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:61–66.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Fitch, KE, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Family informants’ perceptions of insight in compulsive hoarding. Cogn Ther Res. 2010;34:69–81.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. A brief interview for assessing compulsive hoarding: the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178:147–152.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Grisham, J. Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42:1163–1182.Google Scholar

Saxena, S, Ayers, CR, Dozier, ME, Maidment, KM. The UCLA hoarding severity scale: development and validation. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:488–493.Google Scholar

LeBeau, RT, Mischel, ER, Simpson, HB, et al. Preliminary assessment of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder scales for DSM-5. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2013;2:114–118.Google Scholar

Steketee, G, Frost, RO, Kyrios, M. Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cogn Ther Res. 2003;27:463–479.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Williams, L. Compulsive buying, compulsive hoarding, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Therapy. 2002;33:201–214.Google Scholar

Halliday, G, Snowdon, J. The Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS). Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:1041–1050.Google Scholar

Snowdon, J, Halliday, G, Hunt, GE. Two types of squalor: findings from a factor analysis of the Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS). Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25: 1191–1198.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, JL, Steketee, G, Frost, RO, Tolin, DF, Brown, TA. Assessing squalor in hoarding: the home environment index. Community Ment Health J. 2014;50:591–596.Google Scholar

Nordsletten, AE, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Drury, H, Ajmi, S, Saleem, S, Mataix-Cols, D. The Family Impact Scale for Hoarding (FISH): measure development and initial validation. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2014;3:29–34.Google Scholar

Thompson, C, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Mataix-Cols, D, Onwumere, J. A systematic review and quality assessment of psychological, pharmacological, and family-based interventions for hoarding disorder. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;27:53–66.Google Scholar

Muroff, J, Steketee, G, Bratiotis, C, Ross, A. Group cognitive and behavioral therapy and bibliotherapy for hoarding: a pilot trial. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:597–604.Google Scholar

DiMauro, J, Genova, M, Tolin, DF, Kurtz, MM. Cognitive remediation for neuropsychological impairment in hoarding disorder: a pilot study. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2014;3:132–138.Google Scholar

Ayers, CR, Dozier, ME, Twamley, EW, et al. Cognitive Rehabilitation and Exposure/Sorting Therapy (CREST) for hoarding disorder in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018;79:ii. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16m11072.Google Scholar

Steketee, G, Frost, RO, Tolin, DF, Rasmussen, J, Brown, TA. Waitlist-controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:476–484.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Ruby, D, Shuer, LJ. The buried in treasures workshop: waitlist control trial of facilitated support groups for hoarding. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:661–667.Google Scholar

Steketee, G, Frost, RO. Compulsive Hoarding and Acquiring: Therapist Guide (Treatments That Work). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007.Google Scholar

Tolin, DF, Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Muroff, J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for hoarding disorder: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32:158–166.Google Scholar

Muroff, J, Steketee, G, Frost, RO, Tolin, DF. Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: follow-up findings and predictors of outcome. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:964–971.Google Scholar

Bratiotis, C. Community hoarding task forces: a comparative case study of five task forces in the United States. Health Soc Care Community. 2013;21:245–253.Google Scholar

Bloch, MH, Bartley, CA, Zipperer, L, et al. Meta-analysis: hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:1025–1030.Google Scholar

Saxena, S, Sumner, J. Venlafaxine extended-release treatment of hoarding disorder. Int Clin Psychopharm. 2014;29:266–273.Google Scholar

Rodriguez, CI, Bender, J, Jr., Morrison, S, Mehendru, R, Tolin, D, Simpson, HB. Does extended release methylphenidate help adults with hoarding disorder?: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:444–447.Google Scholar

Grassi, G, Micheli, L, Di Cesare Mannelli, L, et al. Atomoxetine for hoarding disorder: a pre-clinical and clinical investigation. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;83:240–248.Google Scholar

Steketee, G, Frost, R. Compulsive hoarding: current status of the research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;23:905–927.Google Scholar

Mueller, A, Mueller, U, Alberta, P, et al. Hoarding in a compulsive buying sample. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:2754–2763.Google Scholar

Mollenkamp, M, de Zwaan, M, Muller, A. Hoarding with and without excessive buying: results of a pilot study. Psychopathology. 2015;48:56–59.Google Scholar

Muller, A, Mitchell, JE, de Zwaan, M. Compulsive buying. Am J Addiction. 2015;24:132–137.Google Scholar

Samuels, J, Bienvenu, OJ, Riddle, MA, et al. Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case-control study. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:517–528.Google Scholar

Frost, RO, Meagher, BM, Riskind, JH. Obsessive-compulsive features in pathological lottery and scratch-ticket gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2001;17:5–19.Google Scholar

Fishbain, DA. Do compulsive buyers and kleptomaniacs share identical characteristics? J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55:545–546.Google Scholar

Lynch, FA, McGillivray, JA, Moulding, R, Byrne, LK. Hoarding in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: understanding the comorbidity. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2015;4:37–46.Google Scholar

Hacker, LE, Park, JM, Timpano, KR, et al. Hoarding in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2016;20:617–626.Google Scholar

Grisham, JR, Brown, TA, Savage, CR, Steketee, G, Barlow, DH. Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:1471–1483.Google Scholar

McMillan, SG, Rees, CS, Pestell, C. An investigation of executive functioning, attention and working memory in compulsive hoarding. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2013;41:610–625.Google Scholar

Woerner, M, Selles, RR, De Nadai, AS, Salloum, A, Storch, EA. Hoarding in college students: exploring compulsive spectrum and ADHD. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2017;12:95–101.Google Scholar

Sheppard, B, Chavira, D, Azzam, A, et al. ADHD Prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:667–674.Google Scholar

Fullana, MA, Vilagut, G, Mataix-Cols, D, et al. Is ADHD in childhood associated with lifetime hoarding symptoms? An epidemiological study. Depress Anxiety. 2013; 30:741–748.Google Scholar

Wu, KD, Watson, D. Hoarding and its relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:897–921.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, JS, Wheaton, MG, Storch, EA. The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:1026–1033.Google Scholar

Reiss, S, Peterson, RA, Gursky, DM, McNally, RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24:1–8.Google Scholar

Taylor, S, Koch, WJ, Mcnally, RJ. How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 1992;6:249–259.Google Scholar

Raines, AM, Oglesby, ME, Allan, NP, Short, NA, Schmidt, NB. Understanding DSM-5 hoarding disorder: a triple vulnerability model. Psychiatry. 2016;79:120–129.Google Scholar

Medley, AN, Capron, DW, Korte, KJ, Schmidt, NB. Anxiety sensitivity: a potential vulnerability factor for compulsive hoarding. Cogn Behav Therapy. 2013;42:45–55.Google Scholar

Timpano, KR, Buckner, JD, Richey, JA, Murphy, DL, Schmidt, NB. Exploration of anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance as vulnerability factors for hoarding behaviors. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:343–353.Google Scholar

Coles, ME, Frost, RO, Heimberg, RG, Steketee, G. Hoarding behaviors in a large college sample. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:179–194.Google Scholar

Hayes, SC, Strosahl, KD, Wilson, KG. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999.Google Scholar

Fernández de la Cruz, L, Landau, D, Iervolino, AC, et al. Experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in hoarding disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27:204–209.Google Scholar

Wheaton, MG, Abramowitz, JS, Franklin, JC, Berman, NC, Fabricant, LE. Experiential avoidance and saving cognitions in the prediction of hoarding symptoms. Cogn Ther Res. 2011;35:511–516.Google Scholar

Ayers, CR, Castriotta, N, Dozier, ME, Espejo, EP, Porter, B. Behavioral and experiential avoidance in patients with hoarding disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014;45:408–414.Google Scholar

Gratz, KL, Roemer, L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26:41–54.Google Scholar

Berking, M, Wupperman, P. Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25:128–134.Google Scholar

Phung, PJ, Moulding, R, Taylor, JK, Nedeljkovic, M. Emotional regulation, attachment to possessions and hoarding symptoms. Scand J Psychol. 2015;56:573–581.Google Scholar

Raines, AM, Chavarria, J, Allan, NP, Short, NA, Schmidt, NB. Hoarding behaviors and alcohol use: the mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Subst Use Misuse. 2017:1–8.Google Scholar

Raines, AM, Boffa, JW, Allan, NP, Short, NA, Schmidt, NB. Hoarding and eating pathology: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;57:29–35.Google Scholar

Miller, W, Rollnick, S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002.Google Scholar

Amiaz, R, Fostick, L, Gershon, A, Zohar, J. Naltrexone augmentation in OCD: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18:455–461.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: APA; 1968.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V, Brakoulias, V. New diagnostic perspectives on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and its links with other conditions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(1):62–67.Google Scholar

Ekselius, L, Tillfors, M, Furmark, T, Fredrikson, M. Personality disorders in the general population: DSM-IV and ICD-10 defined prevalence as related to sociodemographic profile. Personal Indiv Diff. 2001;30:311–320.Google Scholar

Grant, BF, Hasin, DS, Stinson, FS, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):948–958.Google Scholar

Torgersen, S, Kringlen, E, Cramer, V. The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:590–596.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Mooney, ME, Kushner, MG. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(4):469–475.Google Scholar

Albert, U, Maina, G, Forner, F, Bogetto, F. DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: prevalence in patients with anxiety disorders and in healthy comparison subjects. Compr Psychiatry. 2004;45(5):325–332.Google Scholar

Chavira, DA, Grilo, CM, Shea, MT, et al. Ethnicity and four personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(6):483–491.Google Scholar

Karno, M, Golding, I, Sorenson, S, Burnam, M. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1094–1099.Google Scholar

Ansell, EB, Pinto, A, Crosby, RD, et al. The prevalence and structure of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in Hispanic psychiatric outpatients. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41(3):275–281.Google Scholar

Bernstein, DP, Cohen, P, Velez, CN, Schwab-Stone, M, Siever, LJ, Shinsato, L. Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(8):1237–1243.Google Scholar

Nestadt, G, Di, C, Samuels, J, et al. The stability of DSM personality disorders over twelve to eighteen years. J Psychiatr Res. 2010;44(1):1–7.Google Scholar

Grilo, CM, Skodol, AE, Gunderson, JG, et al. Longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a 2-year prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:64–68.Google Scholar

Skodol, AE, Gunderson, JG, McGlashan, TH, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(2):276–283.Google Scholar

Wheaton, MG, Pinto, A. The role of experiential avoidance in obsessive–compulsive personality disorder traits. Personal Disord. 2017;8(4):383–388.Google Scholar

Pinto, A, Steinglass, JE, Greene, AL, Weber, EU, Simpson, HB. Capacity to delay reward differentiates obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):653–659.Google Scholar

Pollak, JM. Obsessive-compulsive personality: theoretical and clinical perspectives and recent research findings. J Personal Disord. 1987; 1(3):248–262.Google Scholar

Millon, T. Disorders of Personality: DSM-III, Axis II. New York, NY: Wiley; 1981.Google Scholar

Cain, NM, Ansell, EB, Simpson, HB, Pinto, A. Interpersonal functioning in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. J Personal Assess. 2015;97(1):90–9.Google Scholar

Sansone, RA, Hendricks, CM, Gaither, GA, Reddington, A. Prevalence of anxiety symptoms among a sample of outpatients in an internal medicine clinic: a pilot study. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(2):133–136.Google Scholar

Bender, DS, Skodol, AE, Pagano, ME, et al. Prospective assessment of treatment use by patients with personality disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(2):254–257.Google Scholar

Torgersen, S, Lygren, S, Oien, PA, et al. A twin study of personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(6):416–425.Google Scholar

Blom, RM, Samuels, JF, Riddle, MA, et al. Association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and personality disorder traits in a community sample. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(9):1153–1159.Google Scholar

Caspi, A, Hariri, AR, Holmes, A, Uher, R, Moffitt, TE. Genetic sensitivity to the environment: the case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. Focus. 2010;8(3):398–416.Google Scholar

Perez, M, Brown, JS, Vrshek-Schallhorn, S, Johnson, F, Joiner, TE, Jr. Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive-, panic-, obsessive-compulsive personality-, and non-disordered individuals by variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(6):794–806.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Trestman, RL, Mitropoulou, V, Coccaro, EF, Hollander, E, Siever, LJ. Impulsivity and serotonergic function in compulsive personality disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8(4):393–398.Google Scholar

Dinn, WM, Harris, CL, Aycicegi, A, Greene, P, Andover, MS. Positive and negative schizotypy in a student sample: neurocognitive and clinical correlates. Schizophr Res. 2002;56(1–2):171–185.Google Scholar

García-Villamisar, D, Dattilo, J. Executive functioning in people with obsessive-compulsive personality traits: evidence of modest impairment. J Personal Disord. 2015;29(3):418–430.Google Scholar

Fineberg, NA, Day, GA, de Koenigswarter, N, et al. The neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: a new analysis. CNS Spectr. 2015;20(5):490–499.Google Scholar

Kline, P. Obsessional traits, obsessional symptoms and anal eroticism. Br J Med Psychol. 1968;41:299–305.Google Scholar

Sperry, L. Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge; 2003.Google Scholar

Millon, T, Everly, G. Personality and Its Disorders. New York, NY: Wiley; 1985.Google Scholar

Diedrich, A, Voderholzer, U. Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder: a current review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(2):1–10.Google Scholar

