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5 - BONE DISORDERS: TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE CASE STUDIES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2011

By
S. Aubrey Stoch
Edited by
Bruce H. Littman  and
Rajesh Krishna
S. Aubrey Stoch
Affiliation:
Merck Research Laboratories
Bruce H. Littman
Affiliation:
Translational Medicine Associates
Rajesh Krishna
Affiliation:
Merck Research Laboratories
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Summary

Introduction

In the United States, about 10 million Americans have osteoporosis (8 million women and 2 million men), whereas another 34 million individuals have osteopenia and are considered at risk for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis contributes to substantial disease burden with an excess of 2 million osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States in 2005. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass with skeletal fragility and increased occurrence of fractures. Bone loss results from an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. The field has witnessed the emergence of an array of new treatments providing physicians and patients a much enriched range of therapeutic options. Existing agents are not without their challenges, including significant safety issues for estrogens, bisphosphonates, and the combination of bisphosphonates with parathyroid hormone (PTH). Despite a wide range of existing therapies from which to choose, most patients remain untreated.

The major current antiosteoporotic therapies include bisphosphonates (alendronate [ALN], risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate), estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene, bazedoxifene), and PTH. Other niche treatments include calcitonin, vitamin D derivatives, and strontium (in some countries). Except for PTH and strontium, these drugs inhibit bone resorption. In addition, the anti-RANK-ligand monoclonal antibody (denosumab) was recently recommended for approval by a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee (August 13, 2009) and was approved on June 1, 2010, for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for the treatment of bone loss in patients undergoing hormone ablation for prostate cancer.

Type
Chapter
Information
Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery , pp. 115 - 167
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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