Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Tables and Figures
- List of Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Part I Reform and Resilience
- 1 Understanding Communist Collapse and Resilience
- 2 Resilience and Collapse in China and the Soviet Union
- Part II Ideology and Resilience
- Part III Contagion and Resilience
- Part IV Inclusion and Resilience
- Part V Accountability and Resilience
- Miscellaneous Bibliography
- General Bibliography
- Index
- References
1 - Understanding Communist Collapse and Resilience
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2013
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Tables and Figures
- List of Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Part I Reform and Resilience
- 1 Understanding Communist Collapse and Resilience
- 2 Resilience and Collapse in China and the Soviet Union
- Part II Ideology and Resilience
- Part III Contagion and Resilience
- Part IV Inclusion and Resilience
- Part V Accountability and Resilience
- Miscellaneous Bibliography
- General Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
In 1989 communist regimes from Berlin to Ulaanbaatar began to fall like dominoes. In the aftermath, social scientists produced many explanations for the fall of communism. Nevertheless, given the momentous and multicausal nature of the 1989 events, the question of why some communist regimes collapsed is still open to new interpretations. But 1989 is also notable for what did not happen. Several communist regimes survived the fall of the Berlin Wall: communist parties still rule in China, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba, and North Korea. Thus, attention to the “nonevents” of 1989 allows us to ask a broader question – namely, why do some communist regimes survive the forces of contagion, even as others fall?
By focusing on the survival of some communist regimes and the collapse of others, we can approach the general problem of authoritarian regime resilience. Some authoritarian regimes are relatively short-lived, experiencing frequent breakdowns as a result of coups or revolutions. However, the regimes that underwent turmoil in 1989 had enjoyed very long average life spans. Regardless of whether they survived the watershed of 1989, all these regimes had been resilient. They had previously weathered serious domestic and international crises that had not brought them down (for example, de-Stalinization in Eastern Europe or the Cultural Revolution in China). What are the factors that explain such resilience? Why were these regimes capable of maintaining power? Given that some regimes failed and others survived, were there systematic differences among the survivors and the nonsurvivors that explain these divergent outcomes?
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Why Communism Did Not CollapseUnderstanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe, pp. 3 - 39Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2013
References
and , Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2nd rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 22.Google Scholar
III, “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability,” Foreign Affairs 90:4 (July–August 2011), 81–90.Google Scholar
, “Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies,” Foreign Affairs 90:3 (May–June 2011), 8–16.Google Scholar
, “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes,” Journal of Democracy 13:2 (April 2002), 21–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006
and , Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
, Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Patronage and Political Stability in Africa,” Comparative Political Studies 42:10 (2009), 1339–1362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Power, Perceptions, and Pacts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006Google Scholar
, Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in Central Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule,” World Politics 57:3 (April 2005), 421–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Political Institutions under Dictatorship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research,” American Political Science Review 99:3 (2005), 435–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Strategy of Paired Comparison: Toward a Theory of Practice,” Comparative Political Studies 43:2 (2010), 230–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968).Google Scholar
, “Communist Ideology and Power: From Unity to Diversity,” Journal of Politics 19:4 (1957), 549–590CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970).
Albania: A Country Study 1994, (accessed April 21, 2013
, Yugoslavia: A Country Study, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1992), 300Google Scholar
, China: A Country Study, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1988), 615Google Scholar
, Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik ’90 (Statistical Yearbook of the German Democratic Republic 1990) (Berlin: Rudolf Haufe Verlag, 1990), 277.Google Scholar
, The World Economy (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation, 2006), 479, 562, 566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Development Indicators Online, (accessed August 12, 2012)
CIA World Factbook, (accessed August 12, 2012)
, The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers’ Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
, “Stages of Development in Authoritarian Regimes,” in , , and , eds., World Order after Leninism (Seattle: Herbert J. Ellison Center for Russian, East European, and Central Asian Studies, University of Washington, 2006), 149–170.Google Scholar
and , Political Terror in Communist Systems (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970); , ed., Change in Communist Systems.Google Scholar
, Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of Destalinization, 1956 (Honolulu: Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai’i, 2004)Google Scholar
, , and , “Relying on One’s Strength: The Growth of the Private Agriculture in Borderline Areas of North Korea,” Comparative Korean Studies 19:3 (2011), 325–358Google Scholar
, “North Korea’s Leaders Promise Improvements to Educational System,” New York Times, September 25, 2012
, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001)Google Scholar
and , eds., Istoriia stalinskogo Gulaga: konets 1920-kh–pervaiia polovina 1950-kh godov (The History of Stalin’s Gulag: Late 1920s–Mid-1950s) (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004–2005)
, , , , , and , Le livre noir du communisme: Crimes, terreurs et répression (The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression) (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1997)Google Scholar
, Au nom du peuple: Témoignages sur les camps communistes (In the Name of the People: Testimonies on the Communist Camps) (La Tour d’Aigues: Éditions de l’Aube, 1992)Google Scholar
, Chinese Utopianism: A Comparative Study of Reformist Thought with Japan and Russia, 1898–1997 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2009).Google Scholar
, Dream of a Red Factory: The Legacy of High Stalinism in China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).Google Scholar
, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1944–1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971)Google Scholar
, Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia’s Republics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Marxist Regimes in Developing Areas and Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,” in and , eds., The Legacy of the Soviet Bloc [Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997], 241–267Google Scholar
, Osvobodivshiesia strany v perekhodnyi period: Politiko-ekonomicheskii analiz (Liberated States in a Transitional Period: Political-Economic Analysis) (Moscow: Ekonomika, 1987).Google Scholar
, “Misguided Morality: Ethics and the Reagan Doctrine,” Political Science Quarterly 103:3 (1988), 509–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
, Narodnaia demokraticheskaia respublika Iemen (NDRI): Sotsial’no-politicheskoe razvitie 60–70 gg. (People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen [PDRY]: Social-Political Development in the 60s and 70s) (Baku: Elm, 1991), 101–102.Google Scholar
, ed., Respublika Afganistan: Opyt i tendentsii razvitiia (Republic of Afghanistan: Experience and Development Trends) (Tashkent: Fan, 1990).