Costa, PT, Jr., McCrae, RR. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992.Google Scholar

Lynam, DR, Widiger, TA. Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110(3):401–412.Google Scholar

Samuel, DB, Widiger, TA. Conscientiousness and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Personal Disord. 2011;2(3):161–174.Google Scholar

McGlashan, TH, Grilo, CM, Sanislow, CA, et al. Two-year prevalence and stability of individual DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: toward a hybrid model of axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(5):883–889.Google Scholar

Ansseau, M. Serotonergic antidepressants in obsessive personality. L’Encephale. 1996;22:309–310.Google Scholar

Volavka, J, Neziroglu, F, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1985;14(1):85–93.Google Scholar

Ekselius, L, Von Knorring, L. Changes in personality traits during treatment with sertraline or citalopram. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:444–448.Google Scholar

Barber, JP, Morse, JQ, Krakauer, I, Chittams, J, Crits-Christoph, K. Change in obsessive-compulsive and avoidant personality disorders following time-limited supportive-expressive therapy. Psychotherapy. 1997;34:133–143.Google Scholar

Abbass, A, Sheldon, A, Gyra, J, Kalpin, A. Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for DSM-IV personality disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(3):211–216.Google Scholar

Winston, A, Laikin, M, Pollack, J, Samstag, LW, McCullough, L, Muran, JC. Short-term psychotherapy of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(2):190–194.Google Scholar

Beck, AT, Freeman, A. Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1990.Google Scholar

Beck, JS. Cognitive approaches to personality disorders. In: Wright, JH, Thase, ME, eds. Cognitive Therapy: 16 (American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997:173–1106.Google Scholar

Bailey, GR, Jr. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. J Psychol Pract. 1998;4(1):51–59.Google Scholar

Kyrios, M. A cognitive-behavioural approach to the understanding and management of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In: Perris, C, McGorry, PD, eds. Cognitive Psychotherapy of Psychotic and Personality Disorders: Handbook of Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Wiley; 1998:351–378.Google Scholar

Enero, C, Soler, A, Ramos, I, Cardona, S, Guillamat, R, Valles, V. 2783–Distress level and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28:1.Google Scholar

Ng, RM. Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder-a pilot study in Hong Kong Chinese patients. Hong Kong J Psychiatry. 2005;15(2):50.Google Scholar

Strauss, JL, Hayes, AM, Johnson, SL, et al. Early alliance, alliance ruptures, and symptom change in a nonrandomized trial of cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(2):337–345.Google Scholar

Svartberg, M, Stiles, TC, Seltzer, MH. Randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy and cognitive therapy for cluster C personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(5):810–817.Google Scholar

Angyal, A. Neurosis and Treatment: A Holistic Theory. New York, NY: Wiley; 1965.Google Scholar

Goodman, WK, Price, LH, Rasmussen, SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1012–1016.Google Scholar

Goodman, WK, Price, LH, Rasmussen, SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):1006–1011.Google Scholar

Pinto, A, Mancebo, MC, Eisen, JL, Pagano, ME, Rasmussen, SA. The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: clinical features and symptoms of the sample at intake. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:703–711.Google Scholar

Samuels, J, Nestadt, G, Bienvenu, OJ, et al. Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:457–462.Google Scholar

Starcevic, V, Berle, D, Brakoulias, V, et al. Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder co-occurring with obsessive-compulsive disorder: conceptual and clinical implications. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(1):65–73.Google Scholar

Fineberg, NA, Reghunandanan, S, Kolli, S, Atmaca, M. Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality disorder: toward the ICD-11 classification. Revista Brasil Psiquiatria. 2014;36:40–50.Google Scholar

Robbins, TW, Gillan, CM, Smith, DG, de Wit, S, Ersche, KD. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(1):81–91.Google Scholar

Antony, M, Downie, F, Swinson, R. Diagnostic issues and epidemiology in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Swinson, R, Antony, M, Rachman, S, Richter, M, eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Research, and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1998:3–32.Google Scholar

Antony, MM, Purdon, CL, Huta, V, Swinson, RP. Dimensions of perfectionism across the anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(12):1143–1154.Google Scholar

OCCW. Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(7):667–681.Google Scholar

Egan, SJ, Wade, TD, Shafran, R. Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: a clinical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(2):203–212.Google Scholar

Stoeber, J. Multidimensional perfectionism and the DSM-5 personality traits. Personal Indiv Diff. 2014;64:115–120.Google Scholar

McGlashan, TH, Grilo, CM, Skodol, AE, et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: baseline Axis I/II and II/II diagnostic co-occurrence. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102(4):256–264.Google Scholar

Rice, KG, Aldea, MA. State dependence and trait stability of perfectionism: a short-term longitudinal study. J Counsel Psychol. 2006;53:205–212.Google Scholar

Hayes, SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Ther. 2004;35(4):639–665.Google Scholar

Chawla, N, Ostafin, B. Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: an empirical review. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(9):871–890.Google Scholar

Fairburn, CG, Cooper, Z, Shafran, R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(5):509–528.Google Scholar

Egan, SJ, Hine, P. Cognitive behavioural treatment of perfectionism: a single case experimental design series. Behav Change. 2008;25(4):245–258.Google Scholar

Riley, C, Lee, M, Cooper, Z, Fairburn, CG, Shafran, R. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy for clinical perfectionism: a preliminary study. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(9):2221–2231.Google Scholar

Shafran, R, Egan, SJ, Wade, TD. Overcoming Perfectionism: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive-Behavioural Techniques. London: Constable and Robinson; 2010.Google Scholar

Pinto, A. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In: Storch, EA, Lewin, AB, eds. Clinical Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Berlin: Springer; 2016:415–429.Google Scholar

Hewitt, PL, Newton, J, Flett, GL, Callander, L. Perfectionism and suicide ideation in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997;25(2):95–101.Google Scholar

Gillan, C, Fineberg, N, Robbins, T. A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2017:1–21.Google Scholar

Villemarette-Pittman, NR, Stanford, MS, Greve, KW, Houston, RJ, Mathias, CW. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and behavioral disinhibition. J Psychol. 2004;138(1):5–22.Google Scholar

References

Ganos, C, Martino, D. Tics and Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 2015;33:115–136.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Termine, C. Tourette syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;724:375–383.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Seri, S. Tourette’s syndrome. Br Med J. 2013;347:f4964.Google Scholar

Hallett, M. Tourette syndrome: update. Brain Dev. 2015;37:651–655.Google Scholar

Felling, RJ, Singer, HS. Neurobiology of Tourette syndrome: current status and need for further investigation. J Neurosci. 2011;31:12387–12395.Google Scholar

Yael, D, Vinner, E, Bar-Gad, I. Pathophysiology of tic disorders. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1171–1178.Google Scholar

Nagai, Y, Cavanna, AE, Critchley, HD. Influence of sympathetic arousal on tics: implications for a therapeutic behavioral intervention for Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67:599–605.Google Scholar

Deng, H, Gao, K, Jankovic, J. The genetics of Tourette syndrome. Nature Rev Neurol. 2012;8:203–213.Google Scholar

Ali, F, Morrison, KE, Cavanna, AE. The complex genetics of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Neuropsychiatry. 2013;3:321–330.Google Scholar

Martino, D, Draganski, B, Cavanna, AE, et al. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies and Tourette’s syndrome: a voxel based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study in an adult population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:820–822.Google Scholar

Madhusudan, N, Cavanna, AE. The role of immune dysfunction in the development of tics and susceptibility to infections in Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Basal Ganglia. 2013;3:77–84.Google Scholar

Martino, D, Zis, P, Buttiglione, M. The role of immune mechanisms in Tourette syndrome. Brain Res. 2015;1617:126–143.Google Scholar

Gilles de la Tourette, G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l’incoordination motrice accompagnée d’écholalie et de coprolalie. Archives de Neurologie (Paris). 1885;9:19–42, 158–200.Google Scholar

Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE. Gilles de la Tourette: the man behind the syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67:469–474.Google Scholar

Rickards, H, Woolf, I, Cavanna, AE. Trousseau’s disease: a description of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome 12 years before 1885. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2285–2289.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM, Eapen, V, Cavanna, AE. The international prevalence, epidemiology and clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome: a cross-cultural perspective. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67:475–483.Google Scholar

Scharf, JM, Miller, LL, Gauvin, CA, et al. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015;30:221–228.Google Scholar

Ong, MT, Mordekar, SR, Seal, A. 15 minute consultation: tics and Tourette syndrome. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2016;101:87–94.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM. The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:461–472.Google Scholar

Knight, T, Steeves, T, Day, L, et al. Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;47:77–90.Google Scholar

Martino, D, Cavanna, AE, Robertson, MM, Orth, M. Prevalence and phenomenology of eye tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neurol. 2012;259:2137–2140.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. “It’s a curse!”: coprolalia in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:1467–1470.Google Scholar

Hassan, N, Cavanna, AE. The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Funct Neurol. 2012;27:23–27.Google Scholar

Eddy, C, Mitchell, IJ, Beck, SR, et al. Altered attribution of intention in Tourette’s syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22:348–351.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Mitchell, IJ, Beck, SR, et al. Social reasoning in Tourette syndrome. Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2011;16:326–347.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. Altered social cognition in Tourette syndrome: nature and implications. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:15–22.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. On being your worst enemy: an investigation of socially inappropriate symptoms in Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:1259–1263.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Rickards, H. The psychopathological spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:1008–1015.Google Scholar

Freeman, RD, Fast, DK, Burd, L, et al. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:436–447.Google Scholar

Khalifa, N, Von Knorring, A-L. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in a total population of children: clinical assessment and background. Acta Paediatrica. 2005;94:1608–1614.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Critchley, HD, Orth, M, et al. Dissecting the Gilles de la Tourette spectrum: a factor analytic study on 639 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1320–1323.Google Scholar

Lombroso, PJ, Scahill, L. Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain Dev. 2008;30:231–237.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE, Gulisano, M, et al. The effects of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on quality of life in Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24:458–462.Google Scholar

Simpson, HA, Jung, L, Murphy, TK. Update on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders: a review of the current literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13:351–356.Google Scholar

Baron-Cohen, S, Scahill, VL, Izaguirre, J, et al. The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents with autism: a large scale study. Psychol Med. 1999;29:1151–1159.Google Scholar

Canitano, R, Vivanti, G. Tics and Tourette syndrome in autism spectrum disorders. Autism. 2007;11:19–28.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM. Mood disorders and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: an update on prevalence, etiology, comorbidity, clinical associations, and implications. J Psychosom Res. 2006;61:349–358.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Rickards, H, Critchley, HD, Cavanna, AE. A controlled study of personality and affect in Tourette syndrome. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:105–110.Google Scholar

Frank, MC, Piedad, J, Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE. The role of impulse control disorders in Tourette syndrome: an exploratory study. J Neurol Sci. 2011;310:276–278.Google Scholar

Wright, A, Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE. Impulse control disorders in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24:16–27.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Schrag, A, Morley, D, et al. The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life scale (GTS-QOL): development and validation. Neurology. 2008;71:1410–1416.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Luoni, C, Selvini, C, et al. The Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale for Children and Adolescents (GTS-QOL-C&A): development and validation of the Italian version. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:95–103.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Luoni, C, Selvini, C, et al. Disease-specific quality of life in young patients with Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;48:111–114.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, David, K, Bandera, V, et al. Health-related quality of life in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a decade of research. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:83–93.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE. Improved criteria for the diagnosis of tic disorders in DSM-5. Future Neurol. 2014;9:251–253.Google Scholar

Woods, DW, Thomsen, PH. Tourette and tic disorders in ICD-11: standing at the diagnostic crossroads. Rev Bras Psiquiatria. 2014;36(Suppl 1):51–58.Google Scholar

Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1013–1016.Google Scholar

Crossley, E, Cavanna, AE. Sensory phenomena: clinical correlates and impact on quality of life in adult patients with Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2013;209:705–710.Google Scholar

Rajagopal, S, Seri, S, Cavanna, AE. Premonitory urges and sensorimotor processing in Tourette syndrome. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:65–73.Google Scholar

Crossley, E, Seri, S, Stern, JS, et al. Premonitory urges for tics in adult patients with Tourette syndrome. Brain Dev. 2014;36:45–50.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. Premonitory urges in adults with complicated and uncomplicated Tourette syndrome. Behav Modif. 2014;38:264–275.Google Scholar

Van der Salm, SMA, de Haan, RJ, Cath, DC, et al. The eye of the beholder: inter-rater agreement among experts on psychogenic jerky movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:742–747.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Robertson, MM, Critchley, HD. Catatonic signs in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2008;21:34–37.Google Scholar

Termine, C, Selvini, C, Balottin, U, et al. Self-, parent-, and teacher-reported behavioural symptoms in young people with Tourette syndrome: a case–control study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15:95–100.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, David, K, Robertson, MM, Orth, M. Predictors during childhood of future health-related quality of life in adults with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16:605–612.Google Scholar

Cath, DC, Hedderly, T, Ludolph, AG, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:155–171.Google Scholar

Roessner, V, Plessen, KJ, Rothenberger, A, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:173–196.Google Scholar

Verdellen, C, van de Griendt, J, Hartmann, A, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197–207.Google Scholar

Muller-Vahl, KR, Cath, DC, Cavanna, AE, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:209–217.Google Scholar

