Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2025
Violence unhinged
Since the 19th century, Colombia has experienced diverse, complex and mutually reinforcing forms of political and criminal violence, embedding throughout the country a series of entrenched and, at times, overlapping conflicts driven by inequalities and political and economic exclusion, and sustained by increasingly acute societal cleavages. Recurrent patterns of political violence have been manifest through elaborate and habitually strategic acts of unhinged brutality and acts of terror perpetrated by diverse armed groups (Brett 2021). According to one female survivor of violence perpetrated by multiple armed actors interviewed as part of this study in 2015:
In July 1988, my brother was killed (by paramilitaries) in a massacre in Carmen de Bolívar. Then, in August 2000, the FARC-EP guerrilla exploded a bomb at precisely the moment my niece was on her way home from school on a motorbike with three other school friends. As they were passing the hardware store, the bomb went off, and they were burnt alive … the bomb was enormous, and the flames went up higher than the town church. A man managed to get my niece out, he was also burnt, but they couldn't do anything for her. What she suffered was very hard. I can still remember the sound of the ambulance, and when I hear ambulances today it's terrible, and smell burning; you would think that these things don't leave scars, but they do.
During protracted episodes of violent conflict in Colombia, patterns of violence have evolved, phenomena neither static nor isolated from broader domestic and transnational political and economic processes. Such violence has followed a macabre logic of contingent communicative performance. According to a survivor of multiple violations:
On 26 August, it was our turn; seven killed, three our own, and four others in our village. It was there they killed my husband. They left their letters painted on the walls, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia [AUC, paramilitaries], and they wrote ‘death to rats, guerrillas and informers’, in large letters. On the wall on the other side of the building they wrote ‘AUC is present here’. From that moment, everyone felt scared. Many massacres followed, week after week. That's when I was displaced.
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