and , eds., Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2011).CrossRef
, “The Second Economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 493:1 (September 1987), 120–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Gibel’ imperii: Uroki dlia sovremennoi Rossii (Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Contemporary Russia) (Moscow: Rosspen, 2006).Google Scholar
, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , From Plan to Market: The Economic Transition in Vietnam (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).Google Scholar
, Laos v XX veke (ekonomicheskoe razvitie) (Twentieth-Century Laos: Economic Development) (Moscow: Institut vostokovedeniia RAN, 2003)Google Scholar
, Forging Reform in China: The Fate of State-Owned Industry (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Social Challenges of Reform: Restructuring State-Owned Enterprises in Vietnam,” in , ed., Rethinking Vietnam (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 91–109.Google Scholar
, China’s Unfinished Economic Revolution (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998)Google Scholar
, Factions and Finance in China: Elite Conflict and Inflation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
World Development Indicators Online, (accessed September 3, 2012)
, “Fidel Castro and ‘China’s Lesson for Cuba’: A Chinese Perspective,” China Quarterly, no. 189 (2007), 24–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Gatekeeper State: Limited Economic Reforms and Regime Survival in Cuba, 1982–2002,” Latin American Research Review 39:2 (June 2004), 35–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., The Dynamics of Change in North Korea: An Institutionalist Perspective (Seoul: Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam University Press, 2009).
China Checked Out by North: Some Analysts See Signs of Reform Willingness by Leader Kim Jong Un,” Korea Joong Ang Daily, July 20, 2012, (accessed September 25, 2012)
, “North Korea May Take Action to Jolt Economy, Analysts Say,” New York Times, September 6, 2012, A6.Google Scholar
, Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation, 1995), 200–201, 204–205.Google Scholar
, Socialist Entrepreneurs: Embourgeoisement in Rural Hungary (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988).Google Scholar
, The Post-Soviet Potemkin Village: Politics and Property Rights in the Black Earth (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
, “Creating Socialist Economies: Stalinist Political Economy and the Impact of Ideas,” in and , eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), 87–110Google Scholar
, ed., The Waning of the Communist State: Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
, “Information, Bureaucracy, and Economic Reforms in China and the Soviet Union,” World Politics 47:1 (1994), 102–134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Workers, Managers, and the State: The Reform Era and the Political Crisis of 1989,” China Quarterly, no. 127 (1991), 467–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
’s acceptance of the “Harvard Plan” see Neibu canyue (Internal Reference), no. 40 (1991), 1–18Google Scholar
Neibu canyue, no. 48 (2008), 3–15
, Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).Google Scholar
, Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Regimes in East Central Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991)
, Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997)Google Scholar
, “Ideology and the Policy Process,” in and , eds., Ideology and Soviet Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 224–252, at 227.Google Scholar
, “The Deradicalization of Marxist Movements,” American Political Science Review 61:2 (1967), 343–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Guns and Butter: Regime Competition and the Welfare State during the Cold War,” World Politics 63:2 (2011), 246–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Confucian Revival in the Propaganda Narratives of the Chinese Government” (Washington, DC: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2011).Google Scholar
, “Vietnamese Political Studies and Debates on Vietnamese Nationalism,” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 2:2 (2007), 175–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Foreign Policy of Laos in the 1990s,” in , ed., New Laos, New Challenges (Tempe: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University, 1998), 127–145, esp. 142.Google Scholar
Zhongguo gongchandang lishi 1949–1978 (History of the Chinese Communist Party 1949–1978), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 2011).
, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., Obraz vraga (The Image of the Enemy) (Moscow: OGI, 2005).