Pringsheim, T, Doja, A, Gorman, D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:133–143.Google Scholar

Steeves, T, McKinlay, D, Gorman, D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: behavioural therapy, deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:144–151.Google Scholar

Frank, M, Cavanna, AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:105–117.Google Scholar

Piacentini, J, Woods, DW, Scahill, L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2010;303:1929–1937.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S, Peterson, AL, Piacentini, J, et al. Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:795–803.Google Scholar

Rickards, H, Cavanna, AE, Worrall, R. Treatment practices in Tourette syndrome: the European perspective. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16:361–364.Google Scholar

Waldon, K, Hill, S, Termine, C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26:265–273.Google Scholar

Thomas, R, Cavanna, AE. The pharmacology of Tourette syndrome. J Neural Transm. 2013;120:689–694.Google Scholar

Gulisano, M, Calì, PV, Cavanna, AE, et al. Cardiovascular safety of aripiprazole and pimozide in young patients with Tourette syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2011;32:1213–1217.Google Scholar

Bloch, MH, Panza, KE, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Leckman, JF. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:884–893.Google Scholar

Erenberg, G. The relationship between Tourette syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stimulant medication: a critical review. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2005;12:217–221.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette’s syndrome: the relationship and treatment implications. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15:1–11.Google Scholar

Rickards, H, Wood, C, Cavanna, AE. Hassler and Dieckmann’s seminal paper on stereotaxic thalamotomy for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: translation and critical reappraisal. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1966–1972.Google Scholar

Vandewalle, V, van der Linden, C, Groenewegen, HJ, Caemaert, J. Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus. Lancet. 1999;353:724.Google Scholar

Piedad, JCP, Rickards, HE, Cavanna, AE. What patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome should be treated with deep brain stimulation and what is the best target? Neurosurgery. 2012;71:173–192.Google Scholar

Cavanna, AE, Eddy, CM, Mitchell, R, et al. An approach to Deep Brain Stimulation for severe treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome: the UK perspective. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25:38–44.Google Scholar

Porta, M, Sassi, M, Ali, F, et al. Neurosurgical treatment for Gilles da la Tourette syndrome: the Italian perspective. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67:585–590.Google Scholar

Eddy, CM, Cavanna, AE. Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder: compulsivity along the continuum. J Obs Compuls Relat Dis. 2014;3:363–371.Google Scholar

Worbe, Y, Mallet, L, Golmard, JL, et al. Repetitive behaviours in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: tics, compulsions, or both? PLoS One. 2010;5:e12959.Google Scholar

Ferrao, YA, Gomes de Alvarenga, P, Hounie, AG, et al. The phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome. In: Martino, D, Leckman, JP, eds. Tourette Syndrome. Oxford University Press; 2013:50–73.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM. A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:68–87.Google Scholar

Miguel, EC, Coffey, BJ, Baer, L, et al. Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:246–255.Google Scholar

Robertson, MM, Cavanna, AE. The disaster was my fault! Neurocase. 2007;13:446–451.Google Scholar

Dutta, N, Cavanna, AE. Effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:7–12.Google Scholar

Bloch, MH, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Kelmendi, B, et al. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–632.Google Scholar

Masi, G, Pfanner, C, Brovedani, P. Antipsychotic augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in resistant tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a naturalistic comparative study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:1007–1012.Google Scholar

Cardona, F, Rizzo, R. Treatment of psychiatric comorbidities of Tourette syndrome. In: Martino, D, Leckman, JP, eds. Tourette Syndrome. Oxford University Press; 2013:553–582.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Chtistenson, GA, Hollander, E, eds. Trichotillomania. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 1999.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Grant, JE, Franklin, ME, et al. Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: toward DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(6):611–626.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Stein, DJ, Woods, DW, Keuthen, NJ. Trichotillomania, Skin Picking, and Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2012.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR. Trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(9):868–874.Google Scholar

Duke, DC, Keeley, ML, Geffken, GR, Storch, EA. Trichotillomania: a current review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(2):181–193.Google Scholar

King, RA, Zohar, AH, Ratzoni, G, et al. An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(9):1212–1215.Google Scholar

Siddiqui, EU, Naeem, SS, Naqvi, H, Ahmed, B. Prevalence of body-focused repetitive behaviors in three large medical colleges of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:614.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Redden, SA, Leppink, EW, et al. Sex differences in trichotillomania. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2016;28(2):118–124.Google Scholar

Lewin, AB, Piacentini, J, Flessner, CA, et al. Depression, anxiety, and functional impairment in children with trichotillomania. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(6):521–527.Google Scholar

Hayes, SL, Storch, EA, Berlanga, L. Skin picking behaviors: an examination of the prevalence and severity in a community sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:314–319.Google Scholar

Keuthen, NJ, Koran, LM, Aboujaoude, E, Large, MD, Serpe, RT. The prevalence of pathological skin picking in US adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51:183–186.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW, Grant, JE. Quality of life and clinical severity in pathological skin picking and trichotillomania. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(8):823–829.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL. Clinical characteristics of trichotillomania with trichophagia. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(6):579–584.Google Scholar

Arnold, LM, McElroy, SL, Mutasim, DF, Dwight, MM, Lamerson, CL, Morris, EM. Characteristics of 34 adults with psychogenic excoriation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:509–514.Google Scholar

Bohne, A, Wilhelm, S, Keuchen, NJ, Baer, L, Jenike, MA. Skin picking in German students: prevalence, phenomenology, and associated characteristics. Behav Modif. 2002;26:320–339.Google Scholar

Calikusu, C, Yucel, B, Polat, A, Baykal, C. The relation of psychogenic excoriation with psychiatric disorders: a comparative study. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:256–361.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Keuthen, NJ, Lochner, C, Stein, DJ. Skin picking disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(11):1143–1149.Google Scholar

Tucker, BT, Woods, DW, Flessner, CA, Franklin, SA, Franklin, ME. The Skin Picking Impact Project: phenomenology, interference, and treatment utilization of pathological skin picking in a population-based sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:88–95.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I, Smari, J, Olafsson, RP. Emotion regulation in pathological skin picking: findings from a non-treatment seeking sample. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:238–245.Google Scholar

Keuthen, NJ, Jameson, M, Loh, R, Deckersbach, T, Wilhelm, S, Dougherty, SS. Open-label escitalopram treatment for pathological skin picking. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22:268–274.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. Lamotrigine treatment of pathologic skin picking: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1384–1391.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F, Rabinowitz, D, Breytman, A, Jacofsky, M. Skin picking phenomenology and severity comparison. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;10:306–312.Google Scholar

Rehm, I, Moulding, R, Nedelijkovic, M. Psychological treatments for trichotillomania: update and future directions. Australas Psychiatry. 2015;23(4):365–368.Google Scholar

Keuthen, NJ, Rothbaum, BO, Fama, J, et al. DBT-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomanai: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Addict. 2012;1(3):106–114.Google Scholar

Rogers, K, Banis, M, Falkenstein, MJ, et al. Stepped care in treatment of trichotillomania. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82(2):361–367.Google Scholar

Bloch, MH, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Dombrowski, P, et al. Systematic review: pharmacological and behavioral treatment for trichotillomania. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(8):839–846.Google Scholar

Rothbart, R, Amos, T, Siegfried, N, et al. Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD007662.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Grant, JE. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:227–229.Google Scholar

Van Ameringen, M, Mancini, C, Patterson, B, Bennett, M, Oakman, J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine in the treatment of trichotillomania. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(10):1336–1343.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Kim, SW. Dronabinol, a cannabinoid agonist, reduces hair pulling in trichotillomania: a pilot study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;218(3):493–502.Google Scholar

Siev, J, Reese, HE, Timpano, K, Wilhelm, S. Assessment and treatment of pathological skin picking. In: Grant, JE, Potenza, MN, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorder. Oxford University Press; 2012:360–374.Google Scholar

Teng, EJ, Woods, DW, Twohig, M. Habit reversal as a treatment for chronic skin picking: a pilot investigation. Behav Modif. 2006;30:411–422.Google Scholar

Schuck, L, Keijsers, G, Rinck, M. The effects of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological skin picking: a randomized comparison to wait-list control. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:11–17.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Stein, DJ, Woods, DW, Keuthen, NJ. Pharmacotherapy, in Trichotillomania, Skin Picking and Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2012:205–221.Google Scholar

Simeon, D, Stein, DJ, Gross, S, Islam, N, Schmeidler, J, Hollander, E. A double-blind trial of fluoxetine in pathologic skin picking. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:341–347.Google Scholar

Bloch, MR, Elliot, M, Thompson, H, Koran, LM. Fluoxetine in pathologic skin picking: open-label and double-blind results. Psychosomatics. 2001;42:314–319.Google Scholar

Arbabi, M, Farina, V, Balighi, K, et al. Efficacy of citalopram in treatment of pathological skin picking: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Acta Med Iran. 2008;46:367–372.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Kim, SW. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine for pathologic skin picking: treatment efficacy and neurocognitive predictors of response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30:396–403.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR, Redden, SR, Leppink, EW, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. N-acetycysteine in the treatment of excoriation disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(5):490–496.Google Scholar

Schlosser, S, Black, DW, Blum, N, Goldstein, RB. The demography, phenomenology, and family history of 22 persons with compulsive hair pulling. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994;6(3):147–152.Google Scholar

Keuthen, NJ, Altenburger, EM, Pauls, D. A family study of trichotillomania and chronic hair pulling. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2014;165B(2):167–174.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Grant, JE. Pathologic skin picking. In: Grant, JE, Stein, DH, Woods, DW, Keuthen, NJ, eds., Trichotillomania, Skin Picking, and Other Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2012:21–41.Google Scholar

Bienvenu, OJ, Wang, Y, Shugart, YY, et al. Sapap3 and pathological grooming in humans: results from the OCD collaborative genetics study. Am J Med Genet B: Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009;150B:710–720.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. A clinical comparison of pathologic skin picking and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51(4):347–352.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, SR, Menzies, LA, Fineberg, NA, et al. Grey matter abnormalities in trichotiilomani: morphometric magnetic resonance imagine study. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;193(3):216–221.Google Scholar

White, MP, Shirer, WR, Molfino, MJ, Tenison, C, Damoiseaux, JS, Greicius, MD. Disordered reward processing and functional connectivity in trichotillomania: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(9):1264–1272.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, SR, Hampshire, A, Menzies, LA, et al. Reduced brain white matter integrity in trichotillomania: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):965–971.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Hampshire, A, Schreiber, LR, Chamberlain, SR. White matter abnormalities in skin picking disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(5):763–769.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, SR, Odlaug, BL, Boulougouris, V, Fineberg, NA, Grant, JE. Trichotillomania: neurobiology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(6):831–842.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Hampshire, A, Chamberlain, SR, Grant, JE. Abnormal brain activation in excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: evidence from an executive planning fMRI study. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(2):168–174.Google Scholar

Roberts, S, O’Connor, K, Belanger, C. Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(6):745–762.Google Scholar

Shusterman, A, Feld, L, Baer, L, Keuthen, N. Affective regulation in trichotillomania: evidence from a large-scale internet survey. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(8):637–644.Google Scholar

O’Connor, K, Brisebois, H, Brault, M, Robillard, S, Loiselle, J. Behavioral activity associated with onset in chronic tic and habit disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(2):241–249.Google Scholar

Greer, JM, Capecchi, MR. Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. Neuron. 2002;33:23–34.Google Scholar

Welch, JM, Lu, J, Rodriguiz, RM, et al. Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. Nature. 2007;448:894–990.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Stein, D, Christenson, G. Stereotypic movement disorder: a neglected problem. Psychiatr Ann. 1998;28(6):304.Google Scholar

Huisman, S, Mulder, P, Kuijk, J, et al. Self-injurious behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:483–491.Google Scholar

Bodfish, JW, Symons, FJ, Parker, DE, Lewis, MH. Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord. 2000;30(3):237–243.Google Scholar

Oliver, C, Licence, L, Richards, C. Self-injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30(2):97–101.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Keuthen, NJ, Lochner, C, Stein, DJ. Skin picking disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(11):1143–1149.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Keating, J, Zar, HJ, Hollander, E. A survey of the phenomenology and pharmacotherapy of compulsive and impulsive-aggressive symptoms in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;6(1):23–29.Google Scholar

Muthugovindan, D, Singer, H. Motor stereotypy disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22(2):131–136.Google Scholar

Castellanos, FX, Ritchie, GF, Marsh, WL, Rapoport, JL. DSM-IV stereotypic movement disorder: persistence of stereotypies of infancy in intellectually normal adolescents and adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(3):116–122.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Chamberlain, SR, Fineberg, N. An A-B-C model of habit disorders: hair-pulling, skin-picking, and other stereotypic conditions. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(11):824–827.Google Scholar

Schretlen, DJ, Ward, J, Meyer, SM, et al. Behavioral aspects of Lesch–Nyhan disease and its variants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(10):673–677.Google Scholar

Olson, L, Houlihan, D. A review of behavioral treatments used for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Behav Modif. 2000;24(2):202–222.Google Scholar

Zilli, EA, Hasselmo, ME. A model of behavioral treatments for self-mutilation behavior in Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Neuroreport. 2008;19(4):459–462.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Bouwer, C, Niehaus, DJ. Stereotypic movement disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(4):177–178.Google Scholar

Gormez, A, Rana, F, Varghese, S. Pharmacological interventions for self-injurious behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: abridged republication of a Cochrane systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(7):624–632.Google Scholar

Carrasco, M, Volkmar, FR, Bloch, MH. Pharmacologic treatment of repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders: evidence of publication bias. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1301–e1310.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Soorya, L, Chaplin, W, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for repetitive behaviors and global severity in adult autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(3):292–299.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, Phillips, A, Chaplin, W, et al. A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(3):582–589.Google Scholar

Soorya, L, Kiarashi, J, Hollander, E. Psychopharmacologic interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17(4):753–771.Google Scholar

Rajapakse, T, Pringsheim, T. Pharmacotherapeutics of Tourette syndrome and stereotypies in autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010;17(4):254–260.Google Scholar

Bate, KS, Malouff, JM, Thorsteinsson, ET, Bhullar, N. The efficacy of habit reversal therapy for tics, habit disorders, and stuttering: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(5):865–871.Google Scholar

Rapp, JT, Vollmer, TR. Stereotypy I: a review of behavioral assessment and treatment. Res Dev Disabil. 2005;26(6):527–547.Google Scholar

Boyd, BA, McDonough, SG, Bodfish, JW. Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(6):1236–1248.Google Scholar

Furniss, F, Biswas, AB. Recent research on aetiology, development and phenomenology of self-injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and implications for treatment. JIDR. 2012;56(5):453–475.Google Scholar

Denis, J, Van den Noortgate, W, Maes, B. Self-injurious behavior in people with profound intellectual disabilities: a meta-analysis of single-case studies. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):911–923.Google Scholar

Matson, JL, Lovullo, SV. A review of behavioral treatments for self-injurious behaviors of persons with autism spectrum disorders. Behav Modif. 2008;32(1):61–76.Google Scholar

Ridley, RM. The psychology of perserverative and stereotyped behaviour. Prog Neurobiol. 1994;44(2):221–231.Google Scholar

Rapp, JT, Vollmer, TR. Stereotypy II: a review of neurobiological interpretations and suggestions for an integration with behavioral methods. Res Dev Disabil. 2005;26(6):548–564.Google Scholar

Kalueff, AV, Stewart, AM, Song, C, Berridge, KC, Graybiel, AM, Fentress, JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(1):45–59.Google Scholar

Whitehouse, CM, Lewis, MH. Repetitive behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders: clinical and translational findings. Behav Anal. 2015;38(2):163–178.Google Scholar

Lewis, MH, Tanimura, Y, Lee, LW, Bodfish, JW. Animal models of restricted repetitive behavior in autism. Behav Brain Res. 2007;176(1):66–74.Google Scholar

Muehlmann, AM, Lewis, MH. Abnormal repetitive behaviours: shared phenomenology and pathophysiology. JIDR. 2012;56(5):427–440.Google Scholar

Smith, KS, Graybiel, AM. Habit formation. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2016;18(1):33–43.Google Scholar

Burguiere, E, Monteiro, P, Mallet, L, Feng, G, Graybiel, AM. Striatal circuits, habits, and implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;30:59–65.Google Scholar

Ahmari, SE, Spellman, T, Douglass, NL, et al. Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior. Science. 2013;340(6137):1234–1239.Google Scholar

Burguiere, E, Monteiro, P, Feng, G, Graybiel, AM. Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science. 2013;340(6137):1243–1246.Google Scholar

Eilam, D, Talangbayan, H, Canaran, G, Szechtman, H. Dopaminergic control of locomotion, mouthing, snout contact, and grooming: opposing roles of D1 and D2 receptors. Psychopharmacology. 1992;106(4):447–454.Google Scholar

Hugo, C, Seier, J, Mdhluli, C, et al. Fluoxetine decreases stereotypic behavior in primates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27(4):639–643.Google Scholar

Korff, S, Stein, DJ, Harvey, BH. Stereotypic behaviour in the deer mouse: pharmacological validation and relevance for obsessive compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(2):348–355.Google Scholar

Welch, JM, Lu, J, Rodriguiz, RM, et al. Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. Nature. 2007;448(7156):894–900.Google Scholar

Symons, FJ. Self-injurious behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders: relevance of nociceptive and immune mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(5):1266–1274.Google Scholar

Taylor, SB, Anglin, JM, Paode, PR, Riggert, AG, Olive, MF, Conrad, CD. Chronic stress may facilitate the recruitment of habit- and addiction-related neurocircuitries through neuronal restructuring of the striatum. Neuroscience. 2014;280:231–242.Google Scholar

Martin, LJ, Spicer, DM, Lewis, MH, Gluck, JP, Cork, LC. Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. J Neurosci. 1991;11(11):3344–3358.Google Scholar

Knowlton, BJ, Patterson, TK. Habit formation and the striatum. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2018;37:275–295.Google Scholar

Barry, S, Baird, G, Lascelles, K, Bunton, P, Hedderly, T. Neurodevelopmental movement disorders – an update on childhood motor stereotypies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(11):979–985.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Woods, DW. Stereotyped movement disorder in ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(Suppl 1):65–68.Google Scholar

Hoppe, L, Ipser, J, Lochner, C, Thomas, K, Stein, D. Should there be a category: “grooming disorders”? In: Kalueff, A, LaPorte, J, CL B, eds. Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2010:226–251.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Hermesh, H, Eilam, D, et al. Human compulsivity: a perspective from evolutionary medicine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(5):869–876.Google Scholar

Eilam, D, Zor, R, Szechtman, H, Hermesh, H. Rituals, stereotypy and compulsive behavior in animals and humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(4):456–471.Google Scholar

Gillan, CM, Papmeyer, M, Morein-Zamir, S, et al. Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(7):718–726.Google Scholar

Voon, V, Reiter, A, Sebold, M, Groman, S. Model-based control in dimensional psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82(6):391–400.Google Scholar

Cuzen, NL, Fineberg, NA, Stein, DJ. Unconscious habit systems in compulsive and impulsive disorders. Behav Brain Sci. 2014;37(2):141.Google Scholar

Anagnostou, E, Chaplin, W, Watner, D, et al. Factor analysis of repetitive behaviors in Autism as measured by the Y-BOCS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(3):332–339.Google Scholar

Devine, DP. Self-injurious behaviour in autistic children: a neuro-developmental theory of social and environmental isolation. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(6):979–997.Google Scholar

McKay, D, Andover, M. Should nonsuicidal self-injury be a putative obsessive-compulsive-related condition? A critical appraisal. Behav Modif. 2012;36(1):3–17.Google Scholar

Schiavone, FL, Links, PS. Common elements for the psychotherapeutic management of patients with self injurious behavior. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(2–3):133–138.Google Scholar

Swedo, SE, Leonard, HL, Rapoport, JL, Lenane, MC, Goldberger, EL, Cheslow, DL. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med. 1989;321(8):497–501.Google Scholar

Simeon, D, Stein, DJ, Gross, S, Islam, N, Schmeidler, J, Hollander, E. A double-blind trial of fluoxetine in pathologic skin picking. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(8):341–347.Google Scholar

Ipser, JC, Carey, P, Dhansay, Y, Fakier, N, Seedat, S, Stein, DJ. Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4):CD005473.Google Scholar

Lochner, C, Roos, A, Stein, DJ. Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: a systematic review of treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1867–1872.Google Scholar

McDonough, M, Hillery, J, Kennedy, N. Olanzapine for chronic, stereotypic self-injurious behaviour: a pilot study in seven adults with intellectual disability. JIDR. 2000;44(Pt 6):677–684.Google Scholar

Kariuki-Nyuthe, C, Gomez-Mancilla, B, Stein, DJ. Obsessive compulsive disorder and the glutamatergic system. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(1):32–37.Google Scholar

Urbano, M, Okwara, L, Manser, P, Hartmann, K, Herndon, A, Deutsch, SI. A trial of D-cycloserine to treat stereotypies in older adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(3):69–72.Google Scholar

Kirtley, OJ, O’Carroll, RE, O’Connor, RC. The role of endogenous opioids in non-suicidal self-injurious behavior: methodological challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;48:186–189.Google Scholar

D’Agati, D, Chang, AD, Wachtel, LE, Reti, IM. Treatment of severe self-injurious behavior in autism spectrum disorder by neuromodulation. J ECT. 2017;33(1):7–11.Google Scholar

Park, HR, Kim, IH, Kang, H, et al. Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation for a patient with self-injurious behavior and autism spectrum disorder: functional and structural changes of the brain: report of a case and review of literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(1):137–143.Google Scholar

Moy, SS, Riddick, NV, Nikolova, VD, et al. Repetitive behavior profile and supersensitivity to amphetamine in the C58/J mouse model of autism. Behav Brain Res. 2014;259:200–214.Google Scholar

Tanimura, Y, Yang, MC, Ottens, AK, Lewis, MH. Development and temporal organization of repetitive behavior in an animal model. Dev Psychobiol. 2010;52(8):813–824.Google Scholar

Kazdoba, TM, Leach, PT, Yang, M, Silverman, JL, Solomon, M, Crawley, JN. Translational mouse models of autism: advancing toward pharmacological therapeutics. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2016;28:1–52.Google Scholar

Rapp, JT, Lanovaz, MJ. Introduction to the special issue: assessment and treatment of stereotypy. Behav Modif. 2014;38(3):339–343.Google Scholar

de Wit, SJ, Alonso, P, Schweren, L, et al. Multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis of structural brain scans in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(3):340–349.Google Scholar

Stewart, SE, Yu, D, Scharf, JM, et al. Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(7):788–798.Google Scholar

References

Keshavan, MS, Jindal, RD. Neurobiology and etiology of primary schizophrenia: current status. In: Sachdev, PS, Keshavan, MS, eds. Secondary Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press; 2010:3–11.Google Scholar

Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Anderson, MC, Neziroglu, FA. Organicity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Modif. 2000;24(4):553–565.Google Scholar

Abdo, WF, van de Warrenburg, BP, Burn, DJ, Quinn, NP, Bloem, BR. The clinical approach to movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6(1):29–37.Google Scholar

Fish, F. Clinical Psychopathology. (Hamilton, M., ed.). Bristol: John Wright; 1985.Google Scholar

Leonhard, K. Classification of Endogenous Psychoses and Their Differential Etiology, 2nd ed. Wien: Springer; 1999.Google Scholar

Heilman, KM, Watson, RT. Intentional motor disorders. In: Levin, HS, Eisenberg, HM, Benton, AL, eds. Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford University Press; 1991:199–213.Google Scholar

Ganos, C, Kassavetis, P, Cerdan, M, et al. Revisiting the syndrome of “obsessional slowness”. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2015;2(2):163–169.Google Scholar

Fontenelle, LF, Lauterbach, EC, Telles, LL, Versiani, M, Porto, FH, Mendlowicz, MV. Catatonia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and clinical management. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007;20(1):21–24.Google Scholar

Pasquini, M, Fabbrini, G, Moretti, G, et al. Bradykinesia in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25(7):378–381.Google Scholar

Muller, N, Putz, A, Kathmann, N, Lehle, R, Gunther, W, Straube, A. Characteristics of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Parkinson’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 1997;70(2):105–114.Google Scholar

Maia, AF, Pinto, AS, Barbosa, ER, Menezes, PR, Miguel, EC. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15(3):371–374.Google Scholar

Harbishettar, V, Kumar, PP, Janardhan, RYC, Thennarasu, K. Is there a relationship between Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder? Parkinsonism Rel Disord. 2005;11(2):85–88.Google Scholar

Sharp, ME, Caccappolo, E, Mejia-Santana, H, et al. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and PARKIN genotype: the CORE-PD study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):278–283.Google Scholar

Tomer, R, Levin, BE, Weiner, WJ. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and motor asymmetries in Parkinson’s disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 1993;6(1):26–30.Google Scholar

Alegret, M, Junque, C, Valldeoriola, F, Vendrell, P, Marti, MJ, Tolosa, E. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(3):394–396.Google Scholar

Sharp, ME, Caccappolo, E, Mejia-Santana, H, et al. The relationship between obsessive compulsive symptoms and PARKIN genotype: the CORE-PD study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):278–283.Google Scholar

Destee, A, Gray, F, Parent, M, et al. Obsessive-compulsive behavior and progressive supranuclear palsy. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1990;146(1):12–18.Google Scholar

Fukui, T, Lee, E, Hosoda, H, Okita, K. Obsessive-compulsive behavior as a symptom of dementia in progressive supranuclear palsy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;30(2):179–188.Google Scholar

Karnik, NS, D’Apuzzo, M, Greicius, M. Non-fluent progressive aphasia, depression, and OCD in a woman with progressive supranuclear palsy: neuroanatomical and neuropathological correlations. Neurocase. 2006;12(6):332–338.Google Scholar

Yamamoto, T, Oishi, K, Oya, Y, Ogawa, M, Kawai, M. Compulsive repetition of movements in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2002;42(10):925–929.Google Scholar

Ishihara, L, Brayne, C. What is the evidence for a premorbid parkinsonian personality: a systematic review. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1066–1072.Google Scholar

Nicoletti, A, Luca, A, Raciti, L, et al. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder and Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54822.Google Scholar