, “Erscheinungsformen des Musikgebrauchs DDR-Jugendlicher Ende der 80er Jahre” (Forms of Music Use of the GDR Youth at the End of the 1980s), in and , eds., Jugend und Jugendforschung in der DDR (Youth and Youth Research in the GDR) (Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1991), 105–113Google Scholar
and , eds., Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Collection of Studies and Documents (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010).CrossRef
, Perestroika i novoe myshlenie dlia nashei strany i dlia vsego mira (Perestroika and New Thinking for Our Country and for the Whole World) (Moscow: Izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1987).Google Scholar
, “On Two Models of Exit from Communism: Central Europe and the Balkans,” in and , eds., Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000), 14–24.Google Scholar
and , Korea in the 20th Century: 100 Significant Events (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2002), 196.Google Scholar
, Kongbu dawang: Meiguo (America: The King of Terrorism) (Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 2003).Google Scholar
, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 79–95.Google Scholar
, Cuba: Ideología revolucionaria (Cuba: Revolutionary Ideology) (Havana: Editora Política, 2000)Google Scholar
, La Revolución del Otro Mundo: Cuba y Estados Unidos en el horizonte del siglo XXI (The Revolution of the Other World: Cuba and the U.S. on the Horizon of the Twenty-First Century) (Bogotá: Ocean Sur, 2007).Google Scholar
, Cuba es una prueba de que los pueblos pueden luchar, resistir y vencer (Cuba Provides Proof that People Can Fight, Resist, and Win) (Havana: Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado, 2004).Google Scholar
, Cuba y Venezuela: Reflexiones y debates (Cuba and Venezuela: Reflections and Debates) (Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2006).Google Scholar
, “Chinese Realpolitik: Reading Beijing’s World-View,” Foreign Affairs 75:5 (1996), 37–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
et al., Zhongguo keyi shuo bu: Lengzhan hou shidai de zhengzhi yu qinggan jueze (China Can Say No: Post–Cold War Politics and Emotional Choice) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996).Google Scholar
, “Urban Chinese Perceptions of Threats from the United States and Japan,” Public Opinion Quarterly 65:2 (2001), 254–266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “Chinese Middle Class Attitudes towards International Affairs: Nascent Liberalization?” China Quarterly, no. 179 (2004), 603–628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Chinese Views of America: A Survey,” in , ed., Chinese Images of the United States (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2005), 59–76Google Scholar
, “China’s Flat Earth: History and 8 August 2008,” China Quarterly, no. 197 (March 2009), 64–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neibu canyue jingxuan (Internal Reference Selections) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998), 489–534.
, “Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?” China Leadership Monitor, no. 30 (Fall 2009), 1–14Google Scholar
, Democracy Is a Good Thing: Essays on Politics, Society, and Culture in Contemporary China (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009)Google Scholar
and , eds., Gulag (Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei) 1917–1960 (Gulag: Chief Administration of Camps, 1917–1960) (Moscow: Materik, 2000)
, The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
, “East-West Interdependence and the Social Compact in Eastern Europe,” in , , and , eds., East-West Relations and the Future of Eastern Europe: Politics and Economics (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 162–187Google Scholar
, Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970–2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
, Everything Was Forever Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
, The Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment (New York: Modern Library, 2009).Google Scholar
, Cuba the Morning After: Confronting Castro’s Legacy (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2003), 181–216.Google Scholar
, Subverting the System: Gorbachev’s Reform of the Party’s Apparat, 1986–1991 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004).Google Scholar
Neibu canyue, no. 32 (2008), 3–11.
, Accountability without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in China [New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007], esp. 187–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “The Functions of Elections in the USSR,” Soviet Studies 30:3 (July 1978), 362–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Elections in Communist Party States,” in and , eds., Communist Politics: A Reader (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1986), 27–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Law and Glasnost’: Some Thoughts about the Future of Judicial Review under Socialism,” Law and Society Review 23:3 (1989), 399–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Citizens v. Mandarins: Administrative Litigation in China,” China Quarterly, no. 152 (1997), 832–862CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Suing the Local State: Administrative Litigation in Rural China,” in , , and , eds., Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), 31–53.Google Scholar
, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Diffusion, Development, and Democracy, 1800–1999,” American Sociological Review 70:1 (February 2005), 53–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Comrades No More: The Seeds of Political Change in Eastern Europe (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003)Google Scholar
, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).Google Scholar
, “To Shoot or Not to Shoot: Posttotalitarianism in China and Eastern Europe,” Comparative Politics 34:1 (October 2001), 63–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989,” World Politics 44:1 (October 1991), 7–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91,” World Politics 47:1 (October 1994), 42–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union” (part 2), Journal of Cold War Studies 6:4 (Fall 2004), 3–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 16–22.Google Scholar
, Die Verschwörung der Securitate: Rumäniens verratene Revolution (The Conspiracy of the Securitate: Romania’s Betrayed Revolution) (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1990)Google Scholar
, The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005)Google Scholar
, Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ju’an siwei: Sugong wangdang de lishi jiaoshun (Be Vigilant in Peacetime: The Historical Lessons of the Collapse of the Soviet Union), 6 videodisks (Beijing: Zhongyang jiwei fangzheng chubanshe and Jilin chuban jituan, 2006).
, China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, and Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).Google Scholar
, “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Politics 36:2 (2004), 139–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring,” Comparative Politics 44:2 (January 2012), 127–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31
- Cited by