Nicoletti, A, Luca, A, Luca, M, et al. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in drug-naive Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neurol. 2015;262(2):485–486.Google Scholar

Nicoletti, A, Luca, A, Luca, M, et al. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder in progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;30:36–39.Google Scholar

Antonini, A, Barone, P, Bonuccelli, U, Annoni, K, Asgharnejad, M, Stanzione, P. ICARUS study: prevalence and clinical features of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(4):317–324.Google Scholar

O’Sullivan, SS, Evans, AH, Lees, AJ. Punding in Parkinson’s disease. Pract Neurol. 2007;7(6):397–399.Google Scholar

Morgante, F, Fasano, A, Ginevrino, M, et al. Impulsive-compulsive behaviors in parkin-associated Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2016;87(14):1436–1441.Google Scholar

Laplane, D, Baulac, M, Widlocher, D, Dubois, B. Pure psychic akinesia with bilateral lesions of basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(4):377–385.Google Scholar

Laplane, D, Dubois, B. Auto-activation deficit: a basal ganglia related syndrome. Mov Disord. 2001;16(5):810–814.Google Scholar

Dide, M, Guiraud, P. Psychiatrie du médecin praticien. Paris: Masson; 1922.Google Scholar

Habib, M. Athymhormia and disorders of motivation in basal ganglia disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16(4):509–524.Google Scholar

Larner, AJ. A Dictionary of Neurological Signs. New York, NY: Springer; 2016.Google Scholar

American Pyschiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Goodman, WK, Storch, EA, Geffken, GR, Murphy, TK. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2006;21(8):704–714.Google Scholar

Albanese, A, Bhatia, K, Bressman, SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013;28(7):863–873.Google Scholar

Campbell, WW. Pocket Guide and Toolkit to DeJong’s Neurologic Examination. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008.Google Scholar

Albanese, A, Lalli, S. Is this dystonia? Move Disord. 2009;24(12):1725–1731.Google Scholar

Dale, RC. Immune-mediated extrapyramidal movement disorders, including Sydenham chorea. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;112:1235–1241.Google Scholar

Panzer, J, Dalmau, J. Movement disorders in paraneoplastic and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24(4):346–353.Google Scholar

Ben-Pazi, H, Jaworowski, S, Shalev, RS. Cognitive and psychiatric phenotypes of movement disorders in children: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(12):1077–1084.Google Scholar

Fibbe, LA, Cath, DC, van den Heuvel, OA, Veltman, DJ, Tijssen, MA, van Balkom, AJ. Relationship between movement disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond the obsessive-compulsive-tic phenotype. A systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(6):646–654.Google Scholar

Tate, ED, Allison, TJ, Pranzate, MR, Verhu, SJ. Neuroepidemiologic trends in 105 US cases of pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2005;22(1):8–19.Google Scholar

Williams, KA, Swedo, SE. Post-infectious autoimmune disorders: Sydenham’s chorea, PANDAS and beyond. Brain Res. 2015;1617:144–154.Google Scholar

Asbahr, FR, Garvey, MA, Snider, LA, Zanetta, DM, Elkis, H, Swedo, SE. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms among patients with Sydenham chorea. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(9):1073–1076.Google Scholar

Asbahr, FR, Negrao, AB, Gentil, V, et al. Obsessive-compulsive and related symptoms in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever with and without chorea: a prospective 6-month study. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(8):1122–1124.Google Scholar

Hounie, AG, Pauls, DL, Mercadante, MT, et al. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever with and without Sydenham’s chorea. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(7):994–999.Google Scholar

Swedo, SE, Leckman, JF, Rose, NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut 2. 2013;2(113) doi: 10.4172/2161-0665.1000113.Google Scholar

Leckman, JF, Denys, D, Simpson, HB, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder: a review of the diagnostic criteria and possible subtypes and dimensional specifiers for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(6):507–527.Google Scholar

Sokol, MS. Infection-triggered anorexia nervosa in children: clinical description of four cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10(2):133–145.Google Scholar

Sokol, MS, Gray, NS. Case study: an infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(8):1128–1133.Google Scholar

Grant, R, Graus, F. Paraneoplastic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2009;24(12):1715–1724.Google Scholar

Dalmau, J, Rosenfeld, MR. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol.7(4):327–340.Google Scholar

Muehlschlegel, S, Okun, MS, Foote, KD, Coco, D, Yachnis, AT, Fernandez, HH. Paraneoplastic chorea with leukoencephalopathy presenting with obsessive–compulsive and behavioral disorder. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1523–1527.Google Scholar

Pike, M. Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;112:1209–1211.Google Scholar

Beglinger, LJ, Paulsen, JS, Watson, DB, et al. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in prediagnosed Huntington’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(11):1758–1765.Google Scholar

Walterfang, M, Evans, A, Looi, JC, et al. The neuropsychiatry of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(5):1275–1283.Google Scholar

Fischer, CA, Licht, EA, Mendez, MF. The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Huntington’s disease-like 2. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(4):489–492.Google Scholar

Peall, KJ, Kurian, MA. Benign hereditary chorea: an update. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2015;5:314.Google Scholar

Peall, KJ, Lumsden, D, Kneen, R, et al. Benign hereditary chorea related to NKX2.1: expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(7):642–648.Google Scholar

Albanese, A, Bhatia, K, Bressman, SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update. Mov Disord. 2013;28(7):863–873.Google Scholar

Jinnah, HA, Albanese, A. The new classification system for the dystonias: why was it needed and how was it developed? Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2014;1(4):280–284.Google Scholar

Tadic, V, Kasten, M, Bruggemann, N, Stiller, S, Hagenah, J, Klein, C. Dopa-responsive dystonia revisited: diagnostic delay, residual signs, and nonmotor signs. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(12):1558–1562.Google Scholar

Ruscio, AM, Stein, DJ, Chiu, WT, Kessler, RC. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15(1):53–63.Google Scholar

Arruda, WO, Munhoz, RP, de Bem, RS, et al. Pathogenic compound heterozygous ATP7B mutations with hypoceruloplasminaemia without clinical features of Wilson’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(2):335–336.Google Scholar

Duggal, HS, Nizamie, HS. Wilson’s disease presenting with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2000;42(3):312–316.Google Scholar

Kumawat, BL, Sharma, CM, Tripathi, G, Ralot, T, Dixit, S. Wilson’s disease presenting as isolated obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Medical Sciences. 2007;61(11):607–610.Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, A, Leroi, I. Neuropsychiatry of Huntington’s disease and other basal ganglia disorders. Psychosomatics. 2000;41(1):24–30.Google Scholar

Sahu, JK, Singhi, P, Malhotra, S. Late occurrence of isolated obsessive-compulsive behavior in a boy with Wilson’s disease on treatment. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(2):277.Google Scholar

Woerwag-Mehta, S, Hindley, P, Hedderly, T, Dhawan, A. Complex psychiatric presentation in adolescent onset Wilson’s disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011:pii: bcr0120102628.Google Scholar

Kinugawa, K, Vidailhet, M, Clot, F, Apartis, E, Grabli, D, Roze, E. Myoclonus-dystonia: an update. Mov Disord. 2009;24(4):479–489.Google Scholar

Zimprich, A, Grabowski, M, Asmus, F, et al. Mutations in the gene encoding [epsiv]-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001;29(1):66–69.Google Scholar

Peall, KJ, Dijk, JM, Saunders-Pullman, R, et al. Psychiatric disorders, myoclonus dystonia and SGCE: an international study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3(1):4–11.Google Scholar

Peall, KJ, Smith, DJ, Kurian, MA, et al. SGCE mutations cause psychiatric disorders: clinical and genetic characterization. Brain. 2013;136(1):294–303.Google Scholar

Dias, FM, Doyle, F, Kummer, A, Cardoso, F, Fontenelle, LF, Teixeira, AL. Frequency of psychiatric disorders in blepharospasm does not differ from hemifacial spasm. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2010;22(5):223–227.Google Scholar

Fontenelle, LF, Pacheco, PG, Nascimento, PM, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms among patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33(5):476–481.Google Scholar

Fabbrini, G, Berardelli, I, Moretti, G, et al. Psychiatric disorders in adult-onset focal dystonia: a case-control study. Mov Disord. 2010;25(4):459–465.Google Scholar

Lehn, A, Mellick, G, Boyle, R. Psychiatric disorders in idiopathic-isolated focal dystonia. J Neurol. 2014;261(4):668–674.Google Scholar

Barahona-Correa, B, Bugalho, P, Guimaraes, J, Xavier, M. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in primary focal dystonia: a controlled study. Mov Disord. 2011;26(12):2274–2278.Google Scholar

Rascovsky, K, Hodges, JR, Knopman, D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(9):2456–2477.Google Scholar

Gorno-Tempini, ML, Hillis, AE, Weintraub, S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006–1014.Google Scholar

Perry, DC, Whitwell, JL, Boeve, BF, et al. Voxel-based morphometry in patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(6):911–917.Google Scholar

Rosso, SM, Roks, G, Stevens, M, et al. Complex compulsive behaviour in the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol. 2001;248(11):965–970.Google Scholar

Snowden, JS, Bathgate, D, Varma, A, Blackshaw, A, Gibbons, ZC, Neary, D. Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(3):323–332.Google Scholar

Tonkonogy, JM, Smith, TW, Barreira, PJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorders in Pick’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;6(2):176–180.Google Scholar

Nakaaki, S, Murata, Y, Shinagawa, Y, et al. A case of late-onset obsessive compulsive disorder developing frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(4):487–488.Google Scholar

Pompanin, S, Perini, G, Toffanin, T, et al. Late-onset OCD as presenting manifestation of semantic dementia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(1):102.e101–102.e104.Google Scholar

Sabbe, T, Vandenbulcke, M. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour in two patients with right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia. Tijdschr Psychiatrie. 2014;56(10):685–688.Google Scholar

Slachevsky, A, Munoz-Neira, C, Nunez-Huasaf, J, Stern, TA, Blesius, CR, Atri, A. Late-onset cinephilia and compulsive behaviors: harbingers of frontotemporal dementia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(3):pii: PCC.10f01115.Google Scholar

Mateen, FJ, Josephs, KA. The clinical spectrum of stereotypies in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1237–1240.Google Scholar

Mendez, MF, Perryman, KM, Miller, BL, Swartz, JR, Cummings, JL. Compulsive behaviors as presenting symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1997;10(4):154–157.Google Scholar

Mendez, MF, Shapira, JS, Miller, BL. Stereotypical movements and frontotemporal dementia. Mov Disord. 2005;20(6):742–745.Google Scholar

Frydman, I, Ferreira-Garcia, R, Borges, MC, Velakoulis, D, Walterfang, M, Fontenelle, LF. Dementia developing in late-onset and treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2010;23(3):205–208.Google Scholar

Cumming, TB, Blomstrand, C, Skoog, I, Linden, T. The high prevalence of anxiety disorders after stroke. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(2):154–160.Google Scholar

Carmin, CN, Wiegartz, PS, Yunus, U, Gillock, KL. Treatment of late-onset OCD following basal ganglia infarct. Depress Anxiety. 2002;15(2):87–90.Google Scholar

Khairkar, P, Diwan, S. Late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder with comorbid narcolepsy after perfect blend of thalamo-striatal stroke and post-streptococcal infection. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(4):E29-31.Google Scholar

Lopez-Rodriguez, F, Gunay, I, Glaser, N. Obsessive compulsive disorder in a woman with left basal ganglia infarct: a case report. Behav Neurol. 1997;10(2):101–103.Google Scholar

Rodrigo Escalona, P, Adair, JC, Roberts, BB, Graeber, DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder following bilateral globus pallidus infarction. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(5):410–412.Google Scholar

Katz, BS, Flemming, KD. Obsessive compulsive disorder due to a cavernous malformation hemorrhage in the dominant caudate head. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(2):398–399.Google Scholar

Thobois, S, Jouanneau, E, Bouvard, M, Sindou, M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder after unilateral caudate nucleus bleeding. Acta Neurochirurg. 2004;146(9):1027–1031; discussion 1031.Google Scholar

Cooper, JJ, Grant, J. Refractory OCD due to thalamic infarct with response to dronabinol. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;29(1):77–78.Google Scholar

Nguyen, FN, Pauly, RR, Okun, MS, Fernandez, HH. Punding as a complication of brain stem stroke? Report of a case. Stroke. 2007;38(4):1390–1392.Google Scholar

Kim, KW, Lee, DY. Obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with a left orbitofrontal infarct. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(1):88–89.Google Scholar

Matsui, T, Saxena, S, Kawabe, J, et al. Secondary obsessive-compulsive disorder related to diaschisis after pontine infarction, successfully treated with paroxetine. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(2):186–189.Google Scholar

Tessier, A, Cosin, C, Mayo, W, Pfeuty, M, Misdrahi, D, Sibon, I. Impulsive aggressive obsessions following cerebellar strokes: a case study. J Neurol. 2015;262(7):1775–1776.Google Scholar

Mahendran, R. Obsessive compulsive disorder following left middle cerebral artery infarct. Singapore Med J. 2000;41(10):498–499.Google Scholar

Salinas, C, Davila, G, Berthier, ML, Green, C, Lara, JP. Late-life reactivation of obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with lesions in prefrontal-subcortical circuits. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(3):332–334.Google Scholar

Lopes, AC, Greenberg, BD, Canteras, MM, et al. Gamma ventral capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1066–1076.Google Scholar

Lopes, AC, Greenberg, BD, Pereira, CA, Noren, G, Miguel, EC. Notice of retraction and replacement. Lopes et al. gamma ventral capsulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1066–1076. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(12):1258.Google Scholar

Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Neziroglu, F. Basal ganglia hemorrhagic ablation associated with temporary suppression of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2003;25:40–42.Google Scholar

Ferrão, YA, Scheidt, B. Basal ganglia hemorrhagic ablation causing temporary suppression of trichotillomania symptoms. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2003;25(4):262–263.Google Scholar

Diamond, A, Ondo, WG. Resolution of severe obsessive--compulsive disorder after a small unilateral nondominant frontoparietal infarct. Int J Neurosci. 2011;121(7):405–407.Google Scholar

Muneoka, K, Shirayama, Y, Kon, K, Kawabe, M, Kimura, S. Delayed-onset obsessive-compulsive symptoms after brain infarctions treated with paroxetine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(6):260–261.Google Scholar

Sun, CH, Lu, CH, Huang, TL. Clozapine for blepharospasm, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and psychotic symptoms in a patient of old brain infarction. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(6):368–370.Google Scholar

de Oliveira, GN, Kummer, A, Salgado, JV, et al. Psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy: an overview from a tertiary service in Brazil. Seizure. 2010;19(8):479–484.Google Scholar

Ertekin, BA, Kulaksizoglu, IB, Ertekin, E, et al. A comparative study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14(4):634–639.Google Scholar

Hamed, SA, Elserogy, YM, Abd-Elhafeez, HA. Psychopathological and peripheral levels of neurobiological correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with epilepsy: a hospital-based study. Epilepsy Behav. 2013;27(2):409–415.Google Scholar

Isaacs, KL, Philbeck, JW, Barr, WB, Devinsky, O, Alper, K. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behavior. 2004;5(4):569–574.Google Scholar

Monaco, F, Cavanna, A, Magli, E, et al. Obsessionality, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behavior. 2005;7(3):491–496.Google Scholar

Seo, JH, Lee, WK, Park, SP. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their impacts on psychosocial functioning in people with epilepsy. J Clin Neurol. 2014;10(2):125–132.Google Scholar

Fontenelle, L, Marques, C, Piedade, RA, Figueira, I, Nardi, AE, Versiani, M. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and epilepsy. J Bras Psiquiatr. 1998;47(11):591–598.Google Scholar

Krishnamoorthy, ES, Trimble, MR. Forced normalization: clinical and therapeutic relevance. Epilepsia. 1999;40(Suppl 10):S57–S64.Google Scholar

Mula, M, Monaco, F. Ictal and peri-ictal psychopathology. Behav Neurol. 2011;24(1):21–25.Google Scholar

Fisher, RS, Scharfman, HE, deCurtis, M. How can we identify ictal and interictal abnormal activity? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;813:3–23.Google Scholar

Kroll, L, Drummond, LM. Temporal lobe epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(7):457–458.Google Scholar

Green, AL, Harmon, PH, Boyer, FA, Detyniecki, K, Motlagh, MG, Gligorovic, PV. Forced normalization’s converse as nature’s model for use of ECT in the management of psychosis: an observational case series. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2016;6:36–38.Google Scholar

Levin, B, Duchowny, M. Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder and cingulate epilepsy. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(10):1049–1055.Google Scholar

Koopowitz, LF, Berk, M. Response of obsessive compulsive disorder to carbamazepine in two patients with comorbid epilepsy. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1997;9(3):171–173.Google Scholar

Trimble, M, Freeman, A. An investigation of religiosity and the Gastaut-Geschwind syndrome in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2006;9(3):407–414.Google Scholar

Bear, DM, Fedio, P. Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1977;34(8):454–467.Google Scholar

Tremont, G, Smith, MM, Bauer, L, et al. Comparison of personality characteristics on the bear-fedio inventory between patients with epilepsy and those with non-epileptic seizures. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(1):47–52.Google Scholar

Yaryura-Tobias, JA, Neziroglu, FA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Spectrum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 1997.Google Scholar

Stefan, A, Mathe, JF. What are the disruptive symptoms of behavioral disorders after traumatic brain injury? A systematic review leading to recommendations for good practices. Ann Phys Rehab Med. 2016;59(1):5–17.Google Scholar

Hoofien, D, Gilboa, A, Vakil, E, Donovick, PJ. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 10–20 years later: a comprehensive outcome study of psychiatric symptomatology, cognitive abilities and psychosocial functioning. Brain Inj. 2001;15(3):189–209.Google Scholar

Rydon-Grange, M, Coetzer, R. What do we know about obsessive-compulsive disorder following traumatic brain injury? CNS Spect. 2015;20(5):463–465.Google Scholar

Berthier, ML, Kulisevsky, JJ, Gironell, A, Lopez, OL. Obsessive compulsive disorder and traumatic brain injury: behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging findings. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2001;14(1):23–31.Google Scholar

Mellado-Calvo, N, Fleminger, S. Cerebral tumours. In: David, A, David, AS, Fleminger, S, Kopelman, M, Lovestone, S, Mellers, J, eds. Lishman’s Organic Psychiatry: A Textbook of Neuropsychiatry. Oxford: Wiley; 2012:281–308.Google Scholar

Hegde, A, Ghosh, A, Grover, S, Kumar, A, Chabbra, R. Arachnoid cyst masquerades as late onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(1):125.e127–125.e129.Google Scholar

John, G, Eapen, V, Shaw, GK. Frontal glioma presenting as anxiety and obsessions: a case report. Acta Neurol Scand. 1997;96(3):194–195.Google Scholar

Shuren, JE, Flynn, T, Fennell, E, Crosson, B. Insula and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 1995;40(2):112.Google Scholar

Wu, MS, Horng, B, Storch, EA. A case report on obsessive-compulsive disorder and low-grade astrocytomas. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013;25(4):309–310.Google Scholar

De Nadai, AS, Storch, EA, Alvaro, JL. Development of obsessive-compulsive disorder following a pineal germinoma: a case report. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(5):550–551.Google Scholar

Mordecai, D, Shaw, RJ, Fisher, PG, Mittelstadt, PA, Guterman, T, Donaldson, SS. Case study: suprasellar germinoma presenting with psychotic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(1):116–119.Google Scholar

Kumar, V, Chakrabarti, S, Modi, M, Sahoo, M. Late-onset obsessive compulsive disorder associated with possible gliomatosis cerebri. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):636–639.Google Scholar

Gamazo-Garran, P, Soutullo, CA, Ortuno, F. Obsessive-compulsive disorder secondary to brain dysgerminoma in an adolescent boy: a positron emission tomography case report. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002;12(3):259–263.Google Scholar

Rao, SA, Rao, MG, Rao, NP, Varambally, S, Gangadhar, BN. Successful treatment of tuberous sclerosis with psychosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;69(8):504–505.Google Scholar

Hassan, IK, Looi, JC, Velakoulis, D, et al. Psychosis with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in tuberous sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(5):867–869.Google Scholar

Liu, J, Zhang, X, Liu, J. Obsessions appear after the removal a brain tumor in the right frontal lobe. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(4):450.e453–450.e454.Google Scholar

Rogers, MP, Mendoza, AY. Development of obsessive-compulsive disorder after brain tumor surgery and radiation. Psychosomatics. 1994;35(4):402–406.Google Scholar

Paradis, CM, Friedman, S, Hatch, M, Lazar, RM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder onset after removal of a brain tumor. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(8):535–536.Google Scholar

Moriarty, J, Trimble, M, Hayward, R. Obsessive-compulsive disorder onset after removal of a brain tumor. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(5):331.Google Scholar

Sathe, H, Karia, S, De Sousa, A, Shah, N. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an adolescent appearing after cerebellar vermian mass resection. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):Vd01–Vd02.Google Scholar

Mainio, A, Hakko, H, Niemelä, A, Salo, J, Koivukangas, J, Räsänen, P. Level of obsessionality among neurosurgical patients with a primary brain tumor. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17(3):399–404.Google Scholar

Morris, DR, Meighen, KG, McDougle, CJ. Acute onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an adolescent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Psychosomatics. 2005;46(5):458–460.Google Scholar

Mavrogiorgou, P, Juckel, G. Interferon-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in malignant melanoma. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45(1):28–30.Google Scholar

Scheid, R, Voltz, R, Guthke, T, Bauer, J, Sammler, D, von Cramon, DY. Neuropsychiatric findings in anti-Ma2-positive paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Neurology. 2003;61(8):1159–1161.Google Scholar

Rajarethinam, RP, Abelson, JL, Himle, JA. Acute onset and remission of obsessions and compulsions following medical illnesses and stress. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12(4):238–240.Google Scholar

Iyo, M, Sekine, Y, Matsunaga, T, Tsukamoto, T, Takei, N, Mori, N. Methamphetamine-associated obsessional symptoms and effective risperidone treatment: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(5):337–338.Google Scholar

Satel, SL, McDougle, CJ. Obsessions and compulsions associated with cocaine abuse. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(7):947.Google Scholar

Marchesi, C, Tonna, M, Maggini, C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder followed by psychotic episode in long-term ecstasy misuse. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):599–602.Google Scholar

Fonseka, TM, Richter, MA, Müller, DJ. Second generation antipsychotic-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a review of the experimental literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(11):510.Google Scholar

Weintraub, D, David, AS, Evans, AH, Grant, JE, Stacy, M. Clinical spectrum of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):121–127.Google Scholar

Thuile, J, Even, C, Guelfi, JD. Topiramate may induce obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60(3):394.Google Scholar

Baytunca, MB, Erermis, S, Bildik, T, Kayahan, B. Isoniazid-induced psychosis with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (schizo-obsessive disorder) in a female child. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(10):819–820.Google Scholar

DeRosse, P, Szeszko, PR, Malhotra, AK. Interferon-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28(4):357–358.Google Scholar

Senjo, M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in people that abuse codeine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989;79(6):619–620.Google Scholar

Laplane, D, Baulac, M, Pillon, B, Panayotopoulou-Achimastos, I. Loss of psychic self-activation. Compulsive activity of obsessional type. Bilateral lenticular lesion (author’s transl). Rev Neurol. 1982;138(2):137–141.Google Scholar

Laplane, D, Widlocher, D, Pillon, B, Baulac, M, Binoux, F. Obsessional-type compulsive behavior caused by bilateral circumscribed pallidostriatal necrosis. Encephalopathy caused by a wasp sting. Rev Neurol. 1981;137(4):269–276.Google Scholar

Shakeri, J, Farnia, V, Karimi, AR, et al. The prevalence and clinical features of amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:157–162.Google Scholar

Denys, D, van Megen, HJ, Westenberg, HG. Emerging skin-picking behaviour after serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treatment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: possible mechanisms and implications for clinical care. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;17(1):127–129.Google Scholar

Drummond, LM, Matthews, HP. Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring as a complication in benzodiazepine withdrawal. J Nerv Ment Dise. 1988;176(11):688–691.Google Scholar

Cardoso, F, Vargas, AP. Persistent dyskinesia and obsessive-compulsive behavior following alcohol withdrawal. Neurology. 1996;47(3):844.Google Scholar

Poyurovsky, M, Bergman, Y, Shoshani, D, Schneidman, M, Weizman, A. Emergence of obsessive--compulsive symptoms and tics during clozapine withdrawal. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21(2):97–100.Google Scholar

Cuzen, NL, Stein, DJ, Lochner, C, Fineberg, NA. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder: a new heuristic. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(1):89–93.Google Scholar

Spradlin, A, Mauzay, D, Cuttler, C. Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder predict cannabis misuse. Addict Behav. 2017;72:159–164.Google Scholar

Crum, RM, Anthony, JC. Cocaine use and other suspected risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective study with data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993;31(3):281–295.Google Scholar

Nelson, E, Rice, J. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(6):826–831.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, Stein, DJ. Other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in DSM-5. In: Phillips, KA, Stein, DJ, eds. Handbook on Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2015:181–198.Google Scholar

Kara, T, Akaltun, İ. A 12-year-old boy with Fahr disease accompanying a diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2017:1–2.Google Scholar

Yousefichaijan, P, Sharafkhah, M, Rafeie, M, Salehi, B. Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCV-CI) to evaluate obsessive compulsive disorder in children with early stages of chronic kidney disease: a case control study. Nephrourol Mon. 2016;8(1):e34017.Google Scholar

Kaplan, PW. Epilepsy and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12(2):241–248.Google Scholar

Berrios, GE. Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y enfermedad neurológica: estado actual de la cuestión. In: Ruiloba, JV, Berrios, GE, eds. Estados Obsesivos, 3rd ed. Barcelona: Masson; 2006:487–519.Google Scholar

Fontenelle, LF, Hasler, G. The analytical epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(1):1–15.Google Scholar

Sinopoli, V, Burton, CL, Kronenberg, S, Arnold, PD. A review of the role of serotonin system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:372–381.Google Scholar

Cai, J, Zhang, W, Yi, Z, et al. Influence of polymorphisms in genes SLC1A1, GRIN2B, and GRIK2 on clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Psychopharmacology. 2013;230(1):49–55.Google Scholar

Kwon, JS, Joo, YH, Nam, HJ, et al. Association of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 with atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(11):1233–1241.Google Scholar

Ryu, S, Oh, S, Cho, EY, et al. Interaction between genetic variants of DLGAP3 and SLC1A1 affecting the risk of atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Am J Medi Genet B, Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156b(8):949–959.Google Scholar

Tundo, A, Salvati, L, Cieri, L, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder secondary to second-generation antipsychotics. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):188–189.Google Scholar

References

Goodman, A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;75(1):266–322.Google Scholar

Vetulani, J. Drug addiction. Part II. Neurobiology of addiction. Pol J Pharmacol. 2001;53(4):303–317.Google Scholar

Volkow, ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology. 2004;47(Suppl 1):3–13.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

Goodman, A. Diagnosis and treatment of sexual addiction. J Sex Marital Ther. 1993;19(3):225–251.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Brewer JA, Potenza MN. The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(12):924–930.Google Scholar

el-Guebaly, N, Mudry T, Zohar J, Tavares H, Potenza MN. Compulsive features in behavioural addictions: the case of pathological gambling. Addiction. 2012;107(10):1726–1734.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR, Odlaug BL. Clinical Guide to Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2014.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, SR, Lochner C, Stein DJ, et al. Behavioural addiction-a rising tide? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(5):841–855.Google Scholar

McElroy, SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, et al. Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(6):242–248.Google Scholar

Fong, TW, Reid RC, Parhami I. Behavioral addictions: where to draw the lines? Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2012;35(2):279–296.Google Scholar

Hodgins, DC, Stea JN, Grant JE. Gambling disorders. Lancet. 2011;378(9806):1874–1884.Google Scholar

Shaffer, HJ, Hall MN, Vander Bilt J. Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: a research synthesis. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1369–1376.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain SR, Schreiber LR, et al. Selective decision-making deficits in at-risk gamblers. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):115–120.Google Scholar

Dowling, NA, Cowlishaw S, Jackson AC, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49(6):519–539.Google Scholar

Tavares, H, Zilberman ML, Beites FJ, et al. Gender differences in gambling progression. J Gambl Stud. 2001;17(2):151–159.Google Scholar

Slutske, WS, Piasecki TM, Deutsch AR, et al. Telescoping and gender differences in the time course of disordered gambling: evidence from a general population sample. Addiction. 2015;110(1):144–151.Google Scholar

Aboujaoude, E, Gamel N, Koran LM. Overview of kleptomania and phenomenological description of 40 patients. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;6(6):244–247.Google Scholar

Goldman, MJ. Kleptomania: making sense of the nonsensical. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(8): 986–996.Google Scholar

McElroy, SL, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, et al. Kleptomania: a report of 20 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(5):652–657.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain, S. Why Can’t I Stop? Reclaiming Your Life from a Behavioral Addiction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2016.Google Scholar

Maraz, A, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. The prevalence of compulsive buying: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2016;111(3):408–419.Google Scholar

Muller, A, Claes L, Georgiadou E, et al. Is compulsive buying related to materialism, depression or temperament? Findings from a sample of treatment-seeking patients with CB. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216(1):103–107.Google Scholar

Muller, A, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M. Compulsive buying. Am J Addict. 2015;24(2):132–137.Google Scholar

Christenson, GA, Faber RJ, de Zwaan M, et al. Compulsive buying: descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(1):5–11.Google Scholar

Derbyshire, KL, Grant, JE. Compulsive sexual behavior: a review of the literature. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):37–43.Google Scholar

Coleman, E. Is your patient suffering from compulsive sexual behavior? Psychiatric Annals. 1992;22(6):320–325.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Grant, JE. Impulse-control disorders in a college sample: results from the self-administered Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview (MIDI). Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(2):ii.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Lust K, Schreiber LR, et al. Compulsive sexual behavior in young adults. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2013;25(3):193–200.Google Scholar

Coleman, E, Raymond N, McBean A. Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior. Minn Med. 2003;86(7):42–47.Google Scholar

Black, DW, Kehrberg LL, Flumerfelt DL, et al. Characteristics of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(2):243–249.Google Scholar

Saiz-Ruiz, J, Blanco C, Ibáñez A, et al. Sertraline treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):28–33.Google Scholar

Hollander, E, DeCaria CM, Finkell JN, et al. A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine/placebo crossover trial in pathologic gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(9):813–817.Google Scholar

Blanco, C, Petkova E, Ibáñez A, et al. A pilot placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine for pathological gambling. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2002;14(1):9–15.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Kim SW, Potenza MN, et al. Paroxetine treatment of pathological gambling: a multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(4):243–249.Google Scholar

Kim, SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(6):501–507.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Kim SW, Hartman BK. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of pathological gambling urges. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(5):783–789.Google Scholar

Kim, SW, Grant JE, Adson DE. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(11):914–921.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Potenza MN, et al. Nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling: multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(4):330–331.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Potenza MN, Hollander E, et al. Multicenter investigation of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):303–312.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutamate-modulating agent, in the treatment of pathological gambling: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(6):652–657.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine plus imaginal desensitization for nicotine-dependent pathological gamblers. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(1):39–45.Google Scholar

Berlin, HA, Braun A, Simeon D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for pathological gambling. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013;14(2):121–128.Google Scholar

Fong, T, Kalechstein A, Bernhard B, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine for the treatment of video poker pathological gamblers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008;89(3):298–303.Google Scholar

McElroy, SL, Nelson EB, Welge JA, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of pathological gambling: a negative randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(3):433–440.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Kim SW, Odlaug BL. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in the treatment of kleptomania. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(7):600–606.Google Scholar

Koran, LM, Aboujaoude EN, Gamel NN. Escitalopram treatment of kleptomania: an open-label trial followed by double-blind discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(3):422–427.Google Scholar

Black, DW, Gabel J, Hansen J, et al. A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive buying disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2000;12(4):205–211.Google Scholar

Ninan, PT, McElroy SL, Kane CP, et al. Placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in the treatment of patients with compulsive buying. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(3):362–366.Google Scholar

Koran, LM, Aboujaoude EN, Solvason B, et al. Escitalopram for compulsive buying disorder: a double-blind discontinuation study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(2):225–227.Google Scholar

Wainberg, ML, Muench F, Morgenstern J, et al. A double-blind study of citalopram versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviors in gay and bisexual men. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(12):1968–1973.Google Scholar

Everitt, BJ, Robbins, TW. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(11):1481–1489.Google Scholar

Everitt, BJ, Robbins, TW. From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: devolving views of their roles in drug addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(9 Pt A):1946–1954.Google Scholar

Kalivas, PW, Volkow, ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(8):1403–1413.Google Scholar

Volkow, ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, et al. Imaging dopamine’s role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(Suppl 1):3–8.Google Scholar

Ashok, AH, Mizuno Y, Volkow ND, et al. Association of stimulant use with dopaminergic alterations in users of cocaine, amphetamine, or methamphetamine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(5):511–519.Google Scholar

Del Campo, N, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ, et al. The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(12):e145–e157.Google Scholar

Ambermoon, P, Carter A, Hall WD, et al. Impulse control disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease receiving dopamine replacement therapy: evidence and implications for the addictions field. Addiction. 2011;106(2):283–293.Google Scholar

Bugalho, P, Oliveira-Maia, AJ. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: crossroads between neurology, psychiatry and neuroscience. Behav Neurol. 2013;27(4):547–557.Google Scholar

Poletti, M, Logi C, Lucetti C, et al. A single-center, cross-sectional prevalence study of impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: association with dopaminergic drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(5):691–694.Google Scholar

Boileau, I, Payer D, Chugani B, et al. In vivo evidence for greater amphetamine-induced dopamine release in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(12):1305–1313.Google Scholar

Linnet, J, Peterson E, Doudet DJ, et al. Dopamine release in ventral striatum of pathological gamblers losing money. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122(4):326–333.Google Scholar

Linnet, J, Møller A, Peterson E, et al. Dopamine release in ventral striatum during Iowa Gambling Task performance is associated with increased excitement levels in pathological gambling. Addiction. 2011;106(2):383–390.Google Scholar

Joutsa, J, Johansson J, Niemelä S, et al. Mesolimbic dopamine release is linked to symptom severity in pathological gambling. Neuroimage. 2012;60(4):1992–1999.Google Scholar

Steeves, TD, Miyasaki J, Zurowski M, et al. Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11C] raclopride PET study. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 5): 1376–1385.Google Scholar

Clark, L, Stokes PR, Wu K, et al. Striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor binding in pathological gambling is correlated with mood-related impulsivity. Neuroimage. 2012;63(1):40–46.Google Scholar

Wu, K, Politis M, O’Sullivan SS, et al. Single versus multiple impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: an (1)(1)C-raclopride positron emission tomography study of reward cue-evoked striatal dopamine release. J Neurol. 2015;262(6):1504–1514.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR. Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):300–303.Google Scholar

Potenza, MN. The neural bases of cognitive processes in gambling disorder. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18(8):429–438.Google Scholar

Meng, YJ, Deng W, Wang HY, et al. Reward pathway dysfunction in gambling disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Behav Brain Res. 2014;275C:243–251.Google Scholar

Clark, L, Limbrick-Oldfield, EH. Disordered gambling: a behavioral addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23(4):655–659.Google Scholar

Conversano, C, Marazziti D, Carmassi C, et al. Pathological gambling: a systematic review of biochemical, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2012;20(3):130–148.Google Scholar

van Holst, RJ, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, et al. Brain imaging studies in pathological gambling. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010;12(5):418–425.Google Scholar

Goudriaan, AE, Yücel M, van Holst RJ. Getting a grip on problem gambling: what can neuroscience tell us? Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:141.Google Scholar

Potenza, MN, Leung HC, Blumberg HP, et al. An FMRI Stroop task study of ventromedial prefrontal cortical function in pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):1990–1994.Google Scholar

de Ruiter, MB, Oosterlaan J, Veltman DJ, et al. Similar hyporesponsiveness of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in problem gamblers and heavy smokers during an inhibitory control task. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;121(1–2):81–89.Google Scholar

Goudriaan, AE, de Ruiter MB, van den Brink W, et al. Brain activation patterns associated with cue reactivity and craving in abstinent problem gamblers, heavy smokers and healthy controls: an fMRI study. Addict Biol. 2010;15(4):491–503.Google Scholar

de Ruiter, MB, Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE, et al. Response perseveration and ventral prefrontal sensitivity to reward and punishment in male problem gamblers and smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(4):1027–1038.Google Scholar

Luijten, M, Schellekens AF, Kühn S, et al. Disruption of reward processing in addiction: an image-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017; 74(4):387–398.Google Scholar

Zois, E, Kiefer F, Lemenager T, et al. Frontal cortex gray matter volume alterations in pathological gambling occur independently from substance use disorder. Addict Biol. 2017;22(3):864–872.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, et al. Reduced cortical thickness in gambling disorder: a morphometric MRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;265(8):655–661.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Hampshire A, et al. White matter abnormalities in skin picking disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(5):763–769.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Correia S, Brennan-Krohn T, et al. White matter integrity in kleptomania: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2006;147(2–3):233–237.Google Scholar

Miner, MH, Raymond N, Mueller BA, et al. Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior. Psychiatry Res. 2009;174(2):146–151.Google Scholar

Voon, V, Mole TB, Banca P, et al. Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102419.Google Scholar

Schmidt, C, Morris LS, Kvamme TL, et al. Compulsive sexual behavior: prefrontal and limbic volume and interactions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38(3):1182–1190.Google Scholar

Yucel, M, Lubman DI, Solowij N, et al. Understanding drug addiction: a neuropsychological perspective. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41(12):957–968.Google Scholar

Ersche, KD, Turton AJ, Chamberlain SR, et al. Cognitive dysfunction and anxious-impulsive personality traits are candidate endophenotypes for drug dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(9):926–36.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR. Impulsive action and impulsive choice across substance and behavioral addictions: cause or consequence? Addict Behav. 2014;39(11):1632–1639.Google Scholar

Clark, L. Decision-making during gambling: an integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010;365(1538):319–330.Google Scholar

Verdejo-Garcia, A, Chong TT, Stout JC, et al. Stages of dysfunctional decision-making in addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2018;164:99–105.Google Scholar

Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain SR, Kim SW, et al. A neurocognitive comparison of cognitive flexibility and response inhibition in gamblers with varying degrees of clinical severity. Psychol Med. 2011;41(10):2111–2119.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Odlaug BL, Wozniak JR, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in kleptomania. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(7):1663–1670.Google Scholar

Grant, JE, Chamberlain SR, Schreiber LR, et al. Neurocognitive deficits associated with shoplifting in young adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1049–1055.Google Scholar

Derbyshire, KL, Chamberlain SR, Odlaug BL, et al. Neurocognitive functioning in compulsive buying disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2014;26(1):57–63.Google Scholar

Derbyshire, KL, Grant, JE. Neurocognitive findings in compulsive sexual behavior: a preliminary study. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):35–36.Google Scholar

Goodie, AS, Fortune, EE. Measuring cognitive distortions in pathological gambling: review and meta-analyses. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(3):730–743.Google Scholar

Dowling, NA, Merkouris SS, Lorains FK. Interventions for comorbid problem gambling and psychiatric disorders: advancing a developing field of research. Addict Behav. 2016;58:21–30.Google Scholar

Rash, CJ, Petry, NM. Psychological treatments for gambling disorder. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:285–295.Google Scholar

Rogers, RD. Review: psychological treatments improve pathological gambling in the short and long term. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006;9(2):44.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA; 2013.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 1992.Google Scholar

Veale, D, Gledhill, LJ, Christodoulou, P, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: a systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image. 2016;18:168–186.Google Scholar

Yassaei, S, Moghadam, MG, Aghili, H, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in Iranian orthodontic patients. Acta Med Iran. 2014;52(6):454–457.Google Scholar

Cotterill, JA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dermatol Clin. 1996;14:457–463.Google Scholar

Crerand, CE, Phillips, KA, Menard, W, et al. Nonpsychiatric medical treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2005;46:549–555.Google Scholar

Phillips, KA, DufresneJr, RG, Wilkel, CS, et al. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:436–441.Google Scholar

Uzun, O, Basoglu, C, Akar, A, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with acne. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:415–419.Google Scholar

Conrado, LA, Hounie, AG, Diniz, JB, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: prevalence and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):235–243.Google Scholar

Bowe, WP, Leyden, JJ, Crerand, CE, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms among patients with acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(2):222–230.Google Scholar

Dufresne, RG, Phillips, KA, Vittorio, CC, et al. A screening questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatologic surgery practice. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:457–462.Google Scholar

Zhu, TH, Nakamura, M, Farahnik, B, et al. Obsessive-compulsive skin disorders: a novel classification based on degree of insight. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(4):342–346.Google Scholar

Joseph, AW, Ishii, L, Joseph, SS, et al. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and surgeon diagnostic accuracy in facial plastic and oculoplastic surgery clinics. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19(4):269–274.Google Scholar

Dey, JK, Ishii, M, Phillis, M, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in a facial plastic and reconstructive surgery clinic: measuring prevalence, assessing comorbidities, and validating a feasible screening instrument. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(2):137–143.Google Scholar

Harrison, A, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Enander, J, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;48:43–51.Google Scholar

Phillipou, A, Rossell, SL, Wilding, HE, et al. Randomised controlled trials of psychological and pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2016;245:179–185.Google Scholar

Arnold, LM, Auchenbach, MB, McElroy, SL. Psychogenic excoriation. Clinical features, proposed diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and approaches to treatment. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(5):351–359.Google Scholar

Madsen, SK, Zai, A, Pirnia, T, et al. Cortical thickness and brain volume analysis in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;232(1):115–122.Google Scholar

Buchanan, B, Rosselll, S, Maller, JJ, Toh, WL, Brennan, S, Castle, D. Regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder compared to controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;46(7):654–662.Google Scholar

Tanaka, T, Takano, Y, Tanaka, S, et al. Transcranial direct-current stimulation increases extracellular dopamine levels in the rat striatum. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013;7:6.Google Scholar

Beilharz, F, Castle, DJ, Grace, S, Rossell, SL. A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in body dysmorphic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):16–36.Google Scholar

Zeinodini, Z, Sedighi, S, Rahimi, MB, et al. Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(3):10–16.Google Scholar

Toh, WL, Rossell1, SL, Castle, DJ. Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of current nosological issues and associated cognitive deficits. Curr Psychiatry Rev. 2009;5:261–270.Google Scholar

Torres, AR, de Abreu Ramos-Cerqueira, AT, da Silva Dias, R. Jealousy as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Rev Brasil Psiquiatr. 1999;21(3):165–173.Google Scholar

Marazziti, D, Poletti, M, Dell’Osso, L, et al. Prefrontal cortex, dopamine, and jealousy endophenotype. CNS Spectr. 2013;18(1):6–14.Google Scholar

Marazziti, D, Di Nasso, E, Masala, I. Normal and obsessional jealousy: a study of a population of young adults. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18(3):106–111.Google Scholar

Tarrier, N, Beckett, R, Harwood, S, et al. Morbid jealousy: a review and cognitive-behavioural formulation. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157:319–326.Google Scholar

McKenna, PJ. Disorders with overvalued ideas. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;145:579–585.Google Scholar

Ecker, W. Non-delusional pathological jealousy as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder: cognitive-behavioural conceptualization and some treatment suggestions. J Obsess Compuls Relat Disord. 2012;1:203–210.Google Scholar

De Koning, E, Piette, MHA. A retrospective study of murder-suicide at the Forensic Institute of Ghent University, Belgium: 1935–2010. Med Sci Law. 2014;54(2):88–98.Google Scholar

Doron, G, Derby, DS, Szepsenwol, O. Relationship obsessive compulsive disorder (ROCD): a conceptual framework. J Obsess Compul Relat Disord. 2014;3(2):169–180.Google Scholar

Takahashi, H, Matsuura, M, Yahata, N, et al. Men and women show distinct brain activations during imagery of sexual and emotional infidelity. Neuroimage. 2006;32(3):1299–1307.Google Scholar

Marazziti, D, Rucci, P, Di Nasso, E, et al. Jealousy and subthreshold psychopathology: a serotonergic link. Neuropsychobiology. 2003;47(1):12–16.Google Scholar

Stein, DJ, Hollander, E, Josephson, SC. Serotonin reuptake blockers for the treatment of obsessional jealousy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(1):30–33.Google Scholar

Batinic, B, Duisin, D, Barisic, J. Obsessive versus delusional jealousy. Psychiatr Danub. 2013;25(3):334–339.Google Scholar

Wright, S. Familial obsessive-compulsive disorder presenting as pathological jealousy successfully treated with fluoxetine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:430–431.Google Scholar

Bisol, L, Lara, DR. Low-dose risperidone for pathological jealousy: report of 3 cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(5):595–596.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Washington, DC: APA; 2007.Google Scholar

Cobb, JP, Marks, IM. Morbid jealousy featuring as obsessive-compulsive neurosis: treatment by behavioural psychotherapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;34:301–305.Google Scholar

Parker, G, Barrett, E. Morbid jealousy as a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1997;31:133–138.Google Scholar

Dolan, M, Bishay, N. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy in the treatment of non-psychotic morbid jealousy. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168(5):588–593.Google Scholar

Prince, R, Tcheng-Laroche, F. Culture-bound syndromes and international disease classifications. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1987;11(1):3–52.Google Scholar

Iwata, Y, Suzuki, K, Takei, N, et al. Jiko-shisen-kyofu (fear of one’s own glance), but not taijin-kyofusho (fear of interpersonal relations), is an East Asian culture-related specific syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(2):148–152.Google Scholar

Takahashi, T. Social phobia syndrome in Japan. Compr Psychiatry. 1989;30:45–52.Google Scholar

Lim, L. Taijin-kyofu-sho: a subtype of social anxiety. Open J Psychiatry. 2013;3:393–398.Google Scholar

Singelis, TM, Sharkey, WF. Culture, self-construal, and embarrassability. J Cross-Cultural Psychol. 1995;26:622–626.Google Scholar

Sharpless, B, Balko, AL, Grom, JL. Taijin Kyofusho. In: Sharpless, B, ed. Unusual and Rare Psychological Disorders: A Handbook for Clinical Practice and Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017:177–195.Google Scholar

Choy, Y, Schneier, FR, Heimberg, RG, et al. Features of the offensive subtype of Taijin-kyofu-sho in US and Korean patients with DSM-IV social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2008;25(3):230–240.Google Scholar

Tarumi, S, Ichimiya, A, Yamada, S, et al. Taijin Kyofusho in university students: patterns of fear and predispositions to the offensive variant. Transcult Psychiatry. 2004;41:533–546.Google Scholar

Nagata, T. An open trial of paroxetine for the “offensive subtype” of taijin kyofusho and social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:168–174.Google Scholar

Matsunaga, H, Kiriike, N, Matsui, T, et al. Taijin kyofusho: a form of social anxiety disorder that responds to serotonin reuptake inhibitors? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;4:231–237.Google Scholar

Nagata, T. Open trial of milnacipran for taijin kyofusho in Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2003;7:107–112.Google Scholar

Maeda, F, Nathan, JH. Understanding taijin kyofusho through its treatment, morita therapy. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46:525–530.Google Scholar

Crozier, I. Making up koro: multiplicity, psychiatry, culture, and penis-shrinking anxieties. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2012;67(1):36–70.Google Scholar

Atalay, H. Two cases of koro syndrome or anxiety disorder associated with genital retraction fear. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18(3):282–285.Google Scholar

Dutta, D, Phookan, HR, Das, PD. The koro epidemic in lower Assam. Indian J Psychiatry. 1982;24(4):370–374.Google Scholar

Ghosh, S, Nath, S, Brahma, A, et al. Fifth koro epidemic in India: a review report. WCPRR. 2013;8(1):8–20.Google Scholar

Chakraborty, S, Sanyal, D. An outbreak of koro among 19 workers in a jute mill in South Bengal. Ind Psychiatry J. 2011;20(1):58–60.Google Scholar

Ntouros, E, Ntoumanis, A, Bozikas, V, et al. Koro-like symptoms in two Greek men. BMJ Case Rep. 2010;2010:bcr08.2008.0679.Google Scholar

Davis, DM, Steever, AM, Terwilliger, JM, Williams, MT. The relationship between culture-bound syndrome koro and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Hayes, GR, Bryant, MH, eds. Psychology of Culture. New York, NY: Nova Science; 2012:213–221.Google Scholar

Mattelaer, JJ, Jilek, W. Koro: the psychological disappearance of the penis. J Sex Med. 2007;4(5):1509–1515.Google Scholar

Kar, N. Chronic koro-like symptoms – two case reports. BMC Psychiatry. 2005;12(5):34.Google Scholar

Silva, L, Raposo-Lima, C, Soares, C, Cerqueira, JJ, Morgado, P. Koro syndrome in an obsessive-compulsive disorder patient. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;33(Suppl):S618.Google Scholar

Atalay, H. Two cases of koro syndrome or anxiety disorder associated with genital retraction fear. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18(3):282–285.Google Scholar

Tseng, WS, Mo, KM, Li, LS, et al. Koro epidemics in Guangdong, China. A questionnaire survey. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180(2):117–123.Google Scholar

Bartholomew, RE. The social psychology of “epidemic” koro. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1994;40(1):46–60.Google Scholar

Jilek, W, Jilek-Aall, L. Mass-hysteria with koro-symptoms in Thailand. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1977;120(2):257–259.Google Scholar

Sachdev, PS. Koro epidemic in north-east India. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1985;19(4):433–438.Google Scholar

Chowdhury, AN. Biomedical potential for symptom choice in koro. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1989;35(4):329–332.Google Scholar

Chowdhury, AN, Bera, NK. Koro following cannabis smoking: two case reports. Addiction. 1994;89(8):1017–1020.Google Scholar

Earleywine, M. Cannabis-induced koro in Americans. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):1182–1183.Google Scholar

Kalaitzi, CK, Kalantzis, A. Cannabis-induced koro-like syndrome. A case report and mini review. Urol Int. 2006;76(3):278–280.Google Scholar

Al-Sinawi, H, Al-Adawi, S, Al-Guenedi, A. Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from Oman. Transcult Psychiatry. 2008;45(4):695–704.Google Scholar

Freudenmann, RW, Schonfeldt-Lecuona, C. Koro-like symptoms in a recurrent depressive disorder. Der Nervenarzt. 2005;76:885–887.Google Scholar

Damodaran, SS, Nizamie, HS. Incomplete koro. A forerunner for mood disorder: two case reports. Indian J Psychiatry. 1993;35:60–62.Google Scholar

Al-Hmoud, N. Koro-like syndrome in a Jordanian male. Eastern Med Health J. 1999;5:611–613.Google Scholar

Maslowski, J. Koro-like syndrome in Maltese subject on the basis of chronic schizophrenia. Bull Inst Marit Trop Medi Gdynia. 1988;39:108–110.Google Scholar

Afonso, P, Saraiva, S, Gameiro, Z. Schizophrenia presenting with koro-like symptoms. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25(1):e32.Google Scholar

Heyman, I, Fahy, TA. Koro-like symptoms in a man infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:119–121.Google Scholar

Caballero, JM, Avila, A, Cardona, X, et al. Genital pain without urogenital pathology: the koro-like syndrome. J Urol. 2000;163:243.Google Scholar

Naim, M, Aligarh, JA. Penile retraction in non psychiatric patients [e-letter]. BMJ Case Rep. 2010: April 22. Available from: http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2010/bcr.08.2008.0679.abstract/reply#casereports_el_57 (accessed July 27, 2018).Google Scholar

Nakaya, M. Fluvoxamine treatment of a Japanese patient with koro. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):1182–1183.Google Scholar

Turnier, L, Chouinard, G. The anti-koro effect of a tricyclic antidepressant. Can J Psychiatry. 1990;35(4):331–333.Google Scholar

Hallak, JE, Crippa, JA, Zuardi, AW. Treatment of koro with citalopram. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:951.Google Scholar

Ramamourty, P, Menon, V, Aparna, M. Koro presenting as acute and transient psychosis: implications for classification. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014;10: 116–117.Google Scholar

Rosca-Rebaudengo, P, Durst, R, Minuchin-Itzigsohn, S. Transculturation, psychosis and koro symptoms. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 1996;33(1):54–62.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section 3 - Practical Aspects of Